北京市大兴区婴儿皮褶厚度发育现状及与体重、胸围、上臂围相关性分析

目的 了解大兴地区0~12月龄婴儿皮褶厚度发育现状,探讨皮褶厚度与体重、胸围、上臂围的相关性,为婴幼儿保健提供参考依据。方法 选择2017年1月-2018年8月在儿童保健门诊就诊的465例婴儿,按照年龄分为5组,测量体重、头围、胸围、上臂围以及四个部位的皮褶厚度,分别是肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下角、髂前上棘。结果 各年龄组体重、上臂围及各肱二头肌、肩胛下角皮褶厚度均值全部明显高于WHO2006年推荐儿童体格生长发育标准同性别同年龄组,胸围在各年龄组增长均大于头围,0~12月龄内上臂围增长迅速,9月龄到达峰值。男性、女性婴儿皮褶厚度发育趋势一致,12月龄组不同性别肱三头肌皮褶厚度差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余同年龄不同性别婴幼儿皮褶厚度差异无统计学意义。四个部位皮褶厚度对男性婴儿体重及胸围均有显著影响;髂前上棘、肱三头肌和肩胛下角对男性上臂围有显著影响。髂前上棘、肱三头肌和肩胛下角对女性婴儿体重和胸围有显著影响,肱三头肌对女性上臂围有显著影响。结论 0~12月龄婴幼儿皮褶厚度均高于WHO推荐参考指标,胸围、上臂围发育迅速,其中胸围与头围交叉时间提前明显,提示婴儿营养水平良好或存在营养过剩可能,需要积极寻找影响因素进行干预,改善生命早期营养状况。     

不同发育期双生子皮褶厚度及体成分分析

目的 分析遗传与环境因素不同发育期双生子皮褶厚度及体成分的作用特点.方法 测量376对6～18岁同性别双生子(同卵245对,异卵131对)肱三头肌、肩胛下皮褶厚度,用长岭和Brozek公式估算体成分;用Mx软件拟合最佳模型,计算各指标遗传与环境方差组分,分析年龄、性别和不同发育期的作用.结果 全部双生子分性别校正年龄后,各指标遗传度在0.59～0.87之间;不同发育期各指标遗传度存在差异,肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、2处皮褶厚度之和、体脂百分比的遗传度男生在青春期前期最低,分别为0.55,0.62,0.53,0.51,女生在青春期晚期最低,分别为0.53,0.43,0.24,0.40;男、女瘦体重遗传度随青春期发育进程呈增加趋势.结论 遗传因素对儿童青少年皮褶厚度和体成分起主要作用,但年龄、性别和不同发育阶段对其也有一定影响.     

中国儿童青少年肱三头肌与肩胛下角皮褶厚度正常值

建立中国学龄儿童青少年肱三头肌与肩胛下角的皮褶厚度正常值,为建立我国儿童少年体脂率、瘦体重等评价及预估机制奠定基础.方法 资料来自2010年全国学生体质健康调研数据,共有215 142名7 ~18岁汉族中小学生参与.以肱三头肌和肩胛下角皮褶厚度为指标,通过LMS平滑曲线建立百分位数,使用长岭晋吉和Brozek公式计算体脂率.结果 我国儿童少年皮褶厚度发育受性别、年龄、青春发育进程的综合影响.随年龄增长,女孩肱三头肌与肩胛下角皮褶厚度的增长幅度逐步超过男生,而男生则在青春期前和早期出现迅猛增长.在皮褶厚度基础上,计算各性别—年龄组体脂率,并在此基础上建立了反映体脂分布变化的百分位数体系.结论 我国儿童少年肱三头肌和肩胛下皮褶厚度正常值的建立,为分析体脂在超重/肥胖领域的作用及其与代谢综合征—心血管疾病危险因素的关联奠定重要基础.     

湖南省侗族学生体脂发育状况分析

目的分析湖南省侗族学生体脂发育规律，为少数民族儿童青少年生长发育的相关研究提供依据。方法根据分层整体抽样的原则，对湖南省通道侗族自治县7～17岁的侗族学生1982名进行体格发育测量，计算上臂肱三头肌位和肩胛下角位的皮褶厚度之和，并运用长岭公式估测体密度，用Brozek公式计算体成分。结果男生皮褶厚度随年龄增长呈现波浪式递增趋势，女生的皮褶厚度呈现持续递增；体脂率的发育变化规律男、女生均呈现出“N”形的变化；瘦体重均表现为随年龄增长而递增。侗族学生的皮褶厚度、体脂率和瘦体重与身高、体重和胸围均呈正相关。侗族学生的皮褶厚度及体成分发育在青春期前后呈现出明显差异。结论湖南省侗族学生体脂发育及瘦体重偏低，体质与营养状况低于全国儿童青少年平均水平。     

儿童青少年体成分影响因素的双生子研究

目的分析儿童青少年体成分发育指标的遗传度，探讨遗传对儿童青少年体成分发育的影响。方法测量603对6～18岁同性别双生子（单卵双生431对，二卵双生172对）的体重、肱三头肌皮褶厚度、肩胛下皮褶厚度，计算2处皮褶厚度之和、体脂率、体脂量和瘦体重。用组内相关系数法，计算调整年龄后各指标遗传度。结果各指标组内相关系数均为单卵双生子大于二卵双生子，遗传度均在0．72以上，性别差异无统计学意义。体脂率遗传度男为0．77，女为0．73；体脂量男为0．79，女为0．78；瘦体重男为0．87，女为0．86。结论遗传因素对儿童青少年体成分发育起主要控制作用，其影响程度无明显的性别差异。     

7岁以下儿童与父母间体格发育指标的相关研究

在对6 887名 7岁以下儿童体格发育 1年纵向观察课题中,安排了对其父母的体重、身高、三头肌皮褶厚度和肩胛下皮褶厚度的测量,并作出了与儿童体格发育指标间的相关分析、得出了父母一子女间以身高相关较突出,其次为体重。文章讨论了有关遗传与环境因素对儿童发育的影响。     

大连学生皮褶厚发育与身高、体质量、胸围的关系

目的　了解大连学生皮褶厚发育状况及与身高、体质量、胸围的关系。方法　采用人体测量学方法 ,对大连 12 75名 (男 6 30 ,女 6 4 5 ) 7～ 18岁学生肱三头肌部皮褶厚、肩胛下角部皮褶及体脂发育情况进行调查。　结果　大连女学生皮褶厚发育曲线呈增加趋势 ,而男学生皮褶厚发育曲线呈“V”字型 ,青春期最薄。 2 0 0 0年大连各年龄组男女学生皮褶厚均比 1995年的厚 ,体脂含量也明显增加。肱三头肌部皮褶发育良好 ,体质增强明显。     

7岁以下儿童与父母间体格发育指标的相关研究

在对6887名7岁以下儿童体格发育1年纵向观察课题中，安排了对其父母的体重、身高、三头肌皮褶厚度和肩胛下皮褶厚度的测量，并作出了与儿童体格发育指标间的相关分析。得出了父母—子女间以身高相关较突出，其次为体重。文章讨论了有关遗传与环境因素对儿童发育的影响。     

单纯性肥胖儿童体质状况调查分析

[目的 ]研究单纯性肥胖儿童与正常体重儿童身体形态、机能及素质发育状况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 1年在济南市市区随机整群抽取 2所小学 ,在 2 3 0 0名 7～ 12岁学生中 ,通过目测 ,按身高标准体重和皮褶厚度并排除病理性肥胖筛选出肥胖儿童 14 3名作为肥胖组 ,以正常体重儿童 60人为对照组 ,检测形态指标 (身高、体重、胸围、皮褶厚度 )、机能指标 (血压、脉搏、肺活量、握力 )和素质指标 (立定跳远、仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈、2 5m× 4往返跑 ) ,采用《中国学生体质与健康研究检测细则》对受试儿童进行检测。 [结果 ]肥胖组的形态指标体质指数、胸围、皮褶厚度、肩胛下角皮褶厚度 /肱三头肌皮褶厚度均明显高于对照组 ;功能指标中 ,收缩压、舒张压、脉搏肥胖组均高于对照组 ,肺活量指数、握力指数肥胖组低于对照组 ;素质指标中 ,立定跳远、仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈肥胖组均低于对照组 ,2 5m× 4往返跑所用时间肥胖组多于对照组。体质指数、肥胖度、肩胛下角皮褶厚度 /肱三头肌皮褶厚度与血压均存在正相关关系。 [结论 ]单纯性肥胖已明显影响儿童的体质状况 ,已对健康构成危害。     

兰州市2014年与2010年中小学生身体形态发育情况对比分析

目的 了解2014年兰州市中小学生身体形态发育情况,为增强中小学生体质提供依据。方法 分析2014年和2010年兰州市学生体质与健康调研数据中的身高、坐高、体重、胸围、皮褶厚度等指标,计算维尔维克指数。结果 2014年兰州市7~18岁汉族学生的身高、坐高、体重、胸围均随年龄增长而增加（均有P<0.05）;2014年与2010年城、乡男生的身高、坐高、体重、胸围的平均值均高于女生（均有P<0.05）,上臂部和肩胛部皮褶厚度的平均值低于女生（均有P<0.05）;2014年与2010年相比,男女生的上臂部和肩胛部皮褶厚度以及维尔维克指数无明显变化。结论 兰州市青少年学生的生长发育状况存在明显的城乡差异,应采取措施尽快消除这种差异。     

Lifestyle and blood pressure levels in male twins in Utah

Healthy male monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs (MZ pairs = 77; DZ pairs = 88) were studied to assess the effect of dietary intake, physical activity, physical fitness, body mass index (BMI), sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements, alcohol and caffeine consumption, and smoking patterns on blood pressure. Data on physical activity, detailed dietary intake, medical history, and demographics were obtained from a questionnaire. A bicycle ergometer was used to estimate level of fitness; other medical information was ascertained from physical examination. After normalizing the study variables, intraclass correlations for BMI and the sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements were higher in MZ than in DZ twin pairs (BMI: MZ r = 0.76, DZ r = 0.48; skinfolds: MZ r = 0.73, DZ r = 0.28), as were VO2max(MZ r = 0.63, DZ r = 0.25) and post-bike heart rate (MZ r = 0.69, DZ r = 0.19). Both systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) had high heritability estimates (SBP = 0.60, and DBP = 0.66). Using factor analysis, four major lifestyle factors were identified and categorized as: 1) dietary intake; 2) a factor heavily weighted by cigarette smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption; 3) fatness; 4) physical activity and physical fitness. Adjustment for these factors did not alter heritability estimates for either SBP or DBP.     

Heritability of blood pressure in 7- to 12-year-old Chinese twins, with special reference to body size effects

Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and body-size indices such as body height, body weight, sitting height, chest circumference, skinfold thickness, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed in 110 pairs of like-sex Chinese twins (75 monozygotic and 35 dizygotic) aged 7-12 years. Significant correlations of blood pressure with body-size indices were found. Prior to adjusting for body-size effects, three twin methods yielded low heritability estimates for both systolic (0.32-0.41) and diastolic (0.32-0.51) pressures. Adjusting systolic pressure for body height and BMI via multiple regression nearly halved heritability estimates, but adjusting diastolic pressure for body height and skinfold thickness only changed the estimates slightly.     

新生儿血清Leptin表达与新生儿营养状况的关系研究

目的 探讨新生儿血清瘦素(leptin)表达与足月新生儿营养状况中的关系及意义.方法 收集2009年3月至2011年3月我在院新生儿科住院治疗的足月新生儿120例,按出生体重分为3组,每组40例:小于胎龄儿组(SGA)、适于胎龄儿组(AGA)、大于胎龄儿组(LGA).三组新生儿均于入院后立即抽取空腹上肢静脉血,检测血清白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)、转铁蛋白(TF)的水平,并采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清Leptin水平.并测量新生儿体重(Wt)、身高(Ht)、体重指数(BMI)、上臂围/头围比值(MAC/HC)、新生儿皮褶厚度等形态学指标.结果 适于胎龄儿组(AGA)和大于胎龄儿组(LGA)的新生儿的血清Leptin、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)、转铁蛋白(TF)、出生体重、身高、BMI、MAC/HC、皮褶厚度(SFT1和SFT2)均比小于胎龄儿组(SGA)显著增高(P＜0.05);新生儿血清Leptin表达与出生体重、身高、BMI、MAC/HC、皮褶厚度(SFT1和SFT2)、ALB、Hb、TF分别呈明显正相关(P ＜0.05).结论 血清瘦素水平可作为评估胎儿宫内发育与新生儿早期营养状况的参考指标.     

Precursors of essential hypertension. The role of body fat distribution pattern

Progression from normotension between 1964 and 1972 to essential hypertension by age 55 years was documented in 1,031 adult members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (Northern California region) from computerized multiphasic health checkup records and medical record review. Each case was matched to a persistently normotensive control on age, sex, race, number, and dates of multiphasics. In 609 pairs with baseline measurements of subscapular and triceps skinfolds, mean interval from baseline to the case's first hypertensive multiphasic was 5.7 years, and mean age at onset of hypertension was 47 years. Baseline measures of body mass index, subscapular skinfold, and triceps skinfold were each predictive of development of hypertension (odds ratios 3.85, 3.75, and 2.29 respectively, comparing highest with lowest quintiles, p less than 0.0001 for each). When both skinfolds were included in the same model, subscapular skinfold was highly predictive and triceps skinfold was no longer related to risk. When the authors controlled for overall obesity (body mass index), subscapular skinfold remained highly predictive (p less than 0.0001). In 330 pairs who also had skinfold measurements at the hypertensive multiphasic, weight gain was a strong predictor of hypertension. Increase in subscapular skinfold conferred a small increase in risk in women only. The authors conclude that centrally deposited body fat increases risk for developing essential hypertension independent of the overall level of obesity, while peripherally deposited fat does not.     

Aggregation of blood pressure in the families of identical twins

The multiple relationships which exist within families of adult monozygotic (MZ) twins permit evaluation of genetic and environmental variance and provide a direct test of maternal effects. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured in 610 members of the families of 76 MZ twin pairs. Age and sex effects on BP were removed via a Z-transformation. Correlations for SBP were .72 for MZ twins and .23 for full siblings. Regression of offspring on single parent was .26. The husband-wife correlation was significant, but it was no higher than the resemblance of a twin to the spouse of his co-twin. Comparisons of maternal and paternal half-siblings provide no evidence of maternal influences on SBP. To evaluate whether familial resemblance of BP is mediated by body size, the original systolic pressures were adjusted by stepwise multiple regression of age, sex, height, weight and skinfold thickness. Adjusting BP for effects of body size reduced regression of offspring on mid-parent from .40 to .23. The authors conclude that familial aggregation of systolic pressure reflects additive genetic variance mediated, in part, by body size and augmented by social homogamy arising from non-random mating.     

Birth weight and body composition in young women: a prospective twin study

BACKGROUND: The intrauterine environment may be critical for the development of obesity. Alternatively, the same genetic factors may influence both birth weight and adult body composition. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between birth weight and adult body composition in female twins, which allowed us to control for maternal and genetic influences. DESIGN: Of 447 twin pairs randomly selected from the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey, 238 pairs, aged 18-34 y, participated. Adult body mass, height, and lean body mass were measured, and the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and sum of skinfold thicknesses were calculated. The twins were considered as individuals and pairs. RESULTS: When the twins were considered as individuals, twins who were heavier at birth were taller (3.3 cm/kg greater birth weight) and slightly heavier (1.13 kg/kg greater birth weight) as adults than were lighter twins. They also had more lean body mass and less subcutaneous and abdominal fat at birth. Pairwise comparison showed that for every level of intrapair birth weight difference (> or = 5%, > or = 10%, and > or = 15%), the twin who was heavier at birth was taller in adult life (0.8, 1.2, and 2.0 cm, respectively). When the intrapair birth weight difference exceeded 15%, the heavier twin was also heavier (3.1 +/- 6.08 kg) as an adult than her much lighter sister. CONCLUSION: Birth weight accounts for some of the differences in adult body composition between twins.     

Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy in Different Intrauterine Environments and its Association with Infant Anthropometric Measurements at 3 and 6 Months of Age

Objective To investigate the association between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and infant anthropometric measurements at age 3 and 6 months. Methods Longitudinal observational study of mother–child pairs stratified into five groups: diabetic women (DM), hypertensive women (HYP), smoking mothers (SMO), mothers of infants small for gestational age (SGA), and controls (CTL). Pairs were recruited from three public hospitals in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from 2011 to 2015, using a convenience sampling strategy. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was administered on postpartum day 7 to evaluate maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy. The anthropometric measurements of interest (weight, length, and skinfold thickness) were assessed at birth and at age 3 and 6 months. Linear regression was used to analyze the interaction between caffeine intake and skinfold thickness. Results Overall, 272 mother–child pairs were investigated (41 DM, 26 HYP, 68 SMO, 25 SGA, and 112 CTL). There were no differences in anthropometric measurements between infants born to mothers who had and had not consumed caffeine during pregnancy (P?>?0.05). Children of mothers in the DM group had the highest adjusted average skinfold thicknesses at 3 months. An interaction between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the sum of skinfolds at age 3 months was found in the DM and CTL groups (P?<?0.05). However, significant differences were not observed at 6 months. Conclusions Maternal caffeine intake influenced infants skinfold thickness measurements at 3 months of age. This parameter was reduced in infants born to mothers with DM and increased in those born to healthy control mothers.     

Divergent female-male mortality ratios associated with different routine vaccinations among female-male twin pairs

BACKGROUND: Observational studies have suggested that vaccinations have non-specific effects that differ by sex. In the absence of randomized trials, studies of female-male twin pairs would allow us to investigate whether an intervention had sex-specific effects on survival. We therefore examined mortality patterns among female-male twin pairs according to vaccination status. Design We identified female-male twin pairs using the population registers from one urban district and three rural studies from Guinea-Bissau and Senegal and examined the female-male mortality ratio (MR) according to the last vaccine received among pairs in which a death occurred before 18 months of age. As background information, we examined sex- and age-specific mortality patterns in the pre-vaccination era. Subjects In all, 626 female-male twin pairs identified between 1978 and 2000. RESULTS: There was no sex difference in mortality for boys and girls in the pre-vaccination era. In the combined analysis of all studies, the female-male MR was 0.25 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.93) for pairs having received Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as the last vaccine, 7.33 (95% CI: 2.20, 38.3) for pairs having received diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP) as the last vaccine, and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.04, 2.44) for pairs having received measles vaccine as the last vaccine. The female-male MR varied significantly for BCG compared with DTP (exact test of homogeneity, P < 0.001) and for DTP compared with measles vaccine (exact test of homogeneity, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Non-specific effects of routine vaccinations are likely to be important and influence sex-specific mortality patterns in areas with high mortality. The effects of vaccines need to be considered in the planning of immunization programmes for low-income countries.