中国稗草病原真菌对稗草及水稻的致病性

从稗草病叶上分离到８种病原真菌,它们是：链格孢、棒弯孢、月弯孢、画眉草弯孢、橙黄树座霉、紫附球菌、Ｂｉｐｏｌａｒｉｓｓｃｈｏｅｍａｋｅｒ和尖角突脐孢。前４种病原菌对水稻有致病作用。在对水稻无致病作用的４种病原菌中,橙黄树座霉、紫附球菌和Ｂ．ｓｃｈｏｅｍａｋｅｒ对稗草的致病力弱,而尖角突脐孢对４．５叶期以下的稗草有极强的致病作用。寄主范围测定表明尖角突脐孢除了轻度侵染玉米幼苗,对其它主要作物如水稻、小麦、大豆、棉花、谷子、豌豆、芸豆、向日葵、芝麻、大麻无致病作用。本研究结果表明尖角突脐孢在我国可作为微生物除稗剂的候选菌     

三株病原真菌对稗草生防潜力的研究

从稻田中采集自然感病的稗草标样,分离获得10余种病原真菌,经生测,链格孢菌、尖角突脐孢菌和内脐孢菌是3株很有希望的稗草生防潜力菌。对它们的生长及产孢特性、寄主范围及孢子悬浮液喷雾接种对水稻和稗草的致病性等进行了研究。结果表明,3个菌各有优缺点。链格孢菌对稗草致病力稍差,对水稻有轻度感染,但其产孢速度快,产孢量大;尖角突脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻无影响,但产生孢子慢,产生菌丝多;内脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻安全,菌落生长较慢,但产孢速度快,产孢量多,气生菌丝少。黑暗、空气充足有利于3菌株的生长及产孢。     

尖角突脐孢对稻田稗草的防除效果

在温室内进行了露水期、接种量、喷液量及稗草叶龄对尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilummonoceras)除稗效果的试验.结果表明,适合条件下,尖角突脐孢对4叶期以下的稗草幼苗具有极好的防效.要达到理想的除稗效果需要至少24h的露水期,接种菌液的孢子浓度在1.25×105孢子/ml以上.接种孢子浓度和喷液量对尖角突脐孢除稗效果的影响也极明显,它们与防效呈S曲线关系.     

稻田稗属杂草致病菌的分离与鉴定

稗草Echinochloa crus-galli作为稻田难以防除的恶性杂草,严重影响水稻产量。为发掘具有防治稻田稗草潜力的生防菌,本研究从江苏、广西、贵州三省采集感病稗草,采用组织分离法获得10株对稗草致病性较强的优势菌株。通过观察优势病原菌的形态特征,结合rDNA-ITS、GAPDH、EF-1α基因片段序列分析确定10株菌分别为新月弯孢Culvularia lunata、尖角突脐蠕孢Exserohilum monoceras、禾长蠕孢菌Setosphaeria rostrata、稻平脐蠕孢Bipolaris oryzae、梭形突脐蠕孢Exserohilum fusiforme、澳大利亚弯孢Curvularia australiensis、双色平脐蠕孢Bipolaris bicolor、高粱附球菌Epicoccum sorghinum、亚隔孢壳属Didymella americana和亚隔孢壳属Didymella pinodella。该研究丰富了稗草病原菌生物资源,为进一步开发稻田生物除草剂提供了新材料。     

一种筛选稗草生防潜力菌的简易生测方法

将催芽至露白的稗草和水稻种子直接接种在于PDA培养基上培养形成的 4种稗草病原菌 (交链孢菌、弯孢菌、禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型、尖角突脐孢菌 )菌落上 ,观察稻、稗苗感病情况 ,调查根、芽生长抑制率。结果表明 ,4种菌对稻、稗的致病性和生长抑制率与常规生测法结果基本吻合。说明在培养基中初步测定、筛选稗草生防潜力菌是可行的。该方法与常规生测法比较 ,可节省一半时间左右 ,同时可减少工作量。     

禾长蠕孢菌和尖角突脐孢菌防治稗草的研究

 病原真菌禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型(Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f.sp.echinochloae,HGE)和尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilum monoceras,EM)在稗汁葡萄糖中的发酵滤液对稗草种子的发芽有明显的抑制效果,发芽抑制率分别为30.9%和13.5%.HGE菌在改良Fries、稗汁葡萄糖,EM菌在改良Fries中的发酵滤液对稗草根和芽的生长有明显抑制作用.HGE菌发酵滤液与其孢子混合使用比单独使用对稗草的防效明显提高,稗草感病株率、致死率分别达86.3%和69.5%,病情指数为78.7;发酵滤液与孢子结合(先后喷雾)使用后稗草的感病株率、致死率分别为83.9%和67.9%,病情指数为72.8.HGE与弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)孢子混合喷雾接种对稗草防效明显高于2种菌孢子单独使用.     

氰氟草酯防治水稻直播田杂草试验研究

为明确氰氟草酯的田间最佳施药剂量,及不同生产厂家提供的不同剂型氰氟草酯对水稻直播田禾本科杂草稗草和千金子的田间防除效果。2011年组织开展了十家农药公司提供的不同制剂的氰氟草酯对直播水稻田稗草和千金子的田间药效试验。结果表明：氰氟草酯有效成份75g／hm^2-180g／hm^2用药量对稗草和千金子防效较好,对千金子的防效优于稗草,同时对水稻安全;不同农药厂家生产的不同剂型的氰氟草酯对直播稻田禾本科杂草的防效有一定差异。     

植物源羊脂酸与草铵膦的最佳配比

为明确羊脂酸与草铵膦的最佳配比方案,采用室内生物测定方法,评价羊脂酸与草铵膦复配对供试杂草丁香蓼、马唐、稗草、小飞蓬的鲜重防效,并对复配制剂进行了田间药效试验。室内生测结果表明,羊脂酸与草铵膦按不同有效成分含量比复配后,对供试杂草均呈现为加成或增效作用,其中1∶2. 8的复配比例为最佳配比方案。田间药效试验结果表明,羊脂酸与草铵膦的复配比例为1∶2. 8时,施药后7 d,对非耕地杂草的株数防效达到88. 6%,施药后14 d,对总草株数防效达到93. 5%,鲜重防效达到91. 0%,高于单剂防效。羊脂酸和草铵膦复配后,综合了2种单剂的优势,对禾本科、阔叶杂草等旱地杂草均有很好的防除效果。     

江汉平原水稻白叶枯病菌致病型的变异研究

 从水稻和稻田周围常见的10种杂草上来集梨孢属菌株,以涂沫法作交互接种,分离自牛筋草、狗尾草、法氏狗尾草、李氏禾、罗氏草、铺地黍、稗和马唐的梨孢菌与分离自水稻的梨孢菌可以交叉侵染其寄主,茭白和碎米莎草梨孢菌与稻梨孢菌不能交互侵染;自然诱发条件下来自牛筋草和狗尾草的梨孢菌与来自水稻的梨孢菌对其寄主同样发生交叉侵染。直接从杂草寄主上分离的梨孢菌株对水稻的致病性较弱,接种到水稻感病品种发病后再分离的菌株,对水稻致病性增强,对原寄主的致病性基本保持不变。推断稻瘟病区稻田周围牛筋草、狗尾草、法氏狗尾草、李氏禾、罗氏草、铺地黍、稗和马唐等杂草寄主上的梨孢菌在稻瘟病菌的积累和传播方面具有作用。     

二甲戊灵悬浮剂除草效果及对姜安全性测定

为了探讨二甲戊灵土壤处理防除姜田杂草的可行性,采用温室盆栽法及田间小区试验测定其除草效果及安全性。室内测定20%二甲戊灵悬浮剂的选择性系数为7.48,对姜安全;田间小区试验表明,二甲戊灵悬浮剂对反枝苋、稗草等杂草防效较好,施药后40 d株防效为94.75%~99.85%,鲜质量抑制率为96.47%~99.90%;测产结果表明,增产效果明显。总体可见,二甲戊灵防治姜田杂草具有防效高、杀草谱广、安全性好等作用特点。     

生防菌Alternaria amaranthi-3对反枝苋的防治效果

反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus是一种世界性恶性杂草。为了确定微生物除草剂候选菌Alternaria amaranthi-3防除反枝苋的潜力,通过盆栽试验研究了接种浓度、露期和水乳剂型对A.ama-ranthi-3菌株致病力的影响。结果显示,接种浓度显著影响菌株的致病力,在48h露期条件下,接种孢子浓度为105个/mL时,菌株水剂对反枝苋幼苗生长抑制率为35.55%;浓度为107个/mL时,生长抑制率达到75.25%。露期对该菌株的致病力也有较大影响,在不保湿条件下,菌株水剂对反枝苋的生长抑制率为26.43%,而保湿48h处理的生长抑制率达到77.96%。Span80∶Tween80=1∶3的复配乳化剂和大豆油制备的水乳剂可显著降低露期对菌株防效的影响和提高菌株的致病力,无露期时,菌株水乳剂对反枝苋的生长抑制率达到88.35%,显著高于水剂;48h露期条件下,菌株水乳剂处理的生长抑制率为90.59%,而菌株水剂处理为77.96%。表明通过剂型的改进菌株Alternaria amaranthi-3能有效防除反枝苋。     

Epidemiology of Northern leaf blight on sweet corn

The epidemiology of northern leaf blight of corn, caused byExserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs, is reviewed. The minimal dew period required for infection is temperature-dependent. At 25°C, 1 h of dew is sufficient to cause infection and at this temperature the minimal dew period for sporulation is 14 h. Under natural conditions when one dew night is not long enough for conidia to develop, the dew period on the following night enables the completion of conidial formation. The amount of conidia formed is dependent on temperature, light, plant age, leaf position and plant susceptibility. Both qualitative and quantitative types of resistance were identified in several hybrids. Subsequently, there developed additional biotypes ofE. turcicum which are aggressive to plants containing qualitative monogenic resistance. Within the same physiological race, a significant variation in aggressiveness between isolates from various locations is observed. The pathogen overwinters as mycelia and conidia in infected leaves, husks and other plant parts, or onSorghum halepense L. Reduction in yield due to northern leaf blight is associated with the level of resistance of the host plant, with disease severity, plant age during infection, and position of infected leaves.     

Controlled environment studies on the infection of Emex australis by Phomopsis emicis

The effect of temperature, dew period, inoculum concentration and host maturity on the growth and development of Emex australis after inoculation with Phomopsis emicis was studied in controlled environments. Disease was assessed by recording changes in the length of stems, number of fully expanded leaves, dry weights, number of fruits and disease severity index. Disease was as severe at 18°C as it was at 28°C. There was a trend of increased disease with longer dew period. Inoculum concentrations of 1·10⁶ and 1·10⁷ conidia per ml resulted in a significant net reduction in stem growth compared with lower concentrations. Progressively higher disease ratings occurred as the inoculum concentration increased to 1·10⁷ conidia per ml. There were no significant effects of inoculation with P. emicis on either seedlings, rosettes or flowering rosettes, but 10-week-old plants were highly susceptible to infection and stem collapse. The implications of these results for the potential development of P. emicis as a mycoherbicide are discussed.     

抗白粉病小麦-中间偃麦草双体异附加系的鉴定

 对从中间偃麦草与普通小麦品种烟农15杂交后代(BC₃F₆)中选育的双体异附加系山农Line15的形态学、白粉病抗性、细胞学、基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH)及RAPD进行鉴定分析.结果表明它的主要形态性状介于双亲之间;白粉病抗性鉴定结果表明山农Line15对白粉病高抗近免疫;根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=44,PMC MI染色体构型为2n=22Ⅱ;以中间偃麦草总基因组DNA为探针的基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH),结果表明山农Line15是在小麦的遗传背景中附加了2条中间偃麦草染色体,为小麦-中间偃麦草双体异附加系;遗传分析表明山农Line15的抗白粉病基因基本上可以确定来源于中间偃麦草的染色体;RAPD分析表明:在供试的120个随机引物中有1个引物S170(-5'-ACA ACG CGA G-3'-)能在山农Line15中稳定地扩增出特异带型,可以作为山农Line15所附加的中间偃麦草染色体的特异分子标记.     

环境因子对草茎点霉SYAU-06菌株侵染鸭跖草的影响

以病叶率、病情指数和鲜重抑制率为评价指标,研究了环境条件包括温度、相对湿度、露水期和光照对草茎点霉SYAU-06菌株侵染鸭跖草的影响。结果表明,SYAU-06菌株侵染鸭跖草达到理想的除草效果,要求最适的温度范围是28～32℃,环境相对湿度保持在80%以上,接种后露水持续时间至少需要48h。保湿期的光照时间与病害发生程度成反比,光照时间越短,病害发生越严重。     

伞裙追寄蝇滞育诱导的温光周期条件和低温贮藏

伞裙追寄蝇是草地螟的优势寄生天敌,是对草地螟进行防控的有效手段之一。为了提高天敌防控效果,本试验在室内条件下通过温度和光周期的设定,研究了伞裙追寄蝇的外源滞育诱导条件和低温储藏。结果表明,17℃下光照时间小于12 h,伞裙追寄蝇滞育率为100%,随着温度的升高,滞育率逐渐下降,29℃时,伞裙追寄蝇不发生滞育;不同温度（4～25℃）储藏后伞裙追寄蝇羽化性比为1.38～1.63（P>0.05）;16℃时伞裙追寄蝇滞育诱导临界光周期为12.53 h,18℃时临界光周期为11.12 h;越冬虫茧低温储藏后羽化率随着储藏时间的延长而下降。结果说明,温度对伞裙追寄蝇滞育起主导作用,在伞裙追寄蝇幼虫期施以低温处理,可以有效的诱导滞育,4℃低温贮藏最佳时间为50 d。     

Factors affecting the incubation period of dark leaf and pod spot (Alternaria brassicae) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

Experiments to investigate the factors affecting the incubation period of dark leaf and pod spot (Alternaria brassicae) on leaves and pods of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were done in controlled environment (constant temperatures) and glasshouse conditions (fluctuating temperatures). The length of the incubation period of dark leaf and pod spot decreased as infection and incubation temperatures increased from 6 to 20 °C. The incubation period decreased as wetness period increased from 2 to 12 h, as inoculum concentration increased from 80 to 2 × 10³ spores ml^–1 and as leaf age increased from 4 to 10 days. Asymptotes of leaf age and inoculum concentration, above which the length of the incubation period did not decrease, were 10 days and 2 × 10³ spores ml^–1, respectively. The shortest and longest incubation periods were 1 and 11 days. The mechanism by which the infection conditions influenced the incubation period of dark leaf and pod spot on oilseed rape seemed to be linked to lesion density. Usually, the length of the incubation period decreased greatly with increasing lesion density.     

Preinoculation Effects of Light Quantity on Infection Efficiency of Puccinia striiformis and P. triticina on Wheat Seedlings

ABSTRACT In a previous study under controlled conditions, a model was developed to predict the infection efficiency for the wheat leaf and stripe rust fungi based on temperature and dew period during the 24 h after inoculation. The two pathogens differed in their maximum infection efficiency under controlled conditions for temperature and dew period, the infection efficiency was 12 times greater for Puccinia triticina than for P. striiformis. In the present study, the model was validated by field results to predict P. triticina infection efficiency as a function of temperature and dew period only. However, this model failed to predict infection efficiency caused by P. striiformis in the field. The model was adapted to include the effects of light quantity on infection efficiency. Wheat seedlings, grown in climate-controlled rooms and exposed to various regimes of light duration and intensity for 24 h in either field or controlled conditions, were inoculated and incubated in climate-controlled rooms under optimal dew and temperature conditions. Quantity of natural or artificial light (light intensity x duration) received by the plants prior to inoculation enhanced infection efficiency of wheat seedlings inoculated by P. striiformis. Infection efficiency increased from 0.4 to 36% depending on the light quantity according to a Richards' function. For stripe rust, three environmental variables, preinoculation light quantity received by the plants, postinoculation temperature, and postinoculation dew period, were used for fitting a model for infection efficiency measured in the field.