红壤上直接施用磷矿粉的增产效果和改土作用

综述了红壤上施用磷矿粉对油菜产量、土壤铝毒和土壤化学性质的影响，认为磷矿粉直接施用于酸性土壤上，除增加土壤有效磷含量从而提高作物产量外，还能提高土壤ｐＨ值，增加交换性钙含量和降低交换态铝含量，增加土壤负电荷量，是一种低投入的土壤改良剂，在有条件的地区宜予推广。     

耕作和施肥扰动下土壤团聚体稳定性影响因素研究

稳定的土壤团聚结构对种子发芽、根系发育、作物生长以及有机碳保护有着重要的影响,深入了解人为扰动下土壤团聚体稳定性影响因素有着重要意义.选择两种不同母质发育土壤上长期施用畜禽粪便和化肥5个田块耕层土壤团聚体为供试土壤,采用相关分析、因子分析和回归分析方法探讨了土壤有机碳库、土壤养分和理化性质与团聚体稳定性间的关系.研究结果表明,与施用化肥比较,施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤团聚体稳定性;不同母质类型土壤上,海相沉积物母质土壤上团聚体稳定性显著高于河相冲积物母质土壤.相关分析结果表明溶解性有机碳(包括DOC和HWOC)和总磷含量与土壤团聚体稳定性显著或极显著相关;因子分析结果显示,土壤化学因子是第一影响因素,土壤碳库因子是第二影响因素,其中海相沉积物母质土壤上团聚体稳定性主要受土壤化学因子影响;河相冲积物母质土壤团聚体稳定性主要受土壤碳库因子影响,施用化肥土壤受两个因素影响均较小.回归分析结果显示热水提取态有机碳和钙是本研究条件中影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因素.     

施用碱渣对茶园土壤酸度和茶叶品质的影响

开展田间小区试验研究了不同施用量条件下碱渣对酸化茶园土壤的酸度和茶叶品质的影响.结果表明,施用碱渣可以显著提高土壤pH、土壤交换性盐基和盐基饱和度,降低土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量,并使土壤中钙、镁养分保持合理比例.施用碱渣提高了茶叶中茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸和叶绿素含量,降低了茶叶中铅含量,使茶叶品质得到改善.碱渣施用量为4 500 kg·hm-2时,可将土壤pH值调节至5.51,达到最适合茶树生长的酸度条件,该条件下生产的茶叶品质也最佳,茶叶茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸和叶绿素含量分别比对照提高22.5%、27.8%、34.9%、69.0%和52.1%,而Pb含量下降51.2%.     

长期不同施肥对水稻土交换性钙、镁和有效硫、硅含量的影响

为探明合理施肥和土壤培肥的理论依据,研究了4种长期定位施肥(CK、NPK、OM30、OM60)对湖南主要水稻土交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硫、有效硅含量的影响.结果表明,长期不同施肥改变了供试水稻土中上述养分的含量.在含钙较低的黄泥田、河沙泥、红黄泥中,施肥使土壤交换性钙含量显著升高,在相同土壤中其含量高低依序为OM30,OM60,NPK;在含钙较多的青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥中,施肥使土壤交换性钙含量降低.降低幅度与施入的有机肥量呈负相关.在黄泥田、河沙泥、青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥中,施肥使交换性镁含量降低,而在红黄泥中施肥则使交换性镁含量升高.N-PK处理使含硫较高的黄泥田、青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥有效硫含量升高,使含硫较低的红黄泥有效硫含量降低;有机、无机肥配施处理(OM30、OM60)使所有试验水稻土有效硫含量升高.施用钙镁磷肥和有机肥能够提高土壤有效硅含量.     

不同比例钙锌共存对土壤镉有效性的影响及其机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了赤红壤上两种镉污染水平下,施用不同比例钙锌对小油菜(Brassica Campetris,Lvar Conmuni)生物量、镉吸收量及土壤溶液中镉、钙、锌质量浓度的影响.结果表明,钙、锌以不同比例共存时并不会对赤红壤上小油菜的生长产生明显的影响;随着锌用量增加,土壤溶液中锌的质量浓度明显增加,土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度明显升高.小油菜体内镉含量明显降低;高镉污染赤红壤上,钙锌共存中钙用量增加,土壤溶液中钙的质量浓度明显增加.低、高镉污染赤红壤上,钙、锌共存摩尔比例为4:1时,小油菜体内镉含量较对照平均分别降低34.2%和27.3%(两季平均值);而土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度较对照分别增加307%和120%.在低镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与小油菜体内镉含量呈显著负相关;高镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度呈显著正相关.钙、锌以不同比例施入土壤时,锌施用量多少是控制土壤镉有效性高低的主要因素.     

溶磷混合菌肥对石灰性褐土磷素养分及解析特性的影响

为提高土壤中潜在磷素的有效性,提高磷肥利用率,采用盆栽试验研究施用不同种类的溶磷混合菌肥后石灰性土壤磷素养分及解析特性的变化.结果显示:与单施有机肥相比,施用溶磷混合菌肥,可以增加油菜土壤有效磷和磷酸酶活性及油菜品质,其中施用组合溶磷细菌肥效果最显著,较之单施有机肥,土壤有效磷含量、酸碱磷酸酶活性、油菜干重、鲜重、吸磷量显著增加,分别提高15.44%、10.49%、14.25%、34.45%、27.80%、67.18%;土壤pH值和油菜叶绿素含量变化不显著.施肥可以改变土壤磷的吸附–解吸特性,与其它处理相比,施用溶磷混合菌肥,土壤最大吸磷量Xm和吸附系数k以及土壤最大缓冲容量MBC均降低,土壤磷解吸量及解析率增加,在不同种类的溶磷混合菌肥中,组合溶磷细菌处理对土壤磷的吸附–解吸影响最显著,该处理下土壤中磷的最大吸附量和土壤最大缓冲容量分别为370.88 mg/kg和502.45 mL/g,比组合溶磷真菌、组合溶磷细菌真菌复混处理分别降低了12.47%和16.19%、13.38%和14.37%.本研究表明加入溶磷混合菌肥,特别是组合溶磷细菌肥可以促进土壤磷的活化,降低吸附,减少磷素化肥的施用,提高土壤中磷素的利用率,结果可为农业生产中石灰性土壤上磷肥的合理施用提供理论依据.图3表7参25     

改良剂对矿区复垦土壤机械稳定性团聚体及有机碳的影响

为探究不同改良剂及施用时间对矿区复垦土壤结构和肥力的影响,在襄垣煤矿复垦区设置田间微区,研究施用改良剂6个月和1年时,泥炭和腐殖酸对复垦土壤机械稳定性团聚体分布与稳定性、土壤有机碳含量及土壤红外光谱特征的影响.结果显示,施用泥炭和腐殖酸6个月时大团聚体( 0.25 mm)含量增加,施用泥炭和腐殖酸1年时大团聚体含量减少,微团聚体(0.25 mm)含量增加.施用改良剂6个月时,泥炭和腐殖酸各处理土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均高于空白对照,均以5%腐殖酸处理最高,与空白对照相比分别增`加了10.95%和22.43%;施用泥炭和腐殖酸1年时,泥炭各处理土壤MWD和GMD仍高于空白对照,腐殖酸各处理土壤MWD和GMD则均低于空白对照.施用泥炭和腐殖酸能够增加土壤总有机碳及各粒级团聚体有机碳含量.施用改良剂6个月及1年时均以5%腐殖酸处理土壤总有机碳含量最高,分别较空白对照增加了566.35%和502.59%.施用泥炭6个月和1年时土壤 0.25 mm大团聚体有机碳增量最大,而施用腐殖酸6个月和1年时土壤0.25-0.053 mm团聚体有机碳增量最大.综上所述,泥炭和腐殖酸有利于大团聚的形成,能改善团聚体的稳定性,增加土壤有机碳、碳水化合物、含氧官能团、多糖及取代芳香类物质的含量,但施用改良剂1年大团聚体含量和有机碳含量会减少,施用腐殖酸1年会降低复垦土壤团聚体稳定性.(图4表1参33)     

施用缓/控释氮肥对玉米苗期土壤生物学活性的影响

采用盆栽试验并模拟田间生态环境,研究了施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥对玉米苗期土壤脲酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物生物量碳和氮含量的影响。结果表明,在玉米苗期,施用脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素及醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素对土壤脲酶活性有显著抑制作用,脲酶活性分别为49.25和48.13μg.g-1.d-1(以NH3-N计);施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤硝酸还原酶活性普遍增强,其活性在0.76~1.03μg.g-1.d-1(以N计)之间,但相互间无显著差异,脲酶抑制剂nBPT对土壤硝酸还原酶活性无显著作用;施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量变化趋势一致,施用脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素时微生物量最多,微生物量碳、氮含量分别为248.19和56.53 mg.kg-1,施用丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素时微生物量最少,微生物碳、氮含量分别为104.80和23.94 mg.kg-1。施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤生物学活性的变化特点表明,丙烯酸树脂包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层相结合的缓/控释肥料控释效果最好。     

施用硫磺和ALA对碱性盐土上作物生长发育及土壤性质的影响

寻求行之有效的盐渍化土壤改良措施,对于农业可持续发展具有重要理论和实践意义.采用盆栽试验,探讨了施用硫磺和喷施ALA对碱性盐土上冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)和玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗生长发育及土壤性质变化的影响.结果表明,无论施用石膏、硫磺还是喷施ALA,对于小麦生长均有明显促进作用,其中硫磺效果更为明显;施用硫磺显著提高了后一茬玉米的出苗率,同时土壤中SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2-含量显著增加,但施硫降低土壤pH的作用较为有限;而施用ALA对土壤pH和盐分均无明显影响.这表明施加硫磺可以使盐渍化土壤的性质发生明显改变;ALA的效果则必须在作物苗期生长良好的前提下,通过提高作物自身的抗盐性来实现.     

北京地区部分农田土壤无机磷形态分析

为了解北京地区部分农田土壤磷赋存形态及其含量,选取了北京多区县农田为采样区域,采集土壤样品62个,测定了全磷、二钙磷、八钙磷、铝磷、铁磷、闭蓄态磷和十钙磷含量.结果表明,采样区域的土壤样品基本处于富磷状态,全磷含量为549.4—2474.8 mg·kg-1;有效磷(二钙磷)和作为第二有效磷源的铝磷、铁磷含量偏高,而潜在磷源(闭蓄态磷及十钙磷)含量偏低.为此,应注意有效利用土壤中的有效磷及第二有效磷源,兼顾节约用磷和降低磷的径流流失风险.     

Mineralogy and chemistry of urinary stones: patients from North Jordan

Urinary stone diseases are increasing in the Middle East. The majority of urinary stone cases are found in the northern part of the country. Stone samples taken from patients living in the Irbid area were collected from Princess Basma Hospital. The present study concentrates on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the urinary stones and on the effective environmental factors that assist in developing the different types of urinary stones. Using X-ray diffraction techniques, the mineralogical composition of the urinary stones was found to be as follows: oxalate, cholesten, and uric acid, with cystine stones occuring more frequently than the others. Cholesten and calcium oxalate stones are the most dominant types of stones. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of oxalate stone. Calcium oxalate is represented in: whewellite, wheddellite, and calcium carbonate oxalate hydrate minerals, in addition to other minerals such as brushite, ammonium phosphate, vaterite, valleriite, and bobierrite from other types of stones. Bobierrite (phosphate group) is a new mineral reported in urinary stones, and this has not been determined in any previous study worldwide. Apatite (calcium phosphate) is deduced using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The SEM technique determined crystal forms and systems, shapes, morphological features, and the names of the minerals forming urine stones, while optical properties are studied by polarizing microscope. X-ray fluorescence technique determined the concentrations of major and some trace elements. It revealed that Ca is the main constituent of the urinary stones, especially those composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The concentration of trace elements was Ba = 1.57, P = 3.61, Fe = 1.78, S = 2.08, Zr = 4.63, Mo = 3.92, Cu = 1.89, Co = 1.56, and F = 4.2% and was higher in the urinary stones of Jordanian patients than in foreigners in the country. Questionnaires completed by patients suggest that the most significant factors directly effecting the formation of stones are water, climate conditions, food rich in protein and rich in different chemicals. Moreover, some drugs and diseases might also help in developing other stones.     

Concentration effect of trace metals in Jordanian patients of urinary calculi

Due to the increase in the number of urinary calculi disease cases in Jordan, stone samples were collected from patients from various Jordanian hospitals (Princes Basma (PBH), King Abdullah University (KAUH), Al-Basheer (ABH) and Al-Mafraq (AMH)). This study concentrates on the effect of trace metals in patients of urinary calculi. Trace metals were detected in 110 urinary calculi samples using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) techniques. Of the calculi examined, 21 were pure calcium oxalate (CaOax), 29 were mixed calcium oxalate/uric acid, 23 were mixed calcium oxalate/phosphate (apatite), 25 were phosphate calculi (apatite/struvite), five were mixed calcium oxalate monohydrate/struvite, four were urate calculi (mixed ammonium acid urate/sodium acid urate) and three were pure cystine calculi. The concentration measurement of Ca and other trace metals levels has been found useful in understanding the mechanism of stone formation and in evaluating pathological factors. It has been found that Ca is the main constituent of the urinary calculi, especially those stones composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The concentration of most of the trace metals that were analyzed was (Ca = 48.18, Na = 1.56, K = 0.9, Mg = 3.08, Fe = 1.17, Al = 0.49, Zn = 0.7, Cu = 0.19, Mn = 0.029, P = 10.35, S = 1.88, Sr = 0.306, Mo = 0.2, Cr = 0.146, Co = 0.05, Ni = 0.014)%. In conclusion, metals concentration in Jordanian patient’s urinary calculi samples was higher than its equivalents of other patients’. It has been noted that there is no concentration of toxic trace elements (like Li, V, Pb, Cd, and As). Some heavy metals, however, were detected Mo, Cr, Co and Ni as traces. P and S ions are present in few calculi stones as traces.     

Urinary stones as a novel matrix for human biomonitoring of toxic and essential elements

Monitoring of body burden of toxic elements is usually based on analysis of concentration of particular elements in blood, urine and/or hair. Analysis of these matrices, however, predominantly reflects short- or medium-term exposure to trace elements or pollutants. In this work, urinary stones were investigated as a matrix for monitoring long-term exposure to toxic and essential elements. A total of 431 samples of urinary calculi were subjected to mineralogical and elemental analysis by infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The effect of mineralogical composition of the stones and other parameters such as sex, age and geographical location on contents of trace and minor elements is presented. Our results demonstrate the applicability of such approach and confirm that the analysis of urinary calculi can be helpful in providing complementary information on human exposure to trace metals and their excretion. Analysis of whewellite stones (calcium oxalate monohydrate) with content of phosphorus <0.6 % has been proved to be a promising tool for biomonitoring of trace and minor elements.

     

The renal and serum concentrations of calcium,magnesium and phosphorus in captive and wild turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) reared in captivity suffer a hepato-renal syndrome, one of the characteristics of which is, on the basis of histological evidence, calcification of the renal tubules. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were therefore compared in the kidney, the serum, and ultrafiltrates of the serum of wild turbot and of turbot reared in captivity at two separate sites. No differences in renal calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels were found. Renal calcium levels were normal, being comparable to those found in other marine and freshwater fish. Serum from wild turbot contained significantly higher concentrations of both total and ultrafilterable magnesium than did serum from turbot reared in captivity. Less of the serum calcium of wild turbot was ultrafilterable than was the serum calcium of captive turbot. No other differences in serum levels of these elements were found between wild and captive turbot. The analyses do not suggest any relationship, either causal or indirect, between the hepato-renal syndrome and a disturbance of calcium/magnesium metabolism.     

电厂煤飞灰单个颗粒的化学表征

用扫描电镜Ｘ射线能谱对电厂煤飞灰单个颗粒进行了形貌，粒度和化学组成的观察与分析，用Ｘ射线衍射鉴定了煤飞灰粗细颗粒中元素存在的化学形态（化合物或物相）结果表明，煤飞灰中有较多球形颗粒，还有一些不规则形颗粒，主要含有Ｓｉ，Ａｌ，Ｃａ，Ｆｅ，Ｓ，Ｋ等，不同形貌，大小颗粒中的组分含量差别较大，但大多以硅铝酸盐为基体，其它元素分布在颗粒表层（约１μｍ）中，粗细颗粒中均有石英和氧化铁，但粗粒中还富含Ｃａ和Ｆｅ     

Concentrations and Discrimination of Chemically Related Metals in a Food Chain

Concentrations of the related elements calcium, strontium, barium, and lead were determined in soil extract, consumer stomach contents, and consumers in lead polluted and unpolluted areas. Discrimination against the nonessential metals relative to the nutritious metal calcium, as the metals were transferred through a trophic pathway was determined. Discrimination of metals varied systematically as a function of degree of nonessential element similarity to calcium. The existence of systematic trends of discrimination may facilitate the assessment of natural levels of some toxic elements (e.g. lead) in organisms.     

Effect of cypermethrin on breeding performances of a freshwater fish,Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Abstract

Concentrations of the related elements calcium, strontium, barium, and lead were determined in soil extract, consumer stomach contents, and consumers in lead polluted and unpolluted areas. Discrimination against the nonessential metals relative to the nutritious metal calcium, as the metals were transferred through a trophic pathway was determined. Discrimination of metals varied systematically as a function of degree of nonessential element similarity to calcium. The existence of systematic trends of discrimination may facilitate the assessment of natural levels of some toxic elements (e.g. lead) in organisms.     

镉中毒的干预措施与机理分析

镉极易在人体内蓄积且自然排泄缓慢,对人体健康危害严重,因此关于镉毒性的干预措施及机理研究意义重大。系统总结了螯合剂、金属硫蛋白、营养元素(锌、硒、钙、铁和维生素等),以及中药对镉毒性的干预作用及其机理。目前,镉中毒的许多干预措施均是利用与镉具有更高亲和性的一些外加物质,在动物体内与镉形成易于排出体外的复合物,再通过动物正常的生理活动将镉排出,以消除镉对机体内一些必需元素的正常新陈代谢活动的干扰。中药对镉中毒的干预机理可能成为新的研究热点。     

Association of minor and trace elements with mineralogical constituents of urinary stones: A hard nut to crack in existing studies of urolithiasis

The role of metals in urinary stone formation has already been studied in several publications. Moreover, urinary calculi can also be used for assessing exposure of humans to minor and trace elements in addition to other biological matrices, for example, blood, urine, or hair. However, using urinary calculi for biomonitoring of trace elements is limited by the association of elements with certain types of minerals. In this work, 614 samples of urinary calculi were subjected to mineralogical and elemental analysis. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and thermo-oxidation cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry were used for the determination of major, minor, and trace elements. Infrared spectroscopy was used for mineralogical analysis, and additionally, it was also employed in the calculation of mineralogical composition, based on quantification of major elements and stoichiometry. Results demonstrate the applicability of such an approach in investigating associations of minor and trace elements with mineralogical constituents of stones, especially in low concentrations, where traditional methods of mineralogical analysis are not capable of quantifying mineral content reliably. The main result of this study is the confirmation of association of several elements with struvite (K, Rb) and with calcium phosphate minerals, here calculated as hydroxylapatite (Na, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb). Phosphates were proved as the most important metal-bearing minerals in urinary calculi. Moreover, a significantly different content was also observed for Fe, Zr, Mo, Cu, Cd, Se, Sn, and Hg in investigated groups of minerals. Examination of such associations is essential, and critical analysis of mineral constituents should precede any comparison of element content among various groups of samples.     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 1. Molinia Caerulea (L.) Moench

Above-ground biomass biomass of Molinia caerulea from 36 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of soil nutrients, together with pH and LOI. Between-year and seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 5.8. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese in the plant material were significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Between year variation in the plant nutrient concentrations at one site was of a similar order to variation between the sites. Generally there was less variation in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium tissue levels than in calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper. Iron and sodium were the most variable. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and copper declined throughout the growing season, whereas magnesium, calcium and iron built up until August/September after which a decline set in as the leaves senesced. the results are discussed in relation to the importance of standardizing the time of sampling, in comparison with concentrations of tissue levels in other plants and the growth strategy of this deciduous grass.