Chemistry of Tender Coconut Water from the Cuddalore Coastal Region in Tamil Nadu, India

Tender coconut water (TCW) is rich in nutrients, presenting low fat levels, and considered to be an excellent isotonic drink. To understand the chemistry of TCW, samples of TCW with 6–7 and 11–12 months of maturity were collected from the same coconut trees in different locations in the coastal Cuddalore district. It was found that TCW is dominated by K⁺ among cations and by Cl^? among anions. The pH of the TCW was acidic to neutral, with high electrical conductivity. Comparison of the TCW samples with drinking water standards show that the former contained certain ions more than the permissible limit. It was understood that the process of selective absorption by plants or by certain other chemical process taking place during the formation of kernel tissues would alter the chemical composition of coastal TCW in the Cuddalore district.     

三亚市旅游客流空间特性研究

旅游流是旅游目的地与客源地之间空间相互作用的结果。旅游客流空间特性是旅游地理学的重要研究内容。在大量实地调研的基础上 ,本文研究了中国典型的海滨旅游地---三亚市旅游客源市场的空间分布特征 ;在重力模型的基础上 ,以航空票价为经济距离指标 ,建立了基于航空廊道的旅游客流空间潜力模型 ;分析了三亚市旅游者空间行为特征。认为三亚市客源市场空间分布广泛 ,所建立的旅游客流空间潜力模型可以用于指导旅游目的地的旅游客源市场空间定位 ,三亚市旅游者空间行为以飞行 /驾驶式为主。建议三亚市建立旅游航空票价调节基金来降低飞机票价 ,降低旅游交通门槛 ,促进旅游客流量的增加。     

Predicting socioeconomic conditions from satellite sensor data in rural developing countries: A case study using female literacy in Assam,India

Social data from census and household surveys provide key information for monitoring the status of populations, but the data utility can be limited by temporal gaps between surveys. Recent studies have pointed to the potential for remotely sensed satellite sensor data to be used as proxies for social data. Such an approach could provide valuable information for the monitoring of populations between enumeration periods. Field observations in Assam, north-east India suggested that socioeconomic conditions could be related to patterns in the type and abundance of local land cover dynamics prompting the development of a more formal approach. This research tested if environmental data derived from remotely sensed satellite sensor data could be used to predict a socioeconomic outcome using a generalised autoregressive error (GAR_err) model. The proportion of female literacy from the 2001 Indian National Census was used as an indicator of socioeconomic conditions. A significant positive correlation was found with woodland and a significant negative correlation with winter cropland (i.e., additional cropping beyond the normal cropping season). The dependence of female literacy on distance to nearest road was very small. The GAR_err model reduced residual spatial autocorrelation and revealed that the logistic regression model over-estimated the significance of the explanatory covariates. The results are promising, while also revealing the complexities of population–environment interactions in rural, developing world contexts. Further research should explore the prediction of socioeconomic conditions using fine spatial resolution satellite sensor data and methods that can account for such complexities.     

Pattern of migration to an industrial area: a case study in Lhokseumawe,Aceh, Sumatera,Indonesia

The author attempts to identify factors influencing decisions to migrate to an industrial area of Sumatra, Indonesia. Reasons for migration, characteristics of migrants, and social assimilation at the place of destination are analyzed using data obtained in a 1978 study of 150 migrants to two subdistricts in Sumatra     

山区资源型大城市社区分类特征与影响因素--以广东省韶关市为例

利用第五次人口普查数据,运用生态因子分析方法,通过对广东省韶关市典型案例分析,对我国山区资源型大城市的社会区分类、特征与影响因素进行了研究。发现具有这种规模、功能和区位特征城市的社会区可划分为7类,其中5类社会区及其在城市中的空间分布与北京、上海、广州等综合性特大中心城市具有相似之处;而另2类则反映出山区资源型城市的不同特征。影响这类城市社会区形成的因素主要有4个方面,其中科技文化水平和建设时序两个因素与综合性特大中心城市相似;但就业结构对山区资源型城市的影响比中心城市的影响要大得多,年龄结构、性别比结构、人口迁入迁出比重等人口和家庭特征因素在这类城市中具有突出的影响。     

基于人口特征的城市生态游憩空间配置——以常熟市为例

生态游憩空间配置是休闲城市建设的重要内容,对城市生态文明建设、城市优质生活环境营造具有重要意义。本文以国家休闲城市综合标准试点市——常熟市为研究对象,以人口特征为切入点,对该市不同功能区内各年龄段人口数量、可进行生态游憩的时间、生态游憩意愿、对不同生态游憩空间的偏好,以及全市不同功能区人口对生态游憩空间的配置需求进行了调查研究。人口特征影响城市生态游憩空间的配置需求,全市不同功能区的人口特征有显著差异,因此对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求不同。在人口量、人口平均生态游憩可能性、人口生态游憩空间类型偏好等因素的影响下,商业活动区内人口对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求指数均最高,其次为生活居住区、商务办公区、工业生产区;全市不同功能区内人口对草地游憩空间的配置需求指数均最高,其次为水域和林地。可根据城市不同功能区人口数量、类型、分布特征,以及对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求来指导城市规划建设中生态游憩空间的配置实践。     

The economic value of children: a case study from rural India

This study compares the theses of Mamdami, that India's poor have large families as an investment, and Vlassoff, that only a weak connection exists between a child's economic utility and household fertility. Data used in the study were based on a sample of 18 children in Bihar state, India, on 1) expenditures on children, 2) opportunity costs of raising children, 3) child earnings, 4) child earnings given to parents, 5) alternative investments, 6) discount rates appropriate for parents to use, 7) parents' perceptions of the economic value of children, and 8) family size. Costs estimated included food, clothing, schooling, health, other, and opportunity costs in bearing and raising children. Benefits include estimated values for work within and outside the family. 2 balances indicate that 7 or 8 children, aged 6 to 15, provide more labor than they cost to keep. Data suggest that children become valuable to parents at about age 9 or 10. From this age on, benefits increasingly outweigh costs; by the age of 16 or 17, children have repaid their initial costs to parents. Comparing the value of children against local bank interest rates shows that in all cases but one, children provided a better economic investment than savings accounts. The authors suggest that children are an even greater economic investment in poorer households. Doling out condoms and pills is no substitute for child wealth. In Bihar, improving people's economic well-being may be a prerequisite to fertility decline.     

Efficiency, Equity and Effect: a case study on virtual water consumption characteristics

Scarcity of water is the key factor restricting the growth of social economy.The virtual water theory provides a new way to solve the problem of water scarcity.For this paper,we have calculated the virtual water consumption of each household,grouped by income,of Gansu province for 1992-2005.Then we advanced the indicator of virtual water with per-unit-of-consumption expenditure to analyze the efficiency of virtual water consumption.Additionally,we recurred to the diversity theory advanced by Ulanowicz,which is broadly employed by ecologists and biologists,to analyze the characteristics of virtual water consumption.As a result,the virtual water consumption of each group decreased yearly from 1992 to 2005,on the whole;decreasing proceeded slower during the period of 1992-1997 than during 1998-2005.Per-unit-consumption expenditure of virtual water for each group represents the same characteristics,on the whole,as virtual water consumption.The largest variation of this indicator exists in the group of the lowest income,which ranges from 1.58 to 0.18 m3/Yuan.yr;whereas the least exists in the highest income group,which is 0.58 to 0.07 m3/Yuan.yr.The virtual diversity indicator increased year by year,and the change of this indicator in 1992-1997 was more obvious than in 1998-2005.Finally,from this study we find that,in view of virtual water,we can save water by means of changing consumption patterns and increasing consumption diversity,but without degrading the quality of living and reducing the demands of living.When the problem of water scarcity becomes more and more serious in Gansu of China,this suggestion becomes more and more important.The consumption,the role of guiding production produce,is very important.An unsustainable consumption pattern is the main factor causing the deterioration of the world environment,especially in a developing country.The sustainable consumption is the only way to develop human beings and achieve the economical sustainable economics.     

优势产业循环经济构建——以新疆阜康市为例

循环经济是一种理想的经济发展模式.当前,在我国经济社会发展面临资源和环境瓶颈约束的情况下,研究区域优势产业的循环经济构建具有重要意义.基于运用区位商法对阜康市产业竞争力进行分析评价,根据比较优势、市场导向、产业关联及可持续发展等原则,结合阜康市实际,分析得出玉米制种、无公害瓜果菜、牛羊养殖业、煤炭生产加工、煤化工、有色金属冶炼、石油天然气后续精细加工业及旅游业为优势产业,并就这八大优势产业的发展进行了可行性分析,提出循环经济构建思路.     

干旱区工业共生网络优化研究——以新疆石河子市为例

立足资源和环境约束,对干旱区工业共生过程中链条的设计、水资源的优化利用进行了定性探讨,提出两个观点:干旱区需在确定支柱产业和重点行业的基础上再进行纵向主导产业链与横向耦合共生链的设计;通过促进农业节水用于工业、工业共生反哺农业、提高工业重复用水率来解决工业用水不足的矛盾。继而运用模糊数学建立了多目标模糊优化模型,对共生网络的优化进行了定量研究。所建模型以共生网络经济效益、社会效益、资源效益和环境效益的综合最优作为目标函数,以非线性的相对优属度作为权重系数,将资源瓶颈、环境污染排放总量控制目标等作为约束条件,来求解多目标问题,既科学表达了共生系统的复杂性,又充分体现了工业共生追求经济-环境双赢的内涵。实例应用则表明以上思路、模型与方法具有理论价值和实践意义。     

绿洲城市土地利用多目标优化研究——以新疆奎屯市为例

以新疆典型绿洲城市奎屯市为例进行实证分析,耦合资源价值核算方法,设置变量,建立目标函数和约束方程,构建多目标优化线性模型,对干旱区绿洲城市的土地利用优化配置进行方法性的探索,并为其土地可持续利用提供参考.结果表明:多目标优化线性模型可以克服多目标线性规划法中目标函数和评价指标值范围难以确定的缺陷,运用该多目标优化模型的土地利用优化方案保障了研究区经济发展的用地需求,满足了其社会稳定和社会保障所需的土地,改善了研究区较为脆弱的生态环境,使研究区土地利用综合效益得到明显提升,优化结果达到预期目标,多目标优化方法适宜用在绿洲城市土地利用优化配置研究.     

大城市医疗健康资源空间交互及其网络演化——以郑州中心城区为例

认知资源要素在地表人文活动中的空间交互性对地理学研究具有重要意义。本文基于人文-经济地理学相关理论,从“单资源-复合资源-资源网络”多尺度视角出发,初步构建了医疗健康资源空间交互研究的基本理论框架,利用2012年和2020年百度地图POI数据,综合运用Ripley's K函数、格网熵指数、协同区位商以及社会网络分析等定量方法,从集聚交互、功能交互和网络交互3个方面研究郑州市医疗健康资源空间交互及其网络演化特征。结果表明：① 从集聚交互上看,各类医疗健康资源在数量和增速上扩张明显,同时呈现出显著集聚特征且集聚程度逐步增强,相对而言,更具综合性的医院健康资源的集聚程度最高;多距离下各类医疗健康资源集聚规模差异在不断缩小,集聚交互向良性方向发展。② 从功能交互上看,医疗健康资源的功能主导类型逐渐复杂,交互复合性逐步增强。医疗健康资源功能交互空间格局经历了主导类型由“单功能为主、多功能兼容”向“多功能为主、单功能为辅”转变,由点状格局到连片发展的蔓延模式与空间跳跃的飞地模式并存的转变特征。③ 从网络交互上看,医疗健康资源网络密度基本保持稳定,网络联系性质演化特征明显。诊疗与医药健康资源始终处于强联系的地位,存在集聚促进机制;理疗健康资源在关联网络中联系强度逐步提高,网络地位有所上升;而医院健康资源以其独有的规模大、高品质和综合性等特征在网络体系中具有较强独立性。     

城市山洪灾害风险评价——以云南省文山县城为例

山洪灾害风险评价对于减灾防灾决策和管理非常重要。本文介绍基于遥感和GIS方法的应用,探讨一种快速、简便而且较为准确的城市山洪灾害风险评价方法。以发生于1998年7月26日文山城20年一遇山洪灾害为实例,将GIS的数字高程模型与实测的山洪水位和洪峰流量结合进行淹没分析,研究表明采用该方法可以模拟准确山洪泛滥范围,并计算淹没水深分布。根据不同水深指标,应用GIS工具完成了山洪灾害危险分区。本研究利用高分辨率遥感影像提供承灾体类型的可靠和准确数据用于易损性分析和期望损失评估的价值计算。根据典型区财产损失的抽样调查,建立了不同承灾体类型与水深的关系,并确定其损失率;应用GIS空间数据处理和分析的集成方法完成了复杂的损失评估。在此基础上,按期望损失程度进行分区划分而完成山洪风险评价。研究结果表明基于GIS和RS方法进行山洪风险评价效果良好,值得推广应用于其他洪水泛滥区。     

北京市生态旅游者的行为特征调查与分析--以百花山自然保护区为例

通过对北京市百花山自然保护区 139位生态旅游者的调查 ,根据回答者每年去基于自然的目的地旅游次数以及他们的NEP得分 ,从而类分为严格的生态旅游者、经常的生态旅游者和偶尔的生态旅游者。数据分析使用了描述性统计以及一系列独立性T TEST检验和ANOVA分析。研究表明 :(1) 3类生态旅游者在人口统计、动机、环境态度、管理倾向等行为特征方面存在差异 ;(2 ) 3类生态旅游者对自然环境态度都很友好 ,而严格的和偶尔的生态旅游者NEP分数更高 ;(3)不同的生态旅游者来源有不同 ;(4 )与国外的生态旅游者相比 ,百花山生态旅游者更年轻 ,男性更多 ,但受过很好教育的游客数量不及国外     

干旱区生态移民空间迁移特征与生态影响——以甘肃省古浪县为例

生态移民是西部乡村振兴及区域生态保护与修复的有效途径之一,探究生态移民空间迁移特征与生态影响,有助于区域减贫和生态文明建设。以典型的西北干旱生态移民搬迁区域为例,从县域空间视角出发,通过计算土地利用转移矩阵、动态度、利用归一化植被指数（Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）和植被恢复度（Vegetation restoration degree,VRD）等方法,系统分析2010—2018年古浪县生态移民空间迁移和植被恢复的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）2010—2018年生态移民空间迁移特征表现为地势由高到低、坡度由陡到缓,交通导向和空间聚集,共计移民6.24×104人,占全县常住人口的20.20%。（2）2010—2018年研究区NDVI在时空上呈现南部迁出地持续增长,北部迁入地先降后升的“V”型趋势。整体移民区NDVI最小值从0.10增至0.15,增加50.00%、NDVI最大值从0.52增至0.72,增加38.46%;移民安置区NDVI最小值从0.10减至0.09,减少10.00%、NDVI最大值从0.66增至0.72,增加9.0...     

The vulnerability evolution and simulation of social-ecological systems in a semi-arid area: A case study of Yulin City,China

Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD (Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, integrates the VSD framework and the SERV (Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability) model, and decomposes the system vulnerability into three dimensions, i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Firstly, with the full understanding of the background and exposure risk source of the research area, the vulnerability indexes were screened by the SERV model, and the index system was constructed to assess the characteristics of the local eco-environment. Secondly, with the aid of RS and GIS, this study measured the spatial differentiation and evolution of the social-ecological systems in Yulin City during 2000–2015 and explored intrinsic reasons for the spatial-temporal evolution of vulnerability. The results are as follows: (1) The spatial pattern of Yulin City’s SESs vulnerability is “high in northwest and southeast and low along the Great Wall”. Although the degree of system vulnerability decreased significantly during the study period and the system development trend improved, there is a sharp spatial difference between the system vulnerability and exposure risk. (2) The evolution of system vulnerability is influenced by the risk factors of exposure, and the regional vulnerability and the spatial heterogeneity of exposure risk are affected by the social sensitivity, economic adaptive capacity and other factors. Finally, according to the uncertainty of decision makers, the future scenarios of regional vulnerability are simulated under different decision risks by taking advantage of the OWA multi-criteria algorithm, and the vulnerability of the regional system under different development directions was predicted based on the decision makers' rational risk interval.     

Exploring the Digital Divide in an Australian Regional City: a case study of Albury

The ‘digital divide’ is generally considered to be the gap between people who have access to information and communication technologies (ICT) and those who do not, and an issue of significant social justice. This paper presents findings from research that explored the digital divide within the regional city of Albury. The study focused on assessing whether there was a digital divide; identifying strategies to address any divide; and developing a methodology that could be used to explore the digital divide in other contexts. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and a telephone survey of city residents. Findings demonstrated that a digital divide existed in that there were differences in computer access in relation to income and different locations within the city, and for access to the Internet by age, education and income levels. Overall, the patterns indicated that those with lower education and income and the elderly reported lower levels of access to ICT. Drawing on the research findings we suggest some practical ways of addressing the digital divide that could be applied to other similar locations where a digital divide exists, such as providing technical support and training, improved access to and awareness of ICT services, and facilitating access to ICT services such as the provision of appropriate hardware and software for disadvantaged groups. Our view is that the mixed-method approach we employed provided helpful, reliable information at reasonable cost and could be considered by other researchers and local governments.     

A comparative study of permanent and temporary migration in China: the case of Dongguan and Meizhou,Guangdong Province

"This paper reports the findings of a field survey conducted in Dongguan and Meizhou, two cities in Guangdong Province with contrasting economic characteristics. The data clearly demonstrate that the permanent migrants and the temporary migrants belong to two very different segments of the population. Striking similarities are revealed for the permanent migrants in very different settings. However, there are signs that even in this tightly controlled sector, economics will soon take precedence over politics as the main driving force underlying migration."