Laser welding of AZ61 magnesium-based alloys

Laser welding of AZ61 magnesium alloys was carried out using a CO2 laser welding experimental system. The welding properties of AZ61 sheets with different thickness were investigated. The effect of processing parameters including laser power, welding speed and protection gas flow was researched. The results show that laser power and welding speed have large effect on the weld width and joint dimensions. Protection gas flow has relatively slight effect on the weld width. The property test of three typical joints indicates that microhardness and tensile strength in weld zone are higher than that of AZ61 base metal, Joints with good appearance and excellent mechanical properties can be produced using CO2 laser welding method. The microstructure with small grains in weld zone is believed to be respoasible for the excellent mechanical properties of AZ61 joints.     

焊接工艺参数对镁合金CO2激光焊焊缝表面成形的影响

探讨了焊接工艺参数包括激光功率、焊接速度、正面和背面的保护气体流量对焊接工艺效果和接头成形的影响.结果表明,对AZ61和AZ31两种镁合金,激光功率的增大,焊缝正面和背面的熔宽都明显增大;而焊接速度的增大,焊缝正面和背面的熔宽明显减小.在同样的工艺参数情况下,AZ61的熔化效率比AZ31更高,获得的焊缝正面和背面熔宽更大.正面的保护气体流量大小对焊缝熔宽的影响较小,而背面保护气体流量对焊缝熔宽基本没有影响,但正面和背面气体流量主要影响到焊缝正反面的保护效果,影响到焊缝的表观.试验结果表明,在适当的工艺参数下,采用CO2激光焊接方法可以较好地实现不同厚度的AZ61和AZ31镁合金的焊接,而且焊缝成形良好,接头的力学性能优良.     

AZ61镁合金CO2激光焊接工艺

采用CO2激光试验系统对AZ61镁合金的激光焊接工艺进行了研究.探讨了焊接工艺参数包括激光功率、焊接速度、正反面保护气体流量对焊接效果的影响.结果表明,通过适当地选择工艺参数可以获得比较理想的焊缝,并通过大量试验获得了较为优化的参数范围.     

INVESTIGATION OF LASER BEAM WELDING PROCESS OF AZ61 MAGNESIUM-BASED ALLOY

Laser welling process of AZ61 magnesium alloys is investigated using a special CO2 laser experimental system. The effect of processing parameters including laser power, welling speed, and protection gas flow at the top and bottom is researched. The results show that an ideal well bead can be formed by choosing the processing parameters properly. An optimized parameter range is obtained by a large number of experiments. Among them, laser power and welling speed are the two main parameters that determine the well width and dimensions. The protect gas flow rate has a slight effect on the well width, but it directly effects the surface color of the well. The test results for typical welds indicate that the microhardness and tensile strength of the well zone are better than that of the base metal A fine-grained well region has been observed and no obvious heat-affected zone is found. The well zone mainly consists of small α-Mg phase, （α ＋ Al12Mg17）, and other eutectic phases. The small grains and the eutectic phases in the joint are believed to play an important role in the increase of the strength of wells for AZ61 magnesium alloys.     

Keyhole stability in disc laser welding of AZ31B and AZ61A magnesium alloys and weld metal properties

Abstract

To confirm the process potential and limitations of laser welding of magnesium alloys, a newly developed disc laser of 16 kW in maximum power was used to weld thin plates of AZ31B and AZ61A alloys. Melting characteristics and weld metal properties were studied under different process parameters. The very high power density of the applied beam caused the keyhole and the molten pool to be unstable. Underfill was the main welding defect limiting the process window and its formation was closely related to the keyhole instability. A process diagram indicating areas of sound and defected welds could be constructed. Sound welded joints could be obtained for AZ31B alloy with similar mechanical properties as that of the base material. The brittle intermetallics network present along the grain boundaries in AZ61A weld metals required a higher energy input to alleviate its detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the welded joints.     

Effect of filler wire on the joint properties of AZ31 magnesium alloys using CO2 laser welding

Laser welding with filler wire of AZ31 magnesium alloys is investigated using a CO2 laser experimental system. The effect of three different filler wires on the joint properties is researched. The results show that the weld appearance can be effectively improved when using laser welding with filler wire. The microhardness and tensile strength of joints are almost the same us those of the base metal when ER AZ31 or ER AZ61 wire is adopted. However, when the filler wire of ER 5356 aluminum alloy is used, the mechanical properties of flints become worse. For ER AZ31 and ER AZ61 filler wires, the microstructure of weld zone slws small dendrite grains. In comparison, for ER 5356 filler wire, the weld shows a structure of snowy dendrites and many intermetallic compounds and eutectic phases distribute in the dendrites. These intermetallic constituents with low melting point increase the tendency of hot crack and result in fiagile joint properties. Therefore, ER AZ31 and ER AZ61 wire are more suitable filler material than ER 5356 for CO2 laser welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys.     

激光束焊接参数对AZ31B镁合金力学性能和显微组织的影响

研究激光束焊接工艺参数如激光功率、焊接速度和焦点位置对AZ31B镁合金力学性能和显微组织的影响。采用不同的激光功率、焊接速度和焦点位置焊接了9种接头。焊接接头的拉伸性能与焊接区的微观组织和硬度有关。结果表明,采用激光功率2500W,焊接速度5m/min,焦点位置-1.5mm时,所得的接头具有优良的拉伸性能。焊接区细晶粒的形成、较高的融化区硬度、均匀分布的细小析出物是得到优良拉伸性能的主要原因。     

AZ31镁合金CO2激光填丝焊工艺

采用CO2激光焊接试验系统,对AZ31镁合金的激光填丝焊工艺进行了研究.试验中采用AZ31焊丝作为填充金属,对各种焊接工艺参数的影响进行了较系统地研究,并获得了较好的工艺参数选择范围.焊后对典型的焊接接头的性能进行了研究,结果表明,在适当的填丝速率下,填丝焊工艺形成的焊缝成形更加美观,克服了不填丝焊接情况下焊缝的严重下塌问题.微观组织分析表明,焊接接头区域主要由细小的枝状晶组成,晶粒明显细化.焊接接头的显微硬度和抗拉强度都接近母材,说明获得的焊缝具有较好的力学性能.表明了CO2激光填丝焊工艺是实现AZ31镁合金焊接的有效方法.     

AZ31镁合金薄板的CO2激光焊接接头性能

采用CO2激光焊接试验系统对AZ31镁合金薄板进行了焊接,研究了不同工艺条件下焊缝熔宽的变化,并对焊接接头的微观组织和接头性能进行了研究.试验结果表明,激光功率和焊接速度对焊缝熔宽有较大的影响.显微硬度测试和接头拉伸试验结果表明:焊接接头区域的显微硬度和抗拉强度都高于母材,焊接接头具有良好的力学性能.接头区域的晶粒细化和新的合金相的形成是接头性能改善的主要原因.     

AZ91D薄板搅拌摩擦焊

实现了厚度为2.2 mm铸造镁合金AZ91D薄板的搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊,分析了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对焊接接头成形的影响和接头组织变化,考察了搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能.在搅拌头旋转速度为1 380 r/min时得到了比较理想的焊接接头,而1 960 r/min的转速过大.接头不同区域所受的机械力和热量不同,显微组织明显不同.搅拌区晶粒细小,显微硬度和强度都有所提高.搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能与热输入有关;与氩弧焊接头相比,搅拌摩擦焊接接头的性能更好.     

不锈钢活性激光焊工艺研究

以不锈钢SUS304作为试验对象,分别研究了焊接速度、散焦离焦量、激光功率和保护气体等工艺参数以及活性剂和活性元素硫对不锈钢YAG激光焊焊缝成形的影响.试验结果表明,各焊缝表面成形良好,焊接速度和激光功率能明显影响焊缝成形,散焦离焦量和保护气体种类对YAG激光焊焊缝成形的影响较小.与硫含量较低的情况相比,活性剂和活性元素硫含量较高的情况下均能使得焊缝熔宽发生明显收缩,随着热输入量增加,活性剂增加熔深的效果也越明显,表明活性剂对熔深的影响效果与焊接过程的热输入量有密切联系.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an effective thermo-mechanical process to make ultrafine grains.An investigation was carried out on the friction stir welding (FSW) of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys with a thickness of 15 mm.For different process parameters,the optimum FSW conditions of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys were examined.The basic characterization of weld formation and the mechanical properties of the joints were discussed.The results show that the effect of welding parameters on welding quality was evident and welding quality was sensitive to welding speed.Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 37.5 mm/min and the rotation speed of the stir tool was 750 r/min.The maximum tensile strength (270 MPa) of FSW was 91% that of the base materials.The value of microhardness varied between advancing side and retreating side because of the speed field near the pin of the stir tool,which weakened the deformed stress field.The value of microhardness of the welding zone was lower than that of the base materials.The maximum value was located near the heat-affected zone (HAZ).Remarkable ductile character was observed from the fracture morphologies of welded joints.     

激光-TIG复合热源焊接参数对镁/钢异种材料焊接接头的影响

采用激光-TIG复合热源的焊接方法对镁和钢异种材料进行焊接,探讨了焊接工艺参数包括激光功率、激光离焦量、焊接速度以及TIG焊接电流对焊缝抗拉强度的影响.结果表明,在焊接过程中,随着激光功率的增大、焊接速度的减小,焊缝抗拉强度随之增大;随着激光离焦量的增加,焊缝抗拉强度呈现先增大后减小的特点;而TIG电流的变化对焊缝抗拉强度影响不大.试验证明,在合适的工艺参数下,能够得到成形良好、力学性能优良的镁/钢异种材料的焊接接头,并且在焊接过程中,激光对镁和钢的连接起主要作用.     

AZ31B变形镁合金CO2激光焊接模式及焊缝成形特点

用CO2激光对4 mm厚的AZ31B变形镁合金进行了焊接试验,试验中出现了三种焊接模式:小孔焊、热导焊、模式不稳定焊.分析发现在一定参数范围内激光功率是焊接模式的决定因素.提出用正面熔宽与纵深段熔深的比值来表征小孔焊焊缝的形状特点,并对焊缝形状参数的影响因素进行了分析.发现焊接热输入是控制焊缝形状的最主要因素,而焊接速度变化引起的激光能量利用率的变化和激光功率变化引起的等离子体羽翼导热影响范围的变化也是焊缝形状的影响因素.在保证熔透的前提下,选择较低的激光功率、较高的焊接速度和较弱的焊接规范有利于获得深而窄的焊缝.     

Process and joint characterizations of laser-MIG hybrid welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

High power laser-metal inert gas (MIG) hybrid welding of AZ31 Mg alloys was studied. Microstructure and fracture surface of welded joints were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The mechanical properties of welded joints were evaluated by tensile test. Under the optimal welding parameters, the stable process and sound joints were obtained. The tensile strength efficiency of welded joints recovered 84-98% of the substrate. It was found that the arc was compressed and stabilized by the laser beam during the hybrid welding. The compressed extent of arc column increased with laser power, and the process stability could be improved by increasing laser power and arc current or slowing welding speed. The arc stabilized mechanism in laser-MIG hybrid welding of Mg alloys was summarized in two factors. First, the laser keyhole fixes the arc root and improves the igniting ability of the arc. Second, the electromagnetic force is downward and increased by the laser-arc interaction, which prevents the overheating of the droplet and smoothes droplet transfer from the wire to the weld pool.     

钛合金激光穿透焊的焊缝成形(Ⅰ)

在对钛合金激光穿透焊焊缝成形特征分析的基础上研究了激光焊主要工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响 ,同时对比研究了CO2 激光和YAG激光穿透焊时焊缝成形的差异。研究结果表明 ,在穿透焊条件下 ,CO2 激光和YAG激光焊接钛合金焊缝都具有钉形和近X形两种典型的截面形貌。焊缝成形与焊接热输入及激光功率密度有密切联系。随焊接热输入和激光功率密度的增大 ,焊缝截面由钉形向近X形转变。在采用同样工艺规范获得近X形焊缝成形时 ,YAG激光焊缝的对称度显著高于CO2 激光焊缝。通过调整激光功率、焊接速度和离焦量等激光焊工艺参数 ,可以对焊缝成形进行有效控制 ,提高焊接接头质量。     

Study of laser MIG hybrid welded AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract

The laser metal inert gas (MIG) hybrid welded AZ31 magnesium alloy is discussed in weld shape, microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties in comparison of single laser and arc welding. The stable MIG arc, reliable droplet transfer and regular weld that are hardly obtained in single MIG welding can be obtained in hybrid welding by laser arc synergic effects. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of hybrid weld are far higher than those of laser weld and reach 97·8 and 87·5% of base metal respectively. Under this experimental condition, the efficiency of hybrid welding is 1·20 times faster than that of single laser welding. Between the wide upper part (arc zone) and the narrow lower part (laser zone), obvious difference is observed. Arc zone has coarser grain size and wider partial melted zone than laser zone. Finally, the porosity reduction mechanism of hybrid weld is discussed according to the weld pool shape and the acting forces on it.     

Mechanical properties and microstructures of hybrid laser MIG welded dissimilar Mg–Al–Zn alloys

Abstract

Bead shape, microstructure changes and mechanical properties of laser metal inert gas (MIG) welded dissimilar Mg–Al–Zn alloys (from AZ31B to AZ61) are studied. The results show that heat ratio of arc to laser (HRAL) and welding speed are dominant parameters for achieving good tensile strength efficiency and elongation property. From AZ31B to AZ61, microstructure changes are observed as cellular dendrites to equiaxed dendrites and fish bone dendrites in the upper part of hybrid weld. Besides, at weld centreline, the solidification structure of lower part is finer than that of upper part. In this study, the maximum tensile strength efficiency and elongation reached 97·6 and 7% respectively. When the HRAL matches welding speed well, the joint achieves higher tensile strength with 45° shearing fracture at heat affected zone because of fewer defects. However, when utilising too low HRAL or fast welding speed, the joints show lower tensile strengths with nearly vertical fracture at fusion zone.     

YAG脉冲激光焊接AZ61镁合金薄板对接接头的组织与性能

采用YAG脉冲激光焊方法对AZ61镁合金薄板进行焊接．利用光学显微镜、x射线能谱分析仪等手段分析焊接接头的宏观形貌、显微组织和化学成分,并对焊接接头的显微硬度和拉伸强度进行了测试．结果表明,焊缝正面有轻微塌陷,反面成形良好．焊缝表面圆滑、连续、鱼鳞纹细密均匀,接头成形良好．母材为粗大的等轴晶,焊缝区的晶粒比母材细小．焊缝区的显微硬度比母材区域明显提高,焊接接头的抗拉强度与母材相当,约为250MPa,焊接接头具有良好的力学性能;焊缝表面由于Mg元素的大量蒸发使铝的含量升高,而焊缝表面zn元素含量很低．     

Modeling of temperature field and pool formation during linear laser welding of DP1000 steel

A rotary-Gauss body heat source was employed in the study to model the laser welding of DP1000 steel. The condition of heat dissipation during the welding has a significant effect on the temperature field as well as the shape and size of the laser weld. A series of welding experiments were performed, and good agreement was observed between the calculated weld dimensions and the experimental results. The microhardness values across the welded joint were measured to determine the range of the soft zone in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and simultaneously the temperature range experienced in this region. The results indicated that the soft zone significantly affects the mechanical performance of the welded joint. The width of the soft zone and its distance from the weld center increase with increasing laser power, while the width of the soft zone and its distance from the weld center decrease with increasing welding speed.