尿液AQP2在先天性肾积水患儿中的检测和意义

目的研究单侧先天性肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻（pyeloureteric junction obstruction，PUJO）肾积水患儿尿液水通道蛋白2（Aquaporins-2，AQP2）测定在肾脏浓缩功能评价中的意义。方法选取12例正常儿童，26例单侧先天性PUJO肾积水患儿，其中轻度14例，重度12例，均经彩超、静脉。肾盂造影证实，并排除其它泌尿系统疾病；在严格设定条件下，收集正常对照组术前和梗阻解除术后第3天患肾24h尿液，同时收集术中。肾盂尿液，测定尿渗透压，并用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定尿液中AQP2。结果与正常对照组比较，积水组术中尿液AQP2和尿渗透压明显下降（P〈0．05），且重度积水组术中尿液AQP2与轻度积水组相比，明显降低（P〈0．05），但重度积水组和轻度积水组术中尿渗透压相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）；梗阻解除后，轻、重度积水组术中尿液AQP2与术后第3天相比，无显著差异（P〉0．05），而术后第3天两组尿渗透压却明显下降／P〈0．05），术后第3天重度积水组与轻度积水组尿液AQP2和尿渗透压相比较，显著下降（P〈0．05）；正常对照组与轻、重度积水组术后第3天尿液AQP2和尿渗透压之间存在一定相关性。结论小儿单侧先天性PUJO尿液AQP2和尿渗透压较正常对照组显著降低，且二者之间存在一定相关性。尿液中AQP2下降可能和尿液浓缩功能改变有关。     

先天性肾积水肾脏及其尿液中水通道蛋白2表达的相关性研究

目的 探讨先天性肾积水患儿肾脏水通道蛋白2(aquaporin-2,AQP2)表达水平及其尿液AQP2表达水平之间的相关性.方法 选取20例单侧先天性肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻肾积水肾脏,其中轻度和重度积水肾脏各10例,并选取8例正常肾脏作为对照组.应用免疫组织化学方法检测肾脏AQP2表达水平,并采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测其尿液中AQP2浓度.结果 AQP2阳性着色位于肾脏集合管主细胞胞膜和胞质.积水肾脏AQP2表达水平下降和其尿液中AQP2表达水平下降及尿渗透压下降相一致.重度积水组显著低于轻度积水组,重度和轻度积水组均显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.05).积水肾脏AQP2表达水平与其尿液AQP2表达水平以及尿渗透压均有显著正相关性(分别为r尿AOY2=0.706,P＜0.05;r尿渗透压=0.810,P＜0.05).结论 随着先天性.肾积水患儿积水程度增加,其肾脏AQP2表达水平和其尿液AQP2浓度及尿渗透压均明显下降.检测尿液AQP2浓度可间接反映肾脏中AQP2的表达情况,为临床评估肾脏浓缩稀释功能损害程度提供依据.     

先天性肾积水患儿尿液水通道蛋白1表达的意义

目的研究先天性肾积水患儿尿液水通道蛋白1(AQP1)的表达情况及其临床意义。方法选取26例不同程度肾积水患儿作为试验组。其中轻度组7例,中度组10例,重度组9例。均经彩超、电子计算机X射线断层扫描技术(CT)或MRI证实,并排除其他泌尿系统疾病。对照组选取10例无泌尿系统疾病的儿童。在严格选定条件下,收集试验组患儿术前晨尿、术中肾盂尿液、梗阻解除术后第3、7天患肾晨尿,同时收集对照组患儿晨尿,采用间接ELISA法测定其尿液AQP1水平。结果与对照组比较,中、重度积水组患儿术前尿液中AQP1水平均明显下降(Pa<0.05),且重度积水组尿液AQP1水平与中度积水组比较,明显降低(P<0.05);轻度积水组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组术后第3天尿液AQP1水平与术中比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后第7天尿液AQP1水平与术中比较均明显上升,但仍低于对照组(Pa<0.05)。对照组、试验组术前及术后第7天尿液AQP1水平与尿渗透压呈正相关,实验组术中及术后第3天尿液AQP1水平和尿渗透压之间无相关性。结论尿液AQP1水平可能是新型的评价先天性肾积水患儿肾浓缩功能的指标之一。     

小儿肾积水肾脏病理改变与水通道蛋白表达的相关研究

目的 探讨小儿先天性积水肾脏(hydronephrotic kidney,HnK)不同病理改变水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQPs)1～4及其mRNA的表达情况.方法 收集26例接受肾盂成形术和肾造瘘术的肾盂输尿管连接部狡窄(PUJO)患儿的肾组织标本,按其病理学变化程度分为轻度肾积水组(12例,病理学分级Ⅱ-Ⅲ级)和重度肾积水组(14例,病理学分级Ⅳ-Ⅴ级)2组.10例正常肾脏组织标本来自于肾母细胞瘤周围正常肾组织.免疫组织化学技术检测AQP1～4在正常肾脏和积水肾脏中的表达与定位,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测AQP1～4 mRNA在正常肾脏和积水肾脏中的表达水平.结果 免疫组化显示先天性积水肾脏中AQP1～4表达强度弱于正常埘照组肾脏;半定量RT-PCR显示重度肾积水中AQP1～4的相对表达量显著低于轻度肾积水和正常肾组织(P均<0.01).结论 小儿先天性积水肾脏中AQP1～4蛋白及其mRNA水平的表达均下调,且随积水肾脏病理改变稃度而变化,AQP1～4表达水平的变化可能在先天性肾积水的病理发展过程中发挥一定作用.     

先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患儿积水肾脏中水通道蛋白1-4的表达

目的 观察先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患儿积水肾脏中水通道蛋白l-4(aquaporin,AQP1-4)的表达及其与积水程度之间的关系.方法 收集22例接受肾盂成形术和肾造瘘术的先天性肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(pyeloureteral junction obstruction,PUJO)患儿的肾组织标本,并将其按照静脉肾盂造影(intravenous pyelography,IVP)显影时间的长短分为两组.轻度肾积水组(10例;IVP60min内显影)和重度肾积水组(12例,IVP 60min内不显影).8例正常肾组织标本来自于肾母细胞瘤周围正常肾组织.免疫组织化学技术检测AQPl-4在正常肾脏和积水肾脏中的表达与定位.逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测AQP1-4 mRNA在正常肾脏和积水肾脏中的表达水平.结果 AQP1阳性着色主要分布于肾小球毛细血管内皮细胞、近曲小管的上皮细胞及髓袢降支细段上皮细胞胞质,AQP2阳性着色主要分布于肾脏集合管上皮细胞胞膜和胞质,AQP3阳性着色主要分布于肾脏集合管主细胞的基底侧,AQP4阳性着色主要分布于肾内髓集合管上皮细胞基底侧.而积水肾脏AQP1-4表达均有不同程度下降.RT-PCR显示重度肾积水中AQPl-4的相对表达量显著低于轻度肾积水和正常对照组(AQP1:0.194±0.118比0.598±0.092比0.858±0.122;AQP2:0.247±0.089比0.566±0.105比0.976±0.134;AQP3:0.426±0.126比0.741±0.074比1.006 ±0.084;AQP4:0.171±0.115比0.420±0.081比0.739±0.201;P＜0.01).结论 AQP1-4在先天性PUJO患儿积水肾组织中的表达水平降低,且随着积水程度的加重而下降,表明其在肾积水发展的过程中可能与肾脏浓缩稀释功能的下降有一定的关系.     

双侧输尿管梗阻后大白鼠肾脏水通道蛋白2的变化

目的选择大白鼠模拟双侧输尿管梗阻模型,检测其肾脏水通道蛋白2(AQP2)的变化,以期从分子水平上阐明泌尿系梗阻解除后排尿量增多的病理生理改变。方法选取3个月雄性慕尼黑大白鼠(MunichWistarRats)12只,体重225g左右,随机分为实验组(n=6)及对照组(n=6),实验组行双侧输尿管梗阻24h后解除梗阻,对照组仅行输尿管游离而不结扎。每日观察体重、饮水量、食量、尿量变化,3d后取出肾标本,左肾全肾、右肾分离出内髓后行免疫杂交试验,检测水通道蛋白2(AQP2)的变化。结果解除输尿管梗阻后,实验组体重迅速下降(P<0.001),并排出大量低渗性尿液,渗透压明显低于对照组(P<0.05),术后每日排出尿量显著增高(P<0.001);血浆渗透压增高(312±4.71vs301±0.45mmol/L,P<0.05)。全肾及内髓检查,发现AQP2明显降低(P<0.01),而以集合管为主的内髓更为敏感。结论泌尿系梗阻影响肾脏对尿液的重吸收和浓缩功能,排出大量低渗尿液,同时体重明显下降,体内脱水严重;AQP2表达减少是肾脏集合管重吸收水分少、尿液浓缩功能差的主要原因。     

先天性肾积水患儿肾脏水通道蛋白表达与肾实质厚度和肾小球滤过率的相关性

目的：探讨先天性肾积水患儿肾脏水通道蛋白AQP1-4 的表达与肾实质厚度和肾小球滤过率（GFR）变化之间的关系。方法：利用Western blot检测AQP1-4蛋白在10例先天性肾积水患儿(年龄62.3±18.3个月)10个肾组织和6例来自肾母细胞瘤手术切除患儿的正常肾脏组织(年龄62.7±17.1个月)中的相对表达量。同时对患侧肾脏肾实质厚度和GFR进行评估。积水肾脏AQP1-4表达与GFR以及肾实质厚度之间进行Pearson相关分析检验。结果：肾积水组AQP1-4蛋白相对表达均明显低于正常组（P＜0.05）。B超测量术前积水侧肾脏肾实质厚度平均为4.59±2.25 mm。99mTc-DTPA 测定积水侧肾脏GFR较对侧肾脏明显下降（40±12 mL/min vs 105±20 mL/min, P＜0.05）。积水组肾脏中AQP1-4蛋白相对表达量与肾实质厚度之间呈正相关,与患侧肾脏GFR之间亦呈正相关。积水侧肾脏肾实质厚度与GFR之间呈正相关。结论：先天性积水患儿肾脏AQP1-4蛋白表达下降,其表达量与肾实质厚度和肾脏GFR的变化呈正相关。     

小儿先天性肾盂—输尿管梗阻所致巨大肾积水：附13例病例报告

本文报告13例小儿先天性肾盂——输尿管梗阻所致的巨大肾积水,详细描述了其临床资料,讨论了其病因、诊断和巨大肾积水合并先天性单侧肾不发育时处理的原则,诊断中强调了延迟性低张力液波传导感的特殊意义,治疗上提出对巨大积水肾的取舍应持保守态度,只要梗阻解除,充分引流,肾盂、肾皮质功能可逐渐恢复。     

水通道蛋白2在脓毒症大鼠肾脏的表达及意义

目的 探讨水通道蛋白2(AQP2)在脓毒症大鼠肾脏的表达及对水代谢调节的意义.方法 将6周龄Wistar大鼠64只,随机分为假手术组和手术组各32只,采用盲肠结扎穿孔法(CLP)复制脓毒症模型.每组分为3、6、12和24 h 4个亚组,各8只,分别留取尿液、血液、肾脏标本.观察尿量、尿渗透压和肾功能,HE染色光镜观察肾脏病理变化,采用实时定量PCR方法检测AQP2 mRNA表达,免疫组织化学方法检测AQP2的蛋白表达.结果 手术组大鼠术后3 h尿量减少、尿渗透压增高,6 h后尿量逐渐增多、尿渗透压降低;血肌酐和尿素6 h开始升高,24 h达高峰;随术后时间延长肾脏病理损害加重,主要表现为肾小管上皮细胞之间间隔消失,细胞核消失;肾小球球襻融合,细胞结构不清;间质可见点灶状炎性细胞侵润.AQP2 mRNA的表达在术后3 h增高,12、24 h明显减低;AQP2蛋白表达在术后12 h下降,24 h最低,较假手术组均有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 AQP2参与脓毒症时肾脏水代谢的调节,AQP2表达下调导致脓毒症尿浓缩功能障碍的主要病理机制之一.     

小儿肾孟输尿管交接处梗阻所致巨大肾积水的治疗

目的 探讨小儿先天性肾孟输尿管交接处梗阻所致巨大肾积水的治疗方式。方法 对12例小儿巨大肾积水的治疗方式、肾切除指标进行分析。结果 2例行肾切除术，10例行肾盂成形术。结论 小儿巨大肾积水应尽可能保留肾脏，对重度积水者先行肾造瘘术，如肾功能恢复至Ⅱ期，行肾盂成形术，如肾功能不能恢复，则再行肾摘除术。     

Follow-up of prenatally diagnosed unilateral hydronephrosis

Based on previous experience with prenatally diagnosed unilateral hydronephrosis, we found that the primary indications for surgical intervention should be symptoms or functional impairment of the hydronephrotic kidney. Nonoperative management of neonates without symptoms and with normal function of the affected kidney was proposed. However, the strategy of treatment after prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis is still controversial. We studied 28 consecutive children with suspected unilateral pelviureteral junction obstruction and a normal contralateral kidney. The overall follow-up period varied between 2.5 months and 6 years (median 2 years). Eleven children had normal function of the hydronephrotic kidney and were managed nonoperatively throughout the follow-up period. None of these demonstrated any symptoms and the renal function remained normal. A further 4 children with normal function of the affected kidney were managed nonoperatively, but later had a pyeloplasty performed because of either symptoms or deterioration of renal function. Eleven children had a pyeloplasty performed after the first renography showed that the hydronephrotic kidney provided less than 40% of total renal function. The age at pyeloplasty was 3 weeks- 7 months (median 6 weeks). In all cases but 1 the function of the affected kidney improved. Two patients with impaired hydronephrotic renal function were not operated upon. Our results indicate no need to change the strategy of treatment.     

Complete pelviureteric junction obstruction following a diuretic renal scan

A 13-day-old neonate with a single functioning, hydronephrotic kidney developed complete pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction and anuria following a diuretic radionuclide renal scan. Urgent pyeloplasty resulted in a favourable outcome. Possible dynamics of the obstruction are discussed. Monitoring urine output after diuretic renal scans, especially in infants with a single functioning kidney and PUJ obstruction, is of paramount importance.     

经结肠旁入路腹腔镜下Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术

目的 探讨经腹腔结肠旁腹腔镜下Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术的技巧、安全性及适应证.方法 2006年3月至2008年6月在我院采取经结肠系膜入路行Anderson-Hynes肾盂成形术32例,其中男18例,女14例.年龄8个月～16岁,平均年龄5.5岁.左侧17例,右侧11例,双侧4例,共36侧.肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄24侧,狭窄伴肾结石6侧(其中多发结石3例),输尿管息肉6侧.右侧经结肠肝曲对系膜缘,左侧经结肠系膜侧行Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术,术后B超或IVU随访.结果 30例顺利完成手术,学习期间中转开放2例(5.9%).手术时间53～158 min,单侧平均82 min,双侧平均时间107 min.术中失血15～40 ml.术后双"J"管堵塞2例(6.3%).1例多发结石术中残留结石1枚,在拔出双"J"管后.自行排出.术后随访6～26个月,无肾积水临床症状,影像学无梗阻及结石复发.结论 经腹腔结肠旁人路腹腔镜下Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术是一种安全、有效、微创的手术,而且容易学习,可以作为肾盂输尿管成形术首选术式.但是,在学习阶段.巨大肾积水、肾盂多发结石不宜首选该术式.     

Urinary aquaporin-2 excretion in preterm and full-term neonates

The study was undertaken to define the role of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in renal concentrating performance by measuring urinary AQP2 excretion and urine osmolality in healthy preterm and full-term neonates during early postnatal life. Random urine samples were obtained from 9 full-term newborn infants (mean birth weight 3,218 g, mean gestational age 39.2 weeks) at postnatal ages of 1, 3 and 5 days. Five premature infants with a mean birth weight of 1,570 g and mean gestational age of 30.6 weeks were studied at the end of the 1st week and then weekly up to the 6th week. Urine osmolality (Knauer osmometer), creatinine (modified Jaffé's method) and AQP2 concentrations (radioimmunoassay) were measured. In full-term neonates, urinary AQP2 excretion showed no consistent changes over the age period studied, while urine osmolality decreased significantly with advancing age. In premature infants, urinary AQP2 excretion remained practically unchanged during the first 4 weeks followed by an abrupt increase thereafter. Urine osmolality did not follow the developmental pattern of AQP2 excretion; its mean values varied only from 78 +/- 39 to 174 +/- 146 mosm/l during the experimental period. It is concluded that during the early postnatal period, urinary AQP2 excretion does not serve as a direct marker of the renal action of AVP and the renal capacity to concentrate urine.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对幼鼠输尿管梗阻后AQP2表达变化的调控

目的 通过观察血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensin Ⅱ,ANG Ⅱ受体阻滞剂坎地沙坦对双侧输尿管梗阻(bilateral ureteral obstruction,BUO)幼鼠肾脏水通道蛋白2(aquaporin 2,AQP2)表达的影响,探讨ANG Ⅱ对梗阻肾脏功能和AQP2的调控作用。方法 24只慕尼黑幼鼠随机分为BUO组、坎地沙坦干预组(BUO+ CAN)和对照组(Sham),每组n=8只。BUO组和BUO+ CAN组均行双侧输尿管结扎,并采用微型泵分别给以生理盐水和坎地沙坦,Sham组仅游离输尿管但不结扎,24h后解除梗阻并继续观察48h后收集血液和肾脏标本,采用免疫印记技术检测肾脏AQP2表达水平。结果 梗阻解除后BUO组与Sham组相比尿量显著增高,(92±7)μl·min-1 ·kg-1比(25±3)μl· min-1·kg-1、尿渗透压显著降低,(636±55) mosmol/kgH2O比(1 853±163) mosmol/kgH2O、血浆渗透压和血浆醛固酮均显著增高,分别为(336±10) mosmol/kgH2O比(303±7)mosmol/kgH2O和(4.1±0.2)nmol/L比(1.4±0.1)nmol/L;肾脏AQP2表达下调到Sham组17％各组比较差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05。BUO+ CAN组与BUO组相比尿量显著减少,(55±5)μl·min-1 ·kg-1比(92±7)μl·min-1 ·kg-1,尿渗透压显著增高(783±47) mosmol/kgH2O比(636±55) mosmol/kgH2O,血浆醛固酮含量显著降低(2.8±0.5) nmol/L比(4.1±0.2)nmol/L,肾脏AQP2表达增高,各组比较差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05。结论 ANG Ⅱ受体拮抗剂可通过阻止AQP2下调纠正水代谢紊乱,保护肾功能,提示ANG Ⅱ通过调节肾脏AQP2表达参与输尿管梗阻后肾脏水代谢变化。     

Congenital ureteric stenosis: a study of 17 children

Aim  To review cases of congenital ureteric stenosis treated in the period between 1999 and 2007. We propose to analyze the type of presentation, management and results. Material and methods  We report 17 children aged 20 days to 8 years with obstructive uropathy due to congenital stenosis of the ureter at one or more levels. This condition could be mistaken for the more common pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) or primary megaureter, but it is a distinct and more serious anomaly. 13 of the 17 children had one or more associated anomalies, the most significant of which was a contralateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. Other associated anomalies included PUJO, megacalyx, vesicoureteric reflux, urogenital sinus, duplicate vagina, anorectal malformation and agenesis of the bladder. 16 children were symptomatic at presentation, with uremia (serum creatinine >1 mg/dl) in 5, while 1 was diagnosed antenatally. The correct preoperative diagnosis was made in only three children. Reconstruction included ureteroureteral anastomosis, ureteric reimplantation or ureteral substitution. Results  There is follow up for 15 of the 17 patients. Length of follow up ranges from 1 to 7 years (average 2.7 years). There was satisfactory urinary drainage established in all 17 cases and uremia has resolved 3 of the 5 children. The children with solitary functioning kidney are at risk of uremia in later life. Conclusion  Congenital ureteric stenosis is a rare condition, but distinct anomaly with possible grave consequence and has been distinguished from other causes of congenital ureteric obstruction.