径向移动床反应器流场特性及其数学模拟

本文票据主流道变质量流及颗粒床层气固体力学理论,建立了完整的径向移动床反应器流体力学数学模型,开发了模拟计算床层气相二维流场的一种新的数学方法及相应的计算程序。黛此可以模拟计算床层气相压力和轴径向速度的二维分布、内外主流道压力和流速分布以及布气孔道的过孔气速和压降。根据模拟计算结果,提出首先优化设计两主流道截面积分配,然后采用变开孔率设计消除开孔区端效应的两步设计方法。借此实现径向移动床反应器的优     

径向流动反应器流体力学特性研究进展

论述了流体在多孔流道中的变质量流动特性，建立了基于机械能全能量守恒方程和动量交换方程的径向反应器流体力学模型，分析了动量交换系数对流道静压分布计算的影响。结果表明，模型计算在小型或模拟设备中得到了证实，但在大型工业设备中是否适用尚待检验；建模理论分析中忽略了位能或重力的影响，均假设流体纯径向穿过催化床，此假设所隐含的模型适用条件尚待阐明。     

移动床径向反应器中流体力学行为的研究

比较了直径500mm移动床径向反应器中向心Z型、向心Π型、离心Z型、离心Π型4种气体流动类型.实验表明,离心Π型流动时,气体轴向分布不均匀度小于5%,为最佳气体流动类型.文中还得到了描述主流道中静压分布的动量交换系数K值.     

大型乙苯脱氢轴径向反应器的研究与开发(Ⅰ) 流体力学特性

乙苯脱氢轴径向反应器是一种催化床上部采用催化剂自封结构的新颖径向反应器 ,其催化床中的流体流动是复杂的二维流动 .在催化床的表征体积元上应用连续性方程和Ergen方程描述了其流动 ,应用有限差分法通过数学模拟得出了轴径向反应器流场 ,其结果在Φ30 0 0× 10 0 0 0的冷模装置得到了验证 .以大型乙苯脱氢轴径向反应器为背景 ,讨论了流向和触媒封高对流场的影响 ,得出径向段主要以径向流动为主 ,在催化剂封区以轴向、径向二维流动为主 ;催化剂封高是影响流场的主要因素 ,对于向心流动δ在 0 .7附近是Q_a/Q与Q_r/Q相同的等比流量点 ,对于离心流动在δ为 1.1处 ,是Q_a/Q和Q_r/Q相同的等比流量点 .δ小于此值 ,是以轴向流动为主径向流动为次的二维流动区 ;δ大于此值 ,是轴向流动为次径向流动为主的二维流动区 ;与离心流动型相比 ,向心流动型轴径向床有明显的限流作用     

径向流动反应器流体力学特性研究

本文提出了表征径向流动反应器内流体流动规律的数学模型.该模型为一特殊的二阶微分方程的边值问题.对于Ⅱ型流动:Au′u″+Bu′u+Cu~2=0对于Z型流动:Au′u″+Bu′u+Cu′+Eu~2+F(1-u)~2=0边界条件为y=0,u=1;y=1,u=0式中模型参数A、B、C、E、F决定于径向反应器分布流道结构尺寸、穿孔阻力系数和径向床层特性等因素.为简化Ⅱ型径向反应器边值问题的求解过程,本文推荐一种解析求解方法.该模型应用于径向氨氧化炉操作工况和径向氨合成塔设计工况的模拟,揭示了径向流动反应器内的流体力学特性.     

径向反应器的研究与应用进展

介绍了径向反应器在流体流动方面的特点和优点,对径向反应器的数学模型研究的进展进行了详细的讨论,介绍了径向反应器在合成氨、CO变换、甲醇氧化重整制氢、催化重整、乙苯催化脱氢制苯乙烯等方面的应用。认为通过计算流体力学的方法,对径向反应器的流动行为进行模拟是径向反应器发展的趋势之一,结合径向反应器的优点,进一步拓展径向反应器的应用范围是其发展趋势之一。     

径向流脱硝反应器的设计与流体力学模拟

设计了一种新型的径向流脱硝反应器,该脱硝反应器中内部催化剂床层采取倾斜安装方式,能够有效减小床层中对反应无贡献的空间区域,较大地提高了反应器内部的空间利用率用.气体的均匀流动对脱硝反应效率至关重要,采用调整内部催化剂床层倾角并在适当位置添加挡板以保证反应气体的均匀流动.采用Fluent 6.3模拟软件对内部催化剂床层进行模拟,模拟结果表明,倾角较小且在特定区域加入档板能有效提高反应气体流动的均匀性.     

小颗粒滴流床反应器的流体力学研究

在内径为０．０４７ｍ，床层高０．７ｍ的滴流床反应器内，采用空气－水－玻璃珠（１．８，３．１８ｍｍ）体系，在常温、常压下进行实验。气、液流速分别在０．０５４－０．２３ｋｇ／（ｍ＾２ｓ）和３．２０－１４．７３ｋｇ／（ｍ＾２ｓ）内，用电导信号脉动法、压降波动法结合目测法测定了滴流床的流动状态及其变化，实验结果可用于确定不同操作条件下的流动状态。本研究还分别是用差计、示踪剂法和体积法对滴流床的压降，总持流     

大型乙苯脱氢轴径向反应器的研究与开发(Ⅱ) 反应器模拟与分析

在轴径向反应器二维流动模型的基础上导出了基于二维流动的二维拟均相反应器模型 ,应用有限差分法求解此模型 ,发现轴径向反应器反应转化率略高于相应的径向反应器 0 .1%～ 0 .6 % ,而选择性两者基本相同 ;同时得出催化剂封中流体的二维流动使得轴径向反应器的温度场和浓度场极其复杂 ,对于乙苯脱氢反应 ,在催化剂封区域存在一个低温区和高苯乙烯浓度区 .此反应器模型得到了年产 3万吨乙苯脱氢轴径向反应器的工业数据的证实 ,可用于指导轴径向反应器的设计     

Simulation of a catalytic membrane reactor for the oxidative dehydrogenation of butane

A two-dimensional model has been used to simulate the oxidative dehydrogenation of butane on a two-layer catalytic membrane (diffusion layer and V/MgO active layer) operating with segregated reactant feeds. The model considers plug flow on both sides of the membrane, uses an extended Fick's law expression to describe multi-component diffusion in the radial direction, and a complex kinetic scheme to account for the reaction network. The simulation study shows that different feed configurations lead to marked differences on the partial pressure profiles of the different species across the membrane, and explains the performance order (in terms of the selectivity-conversion behaviour) that was observed experimentally. Similarly, the behaviour observed for membranes with catalytic layers of different width was justified by taking into account the variation of the oxygen partial pressure across the active zone of the membrane.     

Production of butene and butadiene by oxidative dehydrogenation of butane over carbon nanomaterial catalysts

C4 alkenes are generally used to produce synthetic rubbers, plastics, and other important chemicals. Transition metal oxides are traditionally used as catalysts to produce C4 alkenes from n-butane by oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH). On the other hand, metal-free carbon nanomaterials are receiving much attention as catalysts for ODH due to their environmental benignity, corrosion resistance, and unique surface properties. In this work, a systematic methodology was designed to measure conversion of the reactants, selectivity to main products, and other catalytic performances of a set of carbon catalysts, including graphite and activated carbon. The experiments were carried out under a wide range of reaction conditions, and the reaction mechanism and kinetics were developed based on Marsvan Krevelen interpretation of the experimental results.     

Deactivation of alkane oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst by deep reduction in periodic flow reactor

The activity loss of β‐NiMoO₄ catalyst has been studied in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with an operating periodic flow reactor. Under severe operating conditions (i.e., high temperature and long periods of the pulses), the lattice oxygen depletion is faster than the reoxidation one. After an induction period, carbon whiskers on the catalyst surface were detected together with noticeable amounts of cracking products in the gas phase as CH₄, C₂ hydrocarbons and H₂. Deep reduction dramatically changes the reaction path and irreversibly modifies the catalyst. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

丁烯氧化脱氢合成丁二烯技术研究进展

概述了我国丁烯氧化脱氢合成丁二烯技术的研究进展,指出了其今后的发展方向.     

Performance evaluation of a novel reactor configuration for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene

A one-dimensional non-isothermal steady state model was developed to simulate the performance of three-reactor configurations for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) to ethylene. These configurations consist of side feeding reactor (SFR), conventional fixed bed reactor (CFBR) and membrane reactor (MR). The performance of these reactors was compared in the terms of C₂H₆ conversion, C₂H₄ and CO₂ selectivity and temperature profiles. The use of sectional air injections on the wall of SFR with a limited number of injection points showed that the performance of reactor significantly improves and optimum pattern of oxygen consumption is also obtained. Moreover, our SFR with a liquid coolant medium operates in an effectively controlled temperature profile that is comparable with that of the MR, which is cooled by a coolant stream of air. Hence, an enhancement in the level of selectivity is obtained for the SFR configuration. Consequently, the side feeding procedure can decrease the high operating temperature problem and low ethylene selectivity in the ODHE process. According to obtained results, the SFR would be a proper alternative for both the MR and CFBR.     

Modeling-based optimization of a fixed-bed industrial reactor for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

An industrial scale propylene production via oxidative dehydrogenation of propane(ODHP)in multi-tubular reactors was modeled.Multi-tubular fixed-bed reactor used for ODHP process,employing 10000 of small diameter tubes immersed in a shell through a proper coolant flows.Herein,a theory-based pseudo-homogeneous model to describe the operation of a fixed bed reactor for the ODHP to correspondence ole fin over V_2O_5/γ-Al_2O_3catalyst was presented.Steady state one dimensional model has been developed to identify the operation parameters and to describe the propane and oxygen conversions,gas process and coolant temperatures,as well as other parameters affecting the reactor performance such as pressure.Furthermore,the applied model showed that a double-bed multitubular reactor with intermediate air injection scheme was superior to a single-bed design due to the increasing of propylene selectivity while operating under lower oxygen partial pressures resulting in propane conversion of about 37.3%.The optimized length of the reactor needed to reach 100%conversion of the oxygen was theoretically determined.For the single-bed reactor the optimized length of 11.96 m including 0.5m of inert section at the entrance region and for the double-bed reactor design the optimized lengths of 5.72m for the first and 7.32 m for the second reactor were calculated.Ultimately,the use of a distributed oxygen feed with limited number of injection points indicated a signi ficant improvement on the reactor performance in terms of propane conversion and propylene selectivity.Besides,this concept could overcome the reactor runaway temperature problem and enabled operations at the wider range of conditions to obtain enhanced propylene production in an industrial scale reactor.     

丁烯氧化脱氢制备丁二烯专利技术研究进展

从催化剂、生产工艺、"三废"处理以及设备等方面概述了最近我国丁烯氧化脱氢制备丁二烯专利技术的研究进展,指出了其今后的发展方向。     

Demonstration of a packed bed membrane reactor for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

An experimental demonstration of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) in a lab-scale packed bed membrane reactor has been performed. Experiments were carried out with both premixed and distributed oxygen feed over a Ga₂O₃/MoO₃ catalyst and compared, and the influence of the gas composition, flow rate and the extent of dilution was investigated. The experimental results were found to compare very well with detailed reactor simulations. The results revealed that, in comparison with conventional reactor concepts for the ODHP (fixed bed with premixed reactants feed), a significantly higher propylene yield can be achieved at higher propane conversions in a packed bed membrane reactor.     

A kinetic study of catalytic butane dehydrogenation

A study was made of the dehydrogenation of n-butane over a commercial chromia-alumina catalyst. Dehydrogenation runs were performed at 500°C. and space velocity of 34,000 hr^?1 over a range of butane partial pressures from 0.06 to 1.80 atm. Conversions were differential, averaging about 3% (with a maximum of 6% ) of the input butane. Reaction was found to be 0.75 order in butane partial pressure. Thermodynamic equilibrium was attained among the products, which were 1-butene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene. The method of Yang and Hougen showed dehydrogenation to be surface reaction controlled at a confidence level of 91%. This conclusion agrees with that of a previous study by Dodd and Watson.     

Theoretical study of the application of porous membrane reactor to oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane

This paper is the theoretical study of the oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane in porous membrane reactors. Performance of the membrane reactors was compared with that of conventional fixed-bed reactors. The porous membrane was employed to add oxygen to the reaction side in a controlled manner so that the reaction could take place evenly.Mathematical models for the fixed-bed reactor and the membrane reactor were developed considering non-isothermal condition and both radial heat and mass dispersion. From this study, it was found that the hot spot problem was pronounced particularly near the entrance of the conventional fixed-bed reactor. In addition, the assumption of plug flow condition did not adequately represent the reaction system. The effect of radial dispersion must be taken into account in the modelling.The use of the porous membrane to control the distribution of oxygen feed to the reaction side could significantly reduce the hot spot temperature. The results also showed that there were optimum feed ratios of air/n-butane for both the fixed-bed reactors and the membrane reactors. The membrane reactor outperformed the fixed-bed reactor at high values of the ratio. In addition, there was an optimum membrane reactor size. When the reactor size was smaller than the optimum value, the increased reactor size increased the reaction and heat generation and, consequently, the conversion and the selectivity to C₄ increased. However, when the reactor size was larger than the optimum value, oxygen could not reach the reactant near the stainless steel wall. It was consumed to react with the product, C₄. As a result, the yield dropped. Finally, it was found that the increase of wall temperature increased the yield and that the feed air temperature could help control the temperature profile of the reaction bed along the reactor length.