华南印支期不同产铀能力花岗岩元素地球化学特征对比及其指示意义

笔者选取了华南印支期大部分花岗岩体,通过比较不同类型花岗岩的元素地球化学特征来确定产铀花岗岩的指示性特征.对比结果显示,花岗岩的源区和成因类型不同,是导致其产铀能力不同的主要因素.华南印支期产铀花岗岩的主要特征是：成岩年龄为219～250Ma,成岩温度和氧逸度低,属于S型花岗岩,其经历同碰撞的构造背景,主要分布在华夏地块内.产铀花岗岩以二云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩为主,蚀变作用强,副矿物组合复杂.花岗岩中结晶分异作用强,SiO2、K2O和P2O5含量高,而Al2O3、TiO2、FeO、MgO和CaO含量低,Th/U值低.这些指示性标志是指导铀矿勘查的重要线索.     

华南印支期花岗岩类的岩石特征、成因类型及其构造动力学背景探讨

华南地区印支期花岗岩按照成因类型可分两类,第一类属强过铝质S型花岗岩,富含过铝质矿物,富SiO2、Al2O3和P2O5,高A/CNK值,微量元素原始地幔标准化分布型式图中富集Rb、U、Ta、Zr、Hf,亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型式图中具显著的负Eu异常,稀土元素总量偏低(ΣREE<80×10-6);第二类属准铝质I型花岗岩,含角闪石等镁铁质矿物,富SiO2、Na2O。总体来说,这两类花岗岩具有高的(87Sr/86Sr)i值(0.710490～0.742118)和低εNd(t)值(-14.42～-4.1),Nd模式年龄(2.09～1.63Ga)指示印支期花岗岩为典型的壳源型花岗岩。CaO/(MgO+FeOT)-Al2O3/(MgO+FeOT)(摩尔比)图解表明这些花岗岩主要来源于变质杂砂岩和变质泥岩的部分熔融,夹杂了少量变质玄武岩和变质英云闪长岩。华南印支期花岗岩形成于挤压加厚的地壳发生局部伸展-减薄时期,推断印支期发生了多期次的岩石圈挤压和拉张,花岗岩侵位于大规模岩石圈挤压后局部减压-伸展的构造环境中。     

伊春地区晚印支期I型花岗岩带特征及其构造背景

晚印支期花岗岩岩石类型主要为一套含角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩及含黑云母正长花岗岩，岩石中暗色闪长质岩包体发育较普遍，富含角闪石及镁质黑云母，副矿物以榍石、磁铁矿、磷灰石常见，Al2O3／（Na2O十K2O＋CaO）〈1．1，显示出I型花岗岩特征。利用岩石矿物组合、岩石化学特征判别其产于碰撞后构造环境，认为造山后伸展体制是这期花岗岩形成的重要原因。岩石（^87 Sr／^86 Sr）；及δEu值反映其源区为壳幔过渡区，氧同位素（δ^18 O）测定值在5．5‰-10‰之间，具壳幔混源的特点，表明岩石来源于下地壳或壳幔过渡部分，与下地壳的部分熔融或壳幔过渡区部分熔融作用有关。     

甘肃红石山地区印支期花岗岩地球化学特征及成因讨论

红石山地区印支期花岗岩位于甘肃北山地区的红石山蛇绿混杂岩带中,由马鞍山北岩体、小草湖岩体和红石山岩体组成,岩性主要为英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,含角闪质和镁铁质暗色深源包体。同位素年龄为237.8~240Ma,是中三叠世侵位的。通过对其岩石化学、稀土和微量元素的研究表明,红石山地区印支期中酸性侵入岩大体可划分为两类:一类为高Sr低Y型岩体(马鞍山岩体),具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特征,推测可能是加厚的下地壳部分熔融形成的,其残留相为榴辉岩或角闪榴辉岩;另一类为低Sr低Y型岩体(小草湖岩体和红石山岩体),以较低的Sr、Al和具明显的负铕异常而区别于埃达克质岩,又因其低Y和HREE而类似于埃达克质岩,推测源岩残留相中有斜长石存在,相当于高压麻粒岩相环境,可能也形成于加厚下地壳底部。     

伊春地区晚印支期Ⅰ型花岗岩带特征及其构造背景

晚印支期花岗岩岩石类型主要为一套含角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩及含黑云母正长花岗岩,岩石中暗色闪长质岩包体发育较普遍,富含角闪石及镁质黑云母,副矿物以榍石、磁铁矿、磷灰石常见,Al2O3/(Na2O K2O CaO)＜1.1,显示出Ⅰ型花岗岩特征.利用岩石矿物组合、岩石化学特征判别其产于碰撞后构造环境,认为造山后伸展体制是这期花岗岩形成的重要原因.岩石(87Sr/86Sr),及δEu值反映其源区为壳幔过渡区,氧同位素(δ18O)测定值在5.5‰～10‰之间,具壳幔混源的特点,表明岩石来源于下地壳或壳幔过渡部分,与下地壳的部分熔融或壳幔过渡区部分熔融作用有关.     

西藏冈底斯带门巴地区印支期花岗岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

门巴地区晚三叠世花岗岩主要出露在西藏冈底斯构造带的弧背断隆上,主要岩石类型为黑云角闪花岗闪长岩和黑云二长花岗岩。岩石为钙碱性,具有富SiO2、K2O的特点。K2O/Na2O平均为1.13,相对富钾。Al2O3变化于13.27%～15.53%之间,A/CNK平均为1.0,为准铝质岩石。花岗岩体稀土元素总量∑REE变化于99.5×10-6～294.72×10-6之间,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,具弱至中等的负Eu异常。微量元素以富K、Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素和亏损Nb、Ta、Y、Yb等高场强元素为特征。岩石学和岩石地球化学研究表明,该时代的花岗岩具I型花岗岩的特点,形成于岛弧环境,是新特提斯洋早期俯冲作用的产物。同时它也暗示着冈底斯岩浆弧带在晚三叠世就已成雏形。     

西藏羌塘地区印支期火山岩构造地球化学特征

西藏羌塘地区印支期火山岩主要分布在盆地北缘若拉岗日和羌塘中央隆起南缘肖茶卡—香琼火山岩地区。主要元素和稀土元素地球化学特征分析表明 ,若拉岗日区火山岩属富钠型的碱性系列玄武岩 ,肖茶卡—香琼火山岩为拉斑玄武岩。两区岩石系列和构造发育部位虽不同 ,却都是在海西期末闭合的裂陷带上再扩张过程中形成的 ,反映盆地北部和中央隆起处的两条板块缝合带有相似的演化特点。     

西藏羌塘中部玛依岗日地区印支期花岗岩的地球化学特征

羌塘中部玛依岗日地区出露有一处印支期强过铝质钙碱性花岗岩(SP),属于S型花岗岩(CPGs的一种),不同于西藏南部广大的过铝质花岗岩(MPGs)。该花岗岩的地球化学特征表现为:A/CNK>1,刚玉标准分子的质量分数均大于1.21%,低Sr、Ba、Ti,富K、Rb、Th,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线具有略微右倾的V字形特征,具较强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.26～0.53,平均0.36)。CaO/Na2O<0.3,表明源岩为泥质岩石;Al2O3/TiO2<100,表明其为高温型(≥875℃)花岗岩。另外,该花岗岩(SP)与蓝片岩、榴辉岩的形成时代相同。在印支期晚期冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞的过程中,炽热的幔源岩浆的底侵或注入引起了地壳中泥质源岩的脱水熔融,最终形成了该区的过铝质钙碱性花岗岩。     

湘东南印支期花岗岩成因及构造背景

湘东南地区以印支期主俯冲断裂——茶陵-郴州大断裂为界,分为东部炎陵-汝城隆起区和西部衡阳-桂阳坳陷区。区内印支期花岗岩总体属高钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩,并可根据岩石特征分为2组。第1组产于衡阳-桂阳坳陷区NW向深断裂中,由角闪石黑云母花岗闪长岩、角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩和黑(二)云母二长花岗岩等组成,SiO2平均含量总体较低,为69.68%;大多为弱过铝,ASI值0.96~1.29,平均为1.08;具有相对较低的ISr值(0.7080~0.7168)和t2DM值(1.48~1.72Ga)以及相对较高的εNd(t)值(-8.90~-5.83)。第2组位于炎陵-汝城隆起区及衡阳-桂阳坳陷区将军庙次级隆起带中,由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成,SiO2平均含量相对较高,为72.23%;总体为ASI值大于1.1的强过铝花岗岩,ASI值1.01~2.60,平均达1.30;具有相对较高的ISr值(0.7159~0.7345)和t2DM值(1.81~1.97Ga)以及相对较低的εNd(t)值(-12.0~-9.85)。根据上述特征,结合岩石圈结构和A/MF-C/MF图解分析,第2组花岗岩源岩主要为中地壳结晶片岩、片麻岩等,第1组花岗岩源岩除中地壳岩石外,可能还有少量下地壳基性麻粒岩成分以及幔源组分的加入,说明存在幔源岩浆的底侵作用。根据多种氧化物与微量元素构造环境判别图解,结合地质特征、构造演化背景等,认为印支期花岗岩形成于同造山阶段的后碰撞构造环境,地壳加厚及其后的减压导致中地壳重熔是岩浆形成的主导因素,幔源岩浆底侵使坳陷区与深大断裂带内的岩体中混入下地壳成分及少量地幔物质。已有研究表明湘东南燕山早期花岗岩形成于后造山构造环境,因此印支期与燕山早期两阶段花岗岩的构造环境彼此之间提供了制约。     

Geochronological, geochemical and geothermal constraints on petrogenesis of the Indosinian peraluminous granites in the South China Block: A case study in the Hunan Province

The Indosinian granites in the South China Block (SCB) have important tectonic significance for the evolution of East Asia. Samples collected from Hunan Province can be geochemically classified into two groups. Group 1 is strongly peraluminous (A/CNK > 1.1), similar to S-type granites, and Group 2 has A/CNK = 1.0–1.1, with an affinity to I-type granites. Group 1 has lower FeOt, Al₂O₃, MgO, CaO, TiO₂ and ε_Nd(t) values but higher K₂O + Na₂O, Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t) than those of Group 2. Samples of both groups have similar LREE enriched pattern, with (Eu/Eu) = 0.19–0.69, and strongly negative Ba, Sr, Nb, P and Ti anomalies. Geothermobarometry study indicates that the precursor magmas were emplaced at high-level depth with relatively low temperature (734–827 °C). Geochemical data suggest that Group 1 was originated from a source dominated by pelitic composition and Group 2 was from a mixing source of pelitic and basaltic rocks with insignificant addition of newly mantle-derived magma. Eight granitic samples in Hunan Province are dated at the cluster of 243–235 and 218–210 Ma by zircon U–Pb geochronology. Together with recent zircon U–Pb ages for other areas in the SCB, two age-clusters, including 243–228 Ma just after peak-metamorphism ( 246–252 Ma) and 220–206 Ma shortly after magma underplating event (224 Ma), are observed. It is proposed that in-situ radiogenic heating from the over-thickened crust induced dehydrated reaction of muscovite and epidote/zoisite to form the early Indosinian granites in response to the isostatic readjustments of tectonically thickened crust. Conductive heating from the underplating magma in the postcollisional setting triggered the formation of late Indosinian granites. Such a consideration is supported by the results from FLAC numerical simulation.     

华北陆块北缘印支期S型花岗岩带特征及其构造环境

华北陆块北缘内蒙古中部地区分布着大量近东西向展布的印支期花岗岩，形成一条规模巨大的复式花岗岩带。岩石类型主要为斑状黑云二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩，1：5万区调同位素测年获得207～227Ma的一系列锆石U—Pb表面年龄，岩相学和岩石地球化学研究显示其具有S型花岗岩特征，表明其形成于碰撞后构造环境，并不是华北板块与西伯利亚板块碰撞造山作用的产物。     

Triassic magmatism in the eastern part of the South China Block: Geochronological and petrogenetic constraints from Indosinian granites

The granitic dykes in the Badu Group,Zhejiang Province,South China provide important insights on tectonic setting and crustal evolution of the South China Block(SCB) and the Indochina Block during Triassic.Here we report LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data of granitic rocks from the Hucun and Kengkou which show early Triassic ages of 242 ± 2 and 232 ± 3 Ma,respectively,representing their timing of emplacement.The dyke rocks are enriched in K,Al,LREE,Rb,Th.U,and Pb.and are depleted in Nb,Ta,Sr,and Ti.The rocks are characterized by highly fractionated REE patterns with(La/Yb)N ratios of 28.46-38.07 with strong negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu* = 0.65-0.73).In situ Hf isotopic analyses of zircons from the Hucun granite yielded ε_(Hf)(t) values of-13.9 to-6.4 and two-stage depleted mantle Hf model ages of 1.68-2.15 Ga,which indicate that the magma was formed by partial melting of the Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary protoliths in the Cathaysia Block.The zircons from the Kengkou granite have ε_(Hf)(t) values ranging from 40.7 to 31.5 and yield two-stage depleted mantle Hf model ages of 0.99-2.49 Ga,indicating magma origin from a mixed source.The Hucun and Kengkou dykes,together with the Triassic A-type granites in SE China were probably generated during magmatism associated with crust-mantle decoupling along the convergent plate boundary between SCB and the Indochina Block.     

The Late Triassic Dengfuxian A-type granite,Hunan Province: age,petrogenesis, and implications for understanding the late Indosinian tectonic transition in South China

The Triassic (Indosinian) granites in the South China Block (SCB) have important tectonic significance for understanding the evolution of Eastern Asia. The Dengfuxian biotite granite in eastern Hunan Province, China, reported in this article, was recognized as Late Triassic (late Indosinian) weakly peraluminous A-type granite with a zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb age of 225.7 ± 1.6 Ma. It is enriched in F, Cs, Rb, Th, high field strength elements, and rare earth elements (REEs) and depleted in Ba, Sr, P, Ti, Nb, and Ta, with high Ga/Al ratios and zircon saturation temperatures. The Dengfuxian biotite granite shows high initial Sr isotope values (0.715932 to 0.716499) and negative ?_Nd(t) (?10.46 to ?9.67) and ?_Hf(t) (?9.92 to ?6.29) values, corresponding to the Nd model ages of 1.79 to 1.85 Ga and the Hf model ages of 1.65 to 1.88 Ga. It is proposed that the Dengfuxian biotite granite was derived from high-temperature partial melting of the Palaeoproterozoic lower crust undergoing granulitization. Some Late Triassic A-type granites were recently identified in the SCB with the ages between 202 and 232 Ma. These A-type granites have the same geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis as Dengfuxian A-type granite, and show A₂-subtype granite affinity. The Late Triassic A-type granite formed a NE-trending granite belt, which is consistent with the main NE-trending faults in the SCB. The formation of these A-type granites was in response to the subduction of the palaeo-Pacific plate underneath the SCB, and indicates an extensional tectonic environment in the SCB. Combined with previous studies on tectonic evolution, we suggest that there may be a tectonic transition inside the SCB from compression to extension at least from 225 to 230 Ma.     

青海泽库赛日迪印支期中基性岩体地球化学特征及构造背景

青海泽库东南赛日迪附近产出的印支期中基性岩体前人研究较少.对该岩体进行地球化学、构造背景及岩浆演化方面研究,结果表明,赛日迪岩体硅量中等、高镁铁、低铝、低钾钠,属准铝质钙碱性系列.富集Rb,K,Pb等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和Th,U,Ta,Nb,Hf等高场强元素(HFSE).普遍贫Ba,Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和P,Zr,Ti等高场强元素(HFSE).稀土元素含量较低,轻稀土元素相对富集,轻稀土元素较重稀土元素分馏明显.Eu略显负异常,表现为同源岩浆成分特征.LREE与SiO2相关性不强,Nb/U、Nb/La远低于全球MORB、OIB值,Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf与原始地幔值相当,低Sm/Yb值,La/Nb和La/Ta指数指示赛日迪中基性岩可能为地幔源,岩浆经历部分熔融岩浆演化过程,上升过程中未受地壳物质混染.构造环境判别赛日迪中基性岩为钙碱性玄武岩,形成于板内环境,与板块碰撞作用有一定联系.     

湘东南骑田岭岩体A型花岗岩的地球化学特征及其构造环境

骑田岭复式花岗岩体地处湘东南矿集区的中南部。本文研究讨论了骑田岭岩体的主体,即中侏罗世骑田岭序列花岗岩。其岩石类型为角闪石黑云母花岗闪长岩角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩黑云母二长花岗岩。各岩石单元从早至晚,SiO2含量总体由低变高,变化范围在65.92%～75.68%之间。岩石高钾、富碱,K2O含量为4.10%～5.27%,平均4.86%;Na2O K2O为7.12%～8.24%,平均7.85%;K2O/Na2O值平均为1.63;ACNK值在0.90～1.05之间,平均为0.96;KN/A在0.71～0.89之间,平均为0.78,属钾玄岩系列与高钾钙碱性系列准铝质弱过铝质花岗岩类。ΣREE平均达375.6μg/g,在原始地幔标准化图解上显示出Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti、Eu负异常和U、Th、Nd、Zr、Sm、Y的正异常,具明显的分异结晶作用特征。ISr值为0.70854～0.71281,εNd(t)值为-5.05～-7.57,tDM为1.35～1.56Ga,明显低于湘桂内陆带花岗岩的背景值(1.8～2.4Ga)和区域基底的时代(1.7～2.7Ga),反映出有幔源物质加入。经多种相关图解判别均显示其为A型花岗岩,骑田岭序列应形成于后造山拉张构造环境。讨论认为湘东南及华南地区燕山早期构造环境为后造山而不是陆内裂谷环境。     

滇西三江构造带西部腾冲地块内印支期岩浆热事件的发现及其地质意义

西南"三江"(怒江,澜沧江,金沙江)构造带中的澜沧江-昌宁-孟连带及其以东的区域被认为是典型的古特提斯构造域,而构造带西部的腾冲地块则更多的被认为处于雅鲁藏布-密支那/怒江新特提斯的影响之下,在晚古生代-早中生代的时段内一直被认为属于稳定的台地型陆表海环境。然而,本文的研究确证腾冲地块内存在印支期(219~206Ma)的中酸性岩浆岩,表明腾冲地区晚古生代-早中生代时期并不是简单的被动大陆边缘,其内部存在丰富的海西-印支期的岩浆活动的记录。这些岩浆事件与属于同一大地构造单元的拉萨地体腹地和藏东波密地区的同时代岩浆热事件可以对比,说明拉萨地体内新发现的以松多榴辉岩带为代表的印支期造山带的影响范围已向南延伸并直达滇西的腾冲地区。