化学计量学在中药研究中的应用

随着计算机技术的发展,化学计量学在众多的方法中脱颖而出,成为目前评价中药质量、中药指纹图谱解析和中药功效与复方研究等有效的方法之一。本文着重介绍了化学计量学的基本原理和几种常用技术,如聚类分析、判别分析、主成分分析、模糊数学、灰色关联分析、人工神经网络和支持向量机在中药研究中的应用。     

代谢组学、化学计量学在中药复方药效物质基础研究中的应用

本文综述了今年来代谢组学和化学计量学在中药复方药效物质基础研究中的应用,大量研究显示代谢组学和化学计量学的研究和应用为中药复方物质基础的研究打开了一个崭新的局面,有望为中药复方的系统研究提供重要的新思路。     

红外光谱技术在中药质量控制中的应用进展

综述红外光谱技术与化学计量学相结合在中药质量控制中的应用,包括利用导数校正(包括一阶、二阶求导)、标准正态变换、多元信号校正、小波变换、数据平滑等方法处理原始红外光谱,提高谱图的信噪比、改良分析信号的质量;利用正交偏最小方差判别分析、主成分分析、偏最小二乘法等校正方法处理红外光谱数据,可以迅速而准确地鉴别中药、定量分析中药有效成分;用SIMCA方法、聚类分析方法、红外指纹图谱法等化学模式识别红外光谱数据可以判断中药的产地、道地性和中成药的质量等;利用二维相关红外光谱法可以鉴别中药材的产地、研究中药炮制质量变化等。     

化学计量学在色谱优化中的应用

目的：近年来，化学计量学的许多方法被广泛应用于色谱优化，并在多方面取得了满意效果。本文对化学计量学在色谱优化中的应用作一综述，供研究者参考。方法：查阅国内外文献。结果：化学计量学的多种方法近年来在色谱的优化中得到了广泛的应用。结论：化学计量学的使用使色谱分离的优化更加系统科学、有效。     

植物代谢组学在药材质量评价中的研究进展与展望

药材质量直接影响中药有效性和安全性,是保证中医药产业健康发展的前提,全面精准控制和评价药材质量对中药产业发展具有重要意义。药材化学成分的复杂性和动态性使中药质量评价研究成为业内关注的重点和难点。植物代谢组学具有整体性、全面性和动态性研究特点,基于代谢物的整体研究思路与中医药整体观理论相契合。其化学信息完整且可动态研究,有助于中药质量追溯体系的建立,为药材质量评价研究提供新思路和新方法。植物代谢组学在药材质量评价中的研究逐渐增多,其核心是借助化学计量学方法筛选鉴定差异代谢物或特异性标志化合物,为植物代谢组学在药材质量控制和评价的推广应用提供思路和参考。本研究重点关注影响药材质量的主要因素,如产地、逆境、品种、部位、采收期、商品规格和炮制加工,系统阐述植物代谢组学结合化学计量学方法在药材质量控制和评价中的应用和成效,归纳总结其中存在的问题,并提出未来研究方向与趋势。代谢组学在药材质量评价方面发挥着越来越重要的作用,但植物代谢组学整体化学信息的绝对定性和定量还需进一步探索,且单一组学方法无法从药效和基因层面进行深层次解析。未来应积极提升植物代谢组学方法标准化和数据库完备性,将植物代谢组学助力...     

近红外光谱在中药鉴别和质量控制中的应用

目的:了解近红外光谱在中药鉴别和质量控制中的研究进展。方法:根据文献综述近红外光谱在中药真伪鉴别、掺伪鉴别、产地鉴别、种类分析以及在线质量控制中的研究现状。结果:近红外光谱是一门分析速度快、分析效率高、样品无需预处理,便于在线分析的样品无损失的技术,与传统的方法比较,其具有高效、快速、对样品无损等优点。结论:未来随着化学计量学的不断发展和完善,近红外光谱在中药分析领域的应用前景将越来越广阔,有利于促进和推动中药现代化和国际化进程。     

谈化学计量学的教学改革

化学计量学是一门新兴的化学分支交叉学科,它包含的原理和方法已在医药、化工、环保、食品卫生等行业有了广泛的应用。我校为药学专业的本科生开设化学计量学选修课,丰富了学生的知识体系。为了进一步发挥化学计量学在药学教育中的作用,我们在深化化学计量学教学改革方面,做了一些探索。     

气相色谱-质谱结合化学计量学方法分析中药挥发油成分的研究进展

中药挥发油成分多为药效活性成分,且适合采用气相色谱-质谱分析,但是其中色谱峰重叠现象非常常见,影响了定性定量结果的准确性。利用化学计量学方法对气相色谱-质谱数据中的重叠色谱峰进行解析,有助于对挥发油中结构相似成分的分析,以提高中药材（包括药对）中挥发油成分分析的准确性。本文综述了国内外运用气相色谱-质谱结合化学计量学方法分析单味中药材和药对中挥发油成分的研究进展,并介绍了其主要研究步骤和相关化学计量学方法。     

中药指纹图谱模式识别研究进展

现代分析技术的不断进步和中药更加系统化使得中药指纹图谱质量控制技术应运而生。中药指纹图谱中潜藏着大量反映中药及其复方内在化学物质信息的数据和变量,对其挖掘和评价尤为关键。基于化学计量学和计算机科学的模式识别,能够特征性的识别中药指纹图谱数据和变量,继而实现指纹图谱技术对中药及其复方的质量控制。本文就近年来中药指纹图谱模式识别研究进展进行综述。     

对复方中药化学质量研究的探讨

目的本文结合复方中药的本身特性,拟为复方中药的化学质量控制提供相应的方法和途径。方法从复方中药整体性、基础研究以及指标提取等方面进行阐述。结果对复方中药分析了其化学质量控制方法和研究思路。结论为复方中药的化学质量控制提供了思路。     

Relationship between leadership styles of hospital pharmacists and perceptions of work-unit effectiveness

Relationships between hospital pharmacists' perceptions of their own and their immediate supervisors' leadership styles and their perceptions of the effectiveness of their work units were examined. Pharmacists practicing in 12 large Chicago-area hospitals were asked to complete a four-part questionnaire that consisted of demographic questions, the LEADSelf instrument, the LEADOther instrument, and a measure of perceived work unit effectiveness. Respondents' primary, secondary, and combination leadership styles and their degree of style adaptability were determined and compared with the primary, secondary, and combination leadership styles and style adaptability of their immediate supervisors and with their perceptions of the effectiveness of their work units. Pharmacists involved in providing clinical or drug information services and pharmacists responsible for purchasing activities perceived their work units to be most and least effective, respectively. Most respondents perceived their primary leadership style to be high task-high relationship, but only 32% perceived their immediate supervisors to exhibit this style. Pharmacists who perceived their immediate supervisors to have high relationship leadership styles (based on primary and combination style classifications) had significantly more favorable perceptions of the effectiveness of their work units than did pharmacists who perceived their supervisors to exhibit low relationship styles. Respondents' perceptions of their supervisors' style adaptability were positively and significantly correlated with their perceptions of work-unit effectiveness. Respondents who thought their supervisors' leadership styles were more adaptable than their own had the most favorable perceptions of work-unit effectiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

马斯洛需要理论在脑卒中患者护理中运用

目的 探讨马斯洛需要理论对脑卒中患者护理的临床意义.方法 对50例脑卒中患者进行心理需求调查,并运用马斯洛层次需要理论对其实施护理.结果 运用马斯洛层次需要理论护理后,脑卒中患者在生理、安全、社交、尊重、自我实现方面得到满足,护理前后患者满意率有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 患者能以最佳的心理和生理状态接受康复治疗和康复训练,对功能康复有明显促进作用,从而提高生活质量.     

艰难梭状杆菌重组肠毒素A和B与对应天然肠毒素蛋白的功能活性比较

目的：肠毒素A（TcdA）和肠毒素B（TcdB）是艰难芽孢梭状杆菌主要的毒力因子，我们对已经获得的纯化的重组蛋白TcdA和TcdB与对应的天然肠毒素蛋白的活性和功能进行了比较。方法通过光学显微镜观察重组肠毒素和对应的天然肠毒素对肠上皮细胞的细胞病变作用、蛋白印迹实验观察对Rac1蛋白的糖基化作用，以及激光共聚焦显微镜观察肠毒素对肠上皮细胞骨架的破坏作用。结果纯化得到重组蛋白肠毒素TcdA和rTcdB其分子量与天然的TcdA和TcdB蛋白大小接近，生物活性与天然的TcdB蛋白相似，TcdA和极微量TcdB具有使肠上皮细胞病变、Rac1蛋白的糖基、细胞骨架塌陷。结论艰难梭状芽孢杆菌肠毒素A和B重组蛋白具有良好的对应天然肠毒素相似的生物学功能活性。     

Job satisfaction of HMO pharmacy personnel.

This study identifies and examines the job satisfaction of pharmacy personnel in a large integrated prepaid group practice HMO. A large share of pharmacy personnel were satisfied with almost all aspects of their jobs. There were few differences between pharmacists and support personnel in satisfaction with specific aspects of their jobs. Among pharmacists, the challenge of their work, their management, and their physical working environment were the most significant factors in their overall job satisfaction while among support personnel the control of their work was the only significant factor. It seems that working in a large HMO can be satisfying for pharmacy personnel.     

患者及其家属对临床药师与药学服务认知和需求情况调查研究

目的：了解患者及其家属对临床药师与药学服务的认知和需求情况,为临床药师职业健康发展和药学服务工作深入开展提供参考。方法：以问卷调查形式,采用分类随机抽样法对在上海市30家三级医院就医的患者及家属进行实地问卷调查,并对调查结果进行统计分析。结果：患者及其家属对临床药师与药学服务认知不足,47.98%的患者和家属不知道临床药师;56.56%的患者和家属不知道临床药师与药房药师的区别;91.92%的患者和家属在遇到用药问题时,希望得到药师的专业帮助;90.41%的患者及其家属在住院时希望临床药师前来关心用药情况,提供药学监护;超过90%的患者及其家属欢迎、支持临床药师下临床,开展药学服务,并认为这样有助于疾病的治疗。结论：应通过加强宣传、推进临床药师制建设等措施提高患者及其家属对临床药师与药学服务的认知,并通过提高临床药师的药学服务质量和水平来满足公众不断增长的健康服务需求。     

Issues of Fatherhood and Recovery for VA Substance Abuse Patients

Abstract

Drug-addicted fathers bring to treatment many uncertainties about their relevance to their children. Whether they are in contact with their children or not, they often believe their children are better off without contact with them. In working with these fathers, the authors have observed these men raising a number of issues concerning the father role. These include having no concept of what a father should be, confusing the roles of manhood and fatherhood, feeling inadequate as a provider, and not knowing how to reconnect with children they have not seen, particularly daughters. The fathers also have to learn to deal with their own guilt concerning their abandonment of their children. Suggestions for interventions with the fathers are given and include offering a workshop for fathers where they are shown visual images of positive fathering and can discuss their own parenting experiences.     

Evaluation of the percutaneous absorption and metabolism of some aminopropiophenones

The absorption of diethylpropion (DEP I), dimethylpropion (DMP I) and some of their basic metabolites into and passage through the skin was investigated and a comparison of their metabolism following oral and percutaneous administration made. High percentages (60-80%) of DEP I and its metabolites and a small percentage of DMP I and its metabolites were taken up into the skin in less than 2 min--the remaining percentages of the compounds were absorbed into the skin by a first order process. The rate of appearance of the compounds in the blood, which reflects their rate of passage through the skin, did not correlated with their rate of absorption into the skin. More metabolism occurred with all the compounds after their oral administration than after their percutaneous application.     

Raman spectroscopy analysis and mapping the biodistribution of inhaled carbon nanotubes in the lungs and blood of mice

Because of their small size, robust structure and unique characteristics, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly being used in a variety of biomedical applications, materials and products. As their use increases, so does the probability of their unintended release and human exposure. Therefore, it is important to establish their potential biodistribution and biopersistence to better understand the potential effects of their exposure to humans. This study examines the distribution of CNTs in CD‐1 mice after exposure by inhalation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and investigates the possibility that inhaled nanoparticles could enter the circulatory system via the lungs. Raman spectroscopy was employed for the detection of CNTs in lung tissue and blood based on their unique spectroscopic signatures. These studies have important implications concerning the potential effects of exposure to SWCNTs and their use as potential transport vehicles in nanomedicine. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

牛膝甾酮25位差向异构体的分离与鉴定

目的分离并确定苋科植物怀牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata Blume.)中牛膝甾酮25位差向异构体的结构。方法利用色谱技术分离纯化牛膝甾酮25位差向异构体，用波谱(IR,UV,MS,NMR)方法及化学方法确定结构。结果从怀牛膝的乙酸乙酯部位分离得到3个化合物，分别鉴定为25S-牛膝甾酮(1, 25S-inokosterone)，25R-牛膝甾酮(2, 25R-inokosterone)，β-蜕皮甾酮(3, ecdysterone)。结论化合物1和2为首次从怀牛膝中分离得到的25位差向异构体，首次确定了25位绝对构型和发表该25位差向异构体的¹³CNMR数据。     

丹酚酸类化合物合成研究进展

目的综述丹酚酸类化合物的合成研究进展。方法以国内外有代表性的11篇论文为依据,进行分析、整理和归纳。结果与结论部分丹酚酸类化合物的合成已有文献报道,随着人们对丹酚酸类化合物的合成研究的深入,将会有更多的丹酚酸类化合物被合成。