乳酸菌在发酵鱼制品加工中的应用研究概述

乳酸菌是能发酵乳糖或葡萄糖产生乳酸的一类革兰氏阳性球菌或杆菌,无芽孢、厌氧或兼性厌氧,在食品等行业广泛应用,可以改善食品的安全性、感官和营养特性。乳酸菌发酵应用在鱼制品中可以有效延长贮藏期,改善发酵鱼制品的品质。该文总结分析了现有的相关文献,介绍乳酸菌的分类及生物学功能,分析乳酸菌发酵对发酵鱼制品的保藏与品质的影响,对比传统发酵与人工接种发酵鱼制品,以期为乳酸菌发酵鱼制品深加工的研究与应用提供参考。     

纯菌接种发酵技术在腌渍蔬菜加工上的应用研究 优良乳酸发酵菌种特性的研究及菌种筛选(1)

应用纯接种乳酸发酵技术生产泡菜是对传统自然发酵模式的一种变革,也是发酵技术现代化的一种标志。本文就影响发酵质量及成败的首要因素—所收集之不同乳酸发酵菌种的生长及发酵特性进行系统比较和研究,并在此基础上筛选并确定最适的乳酸发酵菌种及其组合供扩大试验及生产之用。     

福州鱼露

鱼露即鱼酱油,是我国传统名特产品之一。它是以水产品为原料,在高浓度食盐的抑菌下,依靠鱼体内外各种酶的作用,可能还有细菌的作用,经长时间发酵酿制的产物。也有不加高盐、不经发酵,直接以鱼蚁类的抽提液浓缩精制而成的。国内主要有:天津、锦县等     

傣家酸鱼中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及乳酸发酵的初步研究

为获得新来源的乳酸发酵菌株,以采自云南省德宏州的3份传统傣家酸鱼为供试样品,分离纯化菌株。通过Ca CO3-溴甲酚紫产酸平板、摇瓶发酵、色谱分析等手段筛选出产乳酸菌株。采用传统分类方法结合16S r DNA序列分析方法,对产乳酸菌株进行鉴定并保藏,并用EDTA定钙法研究了菌株的乳酸产量。结果表明,从3份传统傣家酸鱼中分离到10个菌株,筛选出乳酸发酵菌株sy1、sy3、sy4,色谱分析表明,3株菌的发酵产物均为乳酸。采用传统分类方法结合16S r DNA序列分析方法,确定3株菌均为植物乳杆菌。3株菌均能迅速产酸,能在p H 3.5以下生长;在初始葡萄糖浓度为100 g/L的培养基中发酵72 h,测得菌株sy1、sy3、sy4乳酸产量分别为66、76和69 g/L,表明3株菌均有较好的乳酸发酵能力,可作为乳酸发酵的出发菌株进行进一步研究。     

纯菌接种发醇技术在腌渍蔬菜加工上的应用研究优良乳酸发酵菌种特性的研究及菌种筛选（1）

应用纯接种乳酸发醇技术生产泡菜是对传统自然发酵模式的一种变革,也是发酵技术现代化的一种标志,本文就影响发酵及成败的首要因素一所收集之不同乳酸发酵菌种的生长及发酵特性进行系统比较和研究,并在此基础上筛选并确定最适的乳酸发酵菌种及其组合供扩大试验及生产之用。     

米根霉L-(+)-乳酸发酵新工艺探讨

<正>L-(+)-乳酸是一种重要的化学品,在食品、医药及化工领域有着广泛的用途。L-(+)-乳酸的生产可由化学合成法和发酵法两种方法实现。发酵法生产L-(+)-乳酸的菌种主要有细菌和真菌两类微生物,其中真菌自身能够产生淀粉酶和糖化酶,可直接利用淀粉质原料进行发酵;发酵生产的L-(+)-乳酸纯净度较高,而高光学纯度的L-(+)-乳酸是生产可生物降解高分子材料——聚乳酸所必需的。因而近二十几年来,利用根霉发酵生产L-(+)-乳酸的研究受到国内外学者的普遍重视。     

L-乳酸的开发与应用进展

介绍了乳酸的性能,生产的主要技术路线与最佳的操作条件及国内外研究开发的现状与发展趋势。L-乳酸的发酵工艺包括淀粉、乳酸菌、蔗糖、葡萄糖原料、电渗析、萃取、膜法发酵等,L-乳酸在食品、面包、乳酸饮料、乳制品、酿造业中有很大的市场前景。     

纯菌接种发酵技术在腌渍蔬菜加工上的应用研究(一) 优良乳酸发酵菌种特性的研究及菌种筛选

应用纯接种乳酸发酵技术生产泡菜是对传统自然发酵模式的一种变革，也是发酵技术现代化的一种标志。本文就影响发酵质量及成败的首要因素－所收集之不同乳酸发酵菌种的生长及发酵特性进行了系统比较和研究，并在此基础上筛选并确定了最适的乳酸发酵菌种及其组合供扩大试验及生产之用。     

米根霉液体发酵L-乳酸动力学模型的构建

由于研究生产L-乳酸代替D-乳酸和DL-乳酸已成为一种趋势,为构建米根霉液体发酵L-乳酸动力学模型,对米根霉发酵生产L-乳酸进行了初步研究。在米根霉分批发酵过程中,测定菌体生物量、还原糖和乳酸含量,经处理后得到菌体生长、乳酸生成和基质消耗的动力学模型及参数。对比实验数据与模型表明,两者能较好拟合,基本反映米根霉发酵L-乳酸动力学特征。     

木质纤维素生产乳酸研究获突破

日前,中国科学院过程工程研究所万印华研究员的团队分离得到一株高温乳酸生产菌BacilluscoagulanslPE22。该菌株能够利用葡萄糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖同型发酵生产乳酸,并且对木质纤维素水解液中多种发酵抑制物具有耐受性。利用木质纤维素原料生产乳酸是目前的研究热点。然而,受限于乳酸生产菌种,以木质纤维素为底物进行乳酸发酵时,通常分为多个独立的操作单元导致发酵效率不高,影响了木质纤维素发酵生产乳酸的工业化进程。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Aflatoxins in black tea in Iran

Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic, and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities. In this regard, 40 black tea samples including domestic and imported black tea were analysed for aflatoxin contamination by high-performance liquid chromatography using a post-column derivatisation procedure (Kobra cell) with fluorescence detection. Samples were randomly collected in 2010 from Tehran markets. The results revealed that 30 among 40 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (27.5% of the total). Mean AFB1 content was 10.0 ng/g and mean of aflatoxin total was 12.07 ng/g for the 11 contaminated samples.