Egg Consumption and the Risk of Cancer: a Multisite Case-Control Study in Uruguay

Background: Previous studies have suggested that egg consumption may increase the risk of colorectal cancerand some other cancers. However, the evidence is still limited. To further explore the association between eggintake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004,including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls. Results: In the multivariable model with adjustmentfor age, sex (when applicable), residence, education, income, interviewer, smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, intakeof fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy products, total meat and other fatty foods, mate tea and energy, there wasa significant increase in the odds of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (OR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.19-3.44), upperaerodigestive tract (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.37), colorectum (OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.63), lung (OR=1.59,95% CI: 1.10-2.29), breast (OR=2.86, 95% CI: 1.66-4.92), prostate (OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.15-3.10), bladder(OR=2.23, 95% CI: 1.30-3.83) and all cancer sites combined (OR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.35-2.17) for a high vs. low eggintake. Conclusions: We found an association between higher intake of eggs and increased risk of several cancers.Further prospective studies of these associations are warranted.     

Fruits,Vegetables and the Risk of Cancer: a Multisite Case-Control Study in Uruguay

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that high intake of fruit and vegetables may decrease the riskof a wide range of cancers, but this evidence has been challenged by the results of recent studies. Methods: Tofurther explore the association between fruit and vegetable intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-controlstudy of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospitalcontrols. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)of cancer associations. Results: In the multivariable model higher intake of fruits and vegetables combined wasassociated with a decreased risk of cancers of the esophagus (odds ratio, OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.42-0.97), lung(OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98), breast (OR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71), prostate (OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92)and all sites combined (OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.87). When evaluated separately, fruit intake was more stronglyassociated with decreased cancer risk than vegetables. These inverse associations were mainly observed in men,among persons with high intake of meat, alcohol drinkers and among smokers. Conclusion: Our results providesome evidence that high intake of fruits and vegetables and particularly fruit may decrease the risk of cancer.However, because of the possibility that these findings could be due to residual confounding from intake ofmeat, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking, further studies in populations with a large number of participantswith low or no exposure to these potential confounding factors are warranted.     

Meat Consumption and Cancer Risk: a Case-control Study in Uruguay

Introduction: There is strong evidence that high meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However,for other cancer sites there is currently less convincing evidence. Methods: To further explore associations betweenmeat intake and cancer risk we conducted a multisite case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls. We used unconditional logistic regressionto estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of cancer associated with meat intake. Results: In themultivariable model there was a significant increase in the odds of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx(OR=3.65, 95% CI: 2.21-6.01), esophagus (OR=3.36, 95% CI: 1.97-5.72), larynx (OR=2.91, 95% CI: 1.80-4.68),stomach (OR=2.19, 95% CI: 1.31-3.65), colorectum (OR=3.83, 95% CI: 2.37-6.20), lung (OR=2.17, 95% CI:1.52-3.10), breast (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.04-3.75), prostate (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.08-3.21), bladder (OR=2.11,95% CI: 1.20-3.72) and kidney (OR=2.72, 95% CI: 1.22-6.07) with high intake of red meat and similar findingswere found for total meat. In addition, intake of beef and lamb were also associated with increased risk ofseveral cancer sites. High intake of processed meat was associated with increased risk of cancers of the esophagus(OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.08-2.47), larynx (OR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.21-2.78), stomach (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.07-2.44),colorectum (OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.49-3.11), lung (OR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.28-2.25) and breast (OR=1.53, 95% CI:1.01-2.30). Conclusion: Our results confirm earlier findings of increased risk of digestive tract cancers, butsuggest that meat consumption also increases the risk of several other cancers.     

Meat Consumption,Related Nutrients,Obesity and Risk of Prostate Cancer: a Case-Control Study in Uruguay

Background: In order to determine the role of meat consumption and related nutrients in the etiology of prostate cancer we conducted a case-control study among Uruguayan men in the time period 1998-2007. Results: The study included 464 cases and 472 controls, frequency matched for age and residence. Both series were drawn from the four major public hospitals in Montevideo. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) of prostate cancer by quartiles of meat intake and related nutrients. The highest vs. the lowest quartile of intake of total meat (OR = 5.19, 95 % CI 3.46-7.81), red meat (OR = 4.64, 95 % CI 3.10-6.95), and processed meat (OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.22-2.59) were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Meat nutrients were directly associated with the risk of prostate cancer (OR for cholesterol 5.61, 95 % CI 3.75-8.50). Moreover, both total meat and red meat displayed higher risks among obese patients. Conclusions: This study suggests that total and red meat and meat nutrients may play a role in the etiology of prostate cancer in Uruguay.     

Processed Meat Consumption and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oesophagus in a Large Case-Control Study in Uruguay

Background: The role of processed meat in the aetiology of squamous cell oesophageal cancer has been exploredin detail. Methods: In the time period 1990-2005, a case-control study was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguayincluding 2,368 participants (876 cases of oesophageal cancer and 1,492 controls). Relative risks, approximatedby the odds ratios, were estimated by multiple unconditional logistic regression. Results: Processed meat waspositively associated with oesophageal cancer (upper quartile vs lower quartile OR 2.30, 95%CI 1.72-3.07),whereas salted meat intake was positively associated with squamous cell oesophageal cancer (OR 3.82, 95%CI2.74-5.33). Finally other cured meats were positively associated with oesophageal cancer (OR 1.65, 95%CI 1.22-2.22). Conclusions: It could be concluded that processed meat consumption could be an important risk factorfor the aetiology of squamous cell oesophageal cancer in Uruguay.     

Meat Consumption,Animal Products,and the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Uruguayan Men

In the time period 1996-2004, all incident cases of bladder cancer were included in a case-control study inorder to study the role of meat consumption and product animals in the etiology of urothelial cancer. The studyincluded 225 cases and 1,510 hospitalized controls with non-neoplastic conditions, not related to smoking andalcohol drinking. Relative risks, approximated by the odds ratios, were calculated in order to clarify the effectof meat consumption in the etiology of urothelial cancer. Total meat consumption (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.02-2.11),total processed meat (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.08-2.27), frankfurters (hot dogs) (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.28-3.21), ham(OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.21-2.67) and salted meat (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.78-4.18) were positively associated with riskof bladder cancer. Animal products, like cheese, whole milk, and total eggs were also associated with bladdercancer risk (OR for eggs 4.05, 95% CI 2.68-6.12). In conclusion, total meat, processed meat, and eggs could playan important role in the etiology of bladder cancer in Uruguay.     

Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Drinking as Risk Factors for Stomach Cancer: a Case-Control Study in Uruguay

Objectives: To estimate the risk of stomach cancer associated with alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking in Uruguayan men.Methods: A case-control including 331 cases and 622 controls was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay, during the period 1992-96. The study was restricted to men, and both cases and controls were patients admitted to the major four hospitals in Montevideo. Response rates were high and similar for both series (92.8 for cases and 92.6 percent for controls). Controls were frequency-matched to cases on age and residence, and patients with conditions related a priori to tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking were considered ineligible for the study. All patients were interviewed shortly after admission using a structured questionnaire by two trained social workers. Relative risks, approximated by the odds ratios (OR), were estimated by unconditional logistic regression in models including major potential confounders.Results: Smoking duration was associated with an increased risk of 2.2 for smokers of more than 50 years, with a significant dose-response pattern, after controlling for major confounders. Quitters of more than 15 years displayed an OR of 1.1, very close to the risk of never-smokers. A younger age at having started smoking was associated with an increased risk, whereas pack-years of cigarettes showed a significant dose-response. Also, alcohol drinking (particularly hard liquor and beer) was associated with an OR of 2.4 (95 percent confidence interval = 1.5-3.9), after controlling for the effect of tobacco, vegetables, and other types of alcohol beverages.Conclusions: These findings add further support to the role of tobacco and alcohol in gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Causes and Control 1998, 9, 321-329     

Habitual Tea Consumption Reduces Prostate Cancer Risk in Vietnamese Men: a Case-Control Study

Background: An upward trend has been noted for the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) in Vietnam, but information is limited on modifiable factors associated with this form of cancer. This case-control study was conducted to ascertain any relationship between habitual tea consumption and PCa risk. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty-three incident patients with histologically confirmed PCa and 419 (340 community-based and 79 hospital-based) controls, matched by age, were recruited in Ho Chi Minh City during 2013-2015. Information on frequency, quantity and duration of tea consumption, together with demographics, habitual diet and lifestyle characteristics, was obtained by direct interviews using a validated questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between tea consumption variables and PCa risk. Results: The control subjects reported higher tea consumption levels in terms of cumulative exposure, frequency and quantity of tea drank than the PCa patients. After accounting for confounding factors, increasing tea consumption was found to be associated with reduced risk of PCa. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.52 (95% CI 0.35-0.79) and 0.30 (95% CI 0.18-0.48) for participants drinking 100-500 ml/day and > 500 ml/day, respectively, relative to those drinking < 100 ml/day. Significant inverse dose-response relationships were also observed for years of drinking and number of cups consumed daily (P <0.01). Conclusion: Habitual tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of PCa in Vietnamese men.     

Tea Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Okinawa, Japan

To disclose the relationship between tea consumption and lung cancer risk, we analyzed the data from a case-control study conducted in Okinawa, Japan from 1988 to 1991. The analysis, based on 333 cases and 666 age-, sex- and residence-matched controls, provided the following major findings, (a) The greater the intake of Okinawan tea (a partially fermented tea), the smaller the risk, particularly in women. For females, the odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for those who consumed 1-4, 5-9, and 10 cups or more of Okinawan tea every day, relative to non-daily tea drinkers, were 0.77 (0.28-2.13), 0.77 (0.26-2.25) and 0.38 (0.12-1.18), respectively (trend: P =0.032). The corresponding odds ratios for males were 0.85 (0.46-1.55), 0.85 (0.46-1.56) and 0.57 (0.31-1.06) (trend: P =0.053). (b) The risk reduction by Okinawan tea consumption was detected mainly in squamous cell carcinoma. Daily tea consumption significantly decreased the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in males and females, the odds ratios being 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.27-0.93) and 0.08 (0.01-0.68), respectively. These findings suggest a protective effect of tea consumption against lung cancer in humans.     

Alcohol Consumption as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer Development: A Case-Control Study in Brazil

Background: Alcohol consumption is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, but the evidence is mostlyfrom developed countries. Brazil is going through a rapid demographic expansion, and studies of this relationship arealso needed in such unexplored settings. Methods: We assessed the relationship between alcohol consumption andbreast cancer risk among 1,506 Brazilian women (406 cases and 1,100 controls). Regression models were used tocalculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). All statistical tests were two-tailed. Results: The meanage of the 1,506 women was 42.0 (standard deviation, ±15.0) years. There was a significant association between breastcancer and age, body mass index, age at menarche, menstrual flow and menstrual cycle. Multivariate analysis showedan increased risk of invasive breast cancer in regular alcohol consumers (years old: OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.2–13.4) compared with abstainers or occasional drinkers. Women with a regular alcoholintake for 10 years or more who were less than 50 years old had a threefold higher risk of developing breast cancer(OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.2–7.6). Conclusion: Regular alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer mainly amongwomen less than 50 years old.     

Dietary Fibre and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Case-Control Study

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly occurring cancers in China. Dietary fibre hasbeen thought to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer in Western countries. However, studies investigatingthe association between dietary fibre (particularly soluble and insoluble fibres) and colorectal cancer havehitherto been lacking in China. Objective: This case-control study examined the effect of dietary fibre intakeon the risk of colorectal cancer, stratified by tumour site. Materials and Methods: The study included 265 cases(colon cancer, 105; rectal cancer, 144; colon and rectal cancer, 16) and 252 controls residing in Qingdao. A foodfrequency questionnaire that included 121 food items was used to collect dietary information. Odds ratio (OR)and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results:For food groups, controls in the study consumed more vegetables, soy food and total fibre than did colorectalcancer patients (p<0.05). The intakes of fruit, meat and sea-food did not differ significantly between cases andcontrols. However, we did not find any association between soy food intake and colon cancer. We observed inverseassociations between total fibre intake and colorectal, colon and rectal cancer (Q4 vs Q1: OR=0.44, 95%CI, 0.27-0.73; OR=0.40, 95%CI, 0.21-0.76; OR=0.52, 95%CI, 0.29-0.91). Vegetable fibre intake showed similar inverseassociations (Q4 vs Q1: OR=0.51, 95%CI, 0.31-0.85; OR=0.48, 95%CI, 0.25-0.91; OR=0.53, 95%CI, 0.29-0.97). Inaddition, inverse associations were observed between soluble fibre and insoluble fibre and both colorectal cancerand colon cancer. No relationship was found between colorectal cancer and fruit, soy or grain fibre intakewhenthe results were stratified by tumour site. Conclusions: The present study suggests that vegetable fibre and totalfibre play very important roles in protecting against colorectal cancer. Soluble and insoluble fibres were inverselyassociated with only colorectal cancer and colon cancer.     

Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of gastrointestinal Cancer: a Case-Control Study

Background: The metabolic syndrome and its concomitant complications are a major public health challengeworldwide. Growing evidence implies associations with cancer development and progression. Since there has been noreport on this subject in South Khorasan, we studied metabolic syndrome components in gastrointestinal (GI) cancerpatients for comparison with a control group in this province. Materials and methods: This case-control study wasperformed on 68 patients with histopathologically proven gastrointestinal cancers, referred to the oncology centerin Birjand city (capital of South Khorasan province, Iran) in 2016-2017, and 100 control subjects without disease.Patients and control subjects completed a researcher-made questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, physicalactivities and food intake. Also, blood samples were obtained from both patients and control subjects after overnightfast. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure wereadditionally performed. Results: Significant differences in the levels of blood glucose and serum HDL were notedbetween the two groups (P≤0.001). Also, the percentage of pre-diabetic and diabetic patients in the case group washigher than the control group (17.6 and 16.2% vs. 10.3 and 2.9%) (P=0.009). Multiple logistic regression showed thatthe risk of gastrointestinal cancer in people with high blood glucose was 3.35 times that in those with normal bloodglucose (OR3.35, 95%CI,1.41-7.94; P=0.006) , 2.37 times higher in subjects with lower HDL (OR 2.37, 95%CI,1.18-4.78), 10.4 times higher in overweight people (OR10.4, 95%CI,2.23-48.5) and 4.3 times higher in individuals with anopium addiction(OR4.3, 95%CI, 1.6-11.5) than those without. The mean consumption of fish (P=0.03) and vegetablesand fruits (P=0.027) in the case group was significantly lower than in the control group. Conclusion: Emerging evidenceindicates that the metabolic syndrome or its individual components may be important in the etiology and progressionof GI cancer. Research to work toward preventing cancers should thus focus on nutritional and lifestyle modificationswhich may alleviate the metabolic syndrome.     

Fast Foods,Sweets and Beverage Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Jordan

Background: The effects of consuming fast foods, sweets and beverages on the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) are unclear. The aim of this case-control study was to assess possible associations between the consumption of different fast foods, sweets and beverages and CRC risk in a Jordanian population. Methods: Two hundred and twenty diagnosed CRC cases and 281 controls were enrolled. Diet history was obtained using a validated quantitative questionnaire. Results: Consumption of some types of fast food, and particularly falafel, was associated with an increased risk of developing CRC. Elevated risk was found for potato and corn chips with an AOR of 4.36 (95%CI: 1.24-15.28) for daily consumption and 3.33 (95%CI: 1.00-11.11) for ≥5 servings/week. Consuming 1-2 or >5 servings per week of fried potatoes or 2-3 servings per week of chicken in sandwiches also increased the risk while exposure to fresh tomato juice and hot pepper sauce on a monthly basis appeared to exert a protective effect. Conclusions: Consumption of fried fast food items was significantly linked with an increased risk of developing CRC in Jordan.     

Mate Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer in Uruguay: a Case- Control Study

Regarding 'mate' intake (infusion of Ilex paraguariensis herb, a staple beverage in temperate South American regions), most epidemiologic studies showed positive associations with risk of some cancers, (e.g. upper aerodigestive tract), but evidence on breast cancer (BC) risk is limited to a previous multi-site study, which reported a non significant odds ratio [OR]=0.85, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.67-1.09, p for trend=0.31) for the highest quartile of intake. The present study was conducted in order to further assess associations of 'mate' intake with BC risk. We combined two databases of women belonging to public and private healthcare hospitals. The sample included 572 BC incident cases and 889 controls interviewed with a specific questionnaire featured by socio-demographic, reproductive and lifestyle variables, and a food frequency questionnaire of 64 items, also analyzing 'mate' intake (consumer status, daily intake, age at start, age at quit, duration of habit, intensity of intake). ORs and their 95%CI were calculated through unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for relevant potential confounders. The highest quartile of 'mate' intake was inversely associated with BC risk (OR=0.40, 95%CI 0.26-0.57, p for trend <0.001). Stratified analyses also displayed strong significant inverse associations for 'mate' in frequent tea drinkers (OR=0.22), high energy intake (OR=0.23), high body mass index (OR=0.29) and in postmenopausal women (OR=0.36), among other results. As conclusions, we found evidence of a significant inverse association for 'mate' intake and BC risk.     

Dietary Factors and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: a Multi-Centre Case-Control Study in China

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death with an increasing trend in China.Dietary intake is believed to play an important role in pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis. The aim of this paper wasto evaluate associations between some dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer in a multi-centre case-controlstudy conducted in China. Materials and Methods: Cases (n=323) were ascertained from four provincial cancerhospitals. Controls (n=323) were randomly selected from the family members of patients without pancreaticcancer in the same hospitals, 1:1 matched to cases by gender, age and study center. Data were collected with aquestionnaire by personal interview. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimatedusing conditional logistic regression. Results: Tea intake (OR =0.49; 95%CI: 0.30-0.80) was associated with a halfreduction in risk of pancreatic cancer. Reduced vegetable consumption (P trend: 0.04) was significant related topancreatic cancer. Although no significant association was found for meat and fruit, ORs were all above or belowthe reference group. A protective effect was found for fruit (OR=1.73 for consumption of 1-2 times/week vs morethan 3 times/week; 95%CI: 1.05-2.86). A high intake of meat was associated to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer(OR=0.59 for consumption of 1-2 times /week vs. more than 3 times /week; 95%CI: 0.35-0.97). Conclusions: Thepresent study supports fruit consumption to reduce pancreatic cancer risk and indicates that high consumptionof meat is related to an elevated risk. Direct inverse relations with tea and vegetable intake were also confirmed.     

Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer: Results from a Hospital-Based Case-Control Study

Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association between endometrial cancer and possible etiological agents. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Iran between March 2012 and May 2016. The demographic and reproductive factors of 205 women with endometrial cancer were compared, and 590 healthy cases were participated in the control group. For each endometrial cancer case, there were three controls, who were matched in terms of age and residence. The data were considered significant at p ≤0.05. Results: After adjusting the variables, the nulliparity (OR 6.23, 95% CI 2.86-13.59), the nulligravidity (OR 5.94, 95% CI 2.51-14.06), the positive family history of reproductive cancer (OR 4.97, 95% CI 2.33-10.59), the infertility history (OR 2.38, 95%CI 1.32-4.31), the obesity (BMI ≥25) (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.16-2.52), the early menarche age (and the hormonal contraception use (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.15-2.49) were found to be associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Nevertheless, the education level, the job of women, the marital age, the leisure activities, and the breast feeding were not found to be associated with the endometrial cancer after adjusting the variables. Conclusion: Scheduling of the screening program is vitally indispensable to identify endometrial cancer in women with nulliparity, nulligravidity and the positive family history of cancer. In addition, women with early menarche, those with the history of infertility, the obese ones, and those who use contraception pills need to be particularly aware of the potential risks.     

Anthropometric and Other Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer in a Case-Control Study

Because it has been suggested that an environmental factor may play a role in the etiology of ovarian cancer, a case-control study was conducted to assess some environmental and other risk factors for ovarian cancer from 1994 to 1996 in northern Kyushu, Japan. We analyzed the data of 89 cases with epithelial ovarian cancer and 323 controls without any cancer or ovarian disorder. After controlling for the effect of potential confounders, the odds ratios of ovarian cancer across increasing quartiles of the heaviest body weight were 1.00, 1.15, 1.71, 2.29 ( P =0.008, test for trend). Significantly increased risks were noted for a history of diabetes mellitus ( P <0.05), and for a family history of ovarian cancer ( P <0.05). Significantly decreased trends for risk were obtained for the number of pregnancies ( P <0.01) and the number of live births ( P <0.001). This study provides additional support for an association between obesity and the risk of ovarian cancer. This relationship may at least partly explain the recent increase in the incidence of ovarian cancer in Japan, although possible contributions of other factors can not be ruled out.     

Risk Factors for Oesophageal Cancer in Linzhou,China: a Case-Control Study

Linzhou City has one of the highest incidences of oesophageal cancer in China, and in the world. A case-control ‍study was here conducted to investigate potential risk factors in this area. Linzhou Cancer Registry was used to ‍identify cases of oesophageal cancer, aged between 30 and 75, diagnosed between January 1998 and April 1999. ‍Three neighbourhood controls were selected for each case, matched according to age, sex and village of residence. A ‍total of 211 cases and 633 controls were interviewed. A strong association was found between socio-economic status ‍and the risk of oesophageal cancer. Increased income, residential space and education were all significantly associated ‍with a decreased risk (OR 0.54, 0.36 and 0.30 respectively). Using a drinking water source other than tap water was ‍significantly associated with an increased risk (OR 5.49). The consumption of beans, vegetables and vinegar all ‍showed a protective effect with odds ratios of 0.37, 0.44 and 0.37 respectively. Preferences for a low salt diet or a high ‍salt diet were both associated with an increased risk. It can be concluded that in Linzhou, oesophageal cancer is a ‍disease related to poverty. Having a drinking water source other than tap water increases the risk of oesophageal ‍cancer. As in other populations, a high consumption of vegetables and beans are associated with a decreased risk and ‍a preference for a high salt diet is associated with an increased risk. ‍     

Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in Kyzylorda Oblast of Kazakhstan: a Case-Control Study

Background: Breast cancer in Kazakhstan and its Kyzylorda oblast is the most prevalent cancer in womenand features increasing trends of incidence. The aim of study was to reveal risk factors for breast cancer amongwomen of Kyzylorda oblast of Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study wasconducted at Kyzylorda oblast Oncology Center, including 114 cases of breast cancer and 196 controls. Binarylogistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Social and behavioral risk factors for breast cancer wereevaluated, among which unfavorable living conditions, chronic stress, unilateral breastfeeding, breastfeeding lessthan 3 months and over 2 years, abortions, and hereditary predisposition were found to be related with increasedbreast cancer risk. Breastfeeding for 6-24 months was found to be protective. Conclusions: The findings may havesignificant impact on activity planning aimed towards breast cancer reduction among women in Kazakhstan.     

Urinary Bladder Cancer Risk Factors: A Lebanese Case-Control Study

Background: Bladder cancer is the second most incident malignancy among Lebanese men. The purposeof this study was to investigate potential risk factors associated with this observed high incidence. Methods: Acase-control study (54 cases and 105 hospital-based controls) was conducted in two major hospitals in Beirut.Cases were randomly selected from patients diagnosed in the period of 2002-2008. Controls were convenientlyselected from the same settings. Data were collected using interview questionnaire and blood analysis. Exposuredata were collected using a structured face-to-face interview questionnaire. Blood samples were collected todetermine N-acetyltransferase1 (NAT1) genotype by PCR-RFLP. Analyses revolved around univariate, bivariateand multivariate logistic regression, along with checks for effect modification. Results: The odds of havingbladder cancer among smokers was 1.02 times significantly higher in cases vs. controls. The odds of exposure tooccupational diesel or fuel combustion fumes were 4.1 times significantly higher in cases vs controls. The oddsof prostate-related morbidity were 5.6 times significantly higher in cases vs controls. Cases and controls showeddifferent clustering patterns of NAT1 alleles. No significant differences between cases and controls were foundfor consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, or artificial sweeteners. Conclusions: This is the first case-control studyinvestigating bladder cancer risk factors in the Lebanese context. Results confirmed established risk factorsin the literature, particularly smoking and occupational exposure to diesel. The herein observed associationsshould be used to develop appropriate prevention policies and intervention strategies, in order to control thisalarming disease in Lebanon.