Incidence of Genitourinary Cancers in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Survey in 2005

We here report the incidence of different types of genitourinary cancers among the Iranian populationaccording to the records of the Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education. In a population-based cancerregistrystudy in 2005, all recorded data in pathology laboratories, freestanding cancer clinics and treatmentcenters, physician offices, and other state central registries were obtained with the assistanceof Iran Universitiesof Medical Sciences and sent to the Diseases Management Center in the Health Ministry. The prevalences ofurological cancers were as follows: bladder cancer 48.3%; prostate cancer 33.4%; renal cell carcinoma 10.3%;renal pelvis and ureter cancer 0.75%; testicular cancer 6.15%; penile cancer 0.15%; urethral cancer 0.45%;and other unspecified urinary cancers 0.43%. The male to female ratios for the various common urologicalcancers varied between 1.69 (renal cell carcinoma) and 7.75 (unspecified urinary cancers). The incidence ofprostate cancer among our population was dramatically higher than in other countries of Asia. However, bladdercancer was found to be the commonest of the genitourinary cancers, especially in elderly patients, among ourpopulation.     

北京城区1993-1997年恶性肿瘤发病率分析

目的 :了解恶性肿瘤在北京城区的流行状况。方法 :按照国际肿瘤登记规范 ,搜集、整理、评价肿瘤发病率资料。结果 :1993- 1997年北京城区恶性肿瘤新发病例 2 2 371例 ,男性发病粗率为 195 2(1 10万 ,下同 ) ,世界标化率 14 3 9。女性发病粗率 174 7,世界标化率 12 2 4。主要恶性肿瘤为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌。结论 :登记资料质量评估基本符合国际肿瘤登记规范要求 ;肿瘤流行病学统计分析为及时准确掌握恶性肿瘤流行动态 ,为肿瘤防治工作提供科学依据十分必要     

Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.     

Level of Knowledge and Behavior of Family Health Personnel Workers in Izmir about Early Diagnosis for Breast and Cervix Cancer

Purpose: The present study was carried out to measure knowledge level and behavior of family health personnel(FHP) in Izmir on early diagnosis of breast and cervical cancers. Materials and Methods: The study populationof this cross-sectional study was not selected. A questionnaire was applied to all FHP to measure knowledgelevel and behavior about cancer. The participation rate was 88%. Breast examination, mammography analysis,Papanicolaou smear applications were determined as dependent variables, and knowledge level about breast andcervical cancer, age, professional time as FHP as independent variables. Data were evaluated using definitivestatistics, chi-square and logistic regression tests in SPSS software package for Windows 15.0. Results: A totalof 970 family health personnel participated in the research. The age range was 20-45 years (82.4%). Mean agewas 37.9±7.4. Response rate was 87.3%. Of the participants, 88.4% performed breast self-examination. Rate ofperforming mammography at least once was 24.1%. Rate of performing Pap-smear examination at least oncewas 61.0%. In logistic regression analyses, it was determined that people with knowledge on breast and cervicalcancer were those performing breast self-examination, mammography and Pap-smear examinations (p<0.05.Conclusions: It is essential that the knowledge, behavior and manners of health providers on early diagnosis forcancer increases awareness in the general population and provides information on execution ofthe most effectivemethods for generating a healthy society.     

中国部分市县1998～2002年肺癌的发病与死亡

[目的]探讨中国居民肺癌的发病、死亡流行特征。[方法]分析中国30个肿瘤登记处1998-2002年肺癌登记资料。[结果]肺癌新病例69597例，死亡病例61090例。肺癌世界人口调整发病率介于116．9／10万～9．9／10万之间。肺癌世界人口调整死亡率介于43．9／10万～8．1／10万之间。[结论]肺癌是威胁我国居民身体健康的主要恶性肿瘤，应作为当前肿瘤防治工作的重点。     

中国部分市县1998～2002年食管癌发病与死亡

[目的]探讨中国居民食管癌的发病和死亡特征。[方法]分析中国30个肿瘤登记处1998～2002年食管癌登记资料。[结果]食管癌新病例38339例，死亡30116例。食管癌粗发病率在0.3/10万～115.1/10万之间，世界人口调整发病率在0.3/10万～132.7/10万之间。食管癌粗死亡率在1.3/10万～90.9/10万之间，世界人口调整死亡率在2.7/10万～110.6/10万之间。[结论]各地的食管癌发病率差异较大。在不少地区尤其是农村，食管癌是严重威胁居民健康的主要恶性肿瘤，应积极开展防治工作。     

广州市2000～2002年大肠癌的发病率分析

背景与目的：随着饮食习惯的改变,大肠癌的发病率逐年上升。本研究分析广州市大肠癌的发病率。为大肠癌的防治研究提供科学依据。方法：收集广州市肿瘤登记处2000～2002年大肠癌的发病资料和死亡资料,统计和分析大肠癌的粗发病率和死亡率、世界标化发病率和死亡率等指标。结果：广州市2000—2002年结肠癌的粗发病率和死亡率分别为13．4／10万（其中男性13．5／10万,女性13．3／10万）和7．1／10万（其中男性7．3／10万,女性6．9／10万）。广州市2000—2002年直肠癌的粗发病率和死亡率分别为9．6／10万（其中男性10．8／10万,女性8．2／10万）和5．0／10万（其中男性5．5／10万,女性4．5／10万）。结肠癌和直肠癌的发病率分别位居全部恶性肿瘤的第5位和第7位。大肠癌的发病率随着年龄的增长而上升。结论：广州市大肠癌发病率较高,应加强防治研究。     

云南省肿瘤登记地区2012年恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分析

[目的]评估2012年云南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病与死亡.[方法]收集2012年云南省3个肿瘤登记地区上报的恶性肿瘤发病与死亡资料,计算恶性肿瘤发病率、死亡率、前10位恶性肿瘤顺位、构成比、累积率;采用2000年中国标准人口构成和Segi’s世界人口构成分别计算中国和世界人口年龄标化发病/死亡率(中标率和世标率).[结果] 2012年云南省3个肿瘤登记地区共覆盖人口1 483 539人(其中城市429 953人,农村1 053 586人),恶性肿瘤新发病例2861例,死亡病例1775例.恶性肿瘤病理诊断比例为73.53％,只有死亡证明书比例为3.10％,死亡发病比为0.62.全部恶性肿瘤发病率为192.85/10万(男性200.71/10万,女性184.82/10万),中标率为184.60/10万,世标率为144.61/10万,累积率(0～74岁)为16.41％.城市地区发病率(211.88/10万)高于农村地区(185.05/10万).全部恶性肿瘤死亡率为119.65/10万(男性142.39/10万,女性96.43/10万),中标率为113.65/10万,世标率为88.79/10万,累积率(0～74岁)为10.14％.城市地区死亡率(125.36/10万)高于农村地区(117.31/10万).肺癌、结直肠癌、肝癌、宫颈癌、女性乳腺癌是云南省常见的恶性肿瘤,占全部新发病例的53.27％.肺癌、肝癌、结直肠癌、胃癌、乳腺癌是威胁云南省居民生命健康的主要恶性肿瘤,占死亡病例的61.75％.[结论]2012年云南省肿瘤登记地区主要恶性肿瘤为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、宫颈癌和女性乳腺癌.     

中国部分市县1998～2002年恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡

[目的]探讨中国人群肿瘤发病、死亡的流行特征.[方法]分析中国30个肿瘤登记处1998～2002年的肿瘤登记资料.[结果]全国30个肿瘤登记处覆盖人口37813997人,覆盖3.04%的全国人口.1998～2002年新病例386 910例,死亡病例266 033例.世界年龄结构调整恶性肿瘤发病率在78.4/10万～623.8/10万间;世界人口调整死亡率在78.9/10万～260.1/10万之间.[结论]中国最常见的恶性肿瘤,男性为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌和食管癌;女性为乳腺癌、食管癌、胃癌、肺癌、肝癌和子宫颈癌.     

Incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in the AsiaPacific region

Objective： To provide an overview of the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer for countries in the Asia-Pacific region.Methods： Statistical information about breast cancer was obtained from publicly available cancer registry and mortality databases（such as GLOBOCAN）, and supplemented with data requested from individual cancer registries. Rates were directly age-standardised to the Segi World Standard population and trends were analysed using joinpoint models.Results： Breast cancer was the most common type of cancer among females in the region, accounting for 18% of all cases in 2012, and was the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths（9%）. Although incidence rates remain much higher in New Zealand and Australia, rapid rises in recent years were observed in several Asian countries. Large increases in breast cancer mortality rates also occurred in many areas, particularly Malaysia and Thailand, in contrast to stabilising trends in Hong Kong and Singapore, while decreases have been recorded in Australia and New Zealand. Mortality trends tended to be more favourable for women aged under 50 compared to those who were 50 years or older. Conclusion： It is anticipated that incidence rates of breast cancer in developing countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region will continue to increase. Early detection and access to optimal treatment are the keys to reducing breast cancerrelated mortality, but cultural and economic obstacles persist. Consequently, the challenge is to customise breast cancer control initiatives to the particular needs of each country to ensure the best possible outcomes.     

Incidence of aplastic anemia in Turkey: A hospital-based prospective multicentre study

The incidence of aplastic anemia among hospitalized adult patients was prospectively determined in this first study in Turkey. New cases of aplastic anemia among patients 14 years and older who were admitted to the study centers were included in a 3 year survey. Seventy-three patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria, yielding a mean annual incidence rate of 1.14 cases in 10³ admissions. The male-to-female ratio of the cases (1.6:1) differed from the almost equal ratio of the larger population of Turkey. The median age was 30 years and females were younger at diagnosis. The age distribution of the cases was different from that of the population; showing two incidence peaks in both sexes. The majority of the patients (89%) had severe disease.     

Cancer Incidence and Mortality Data in Aktobe,West Kazakhstan, 2000-2010

The article provides an assessment of the dynamics of cancer incidence and mortality in the territory ofAktobe city for the period 2000-2010. The most common cancers were found in the lungs, stomach, esophagusand breast throughout the period, with slight increase in colon cancer and decrease in esophageal cancer beingapparent. In an attempt to cast light on effects of environmental pollution, the authors also compared data ontotal emissions of chemicals into the air. While preliminary, the findings provide a basic picture of cancer burdenin this industrialised city in Kazakhstan which should be followed up by more comprehensive monitoring.     

A Phase II Trial of the Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers

BackgroundPatients with advanced biliary tract cancers have limited therapeutic options. Preclinical data suggest that proteasome inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy. We thus evaluated the clinical efficacy of bortezomib in advanced biliary tract cancers.Patients and MethodsPatients with locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma or gallbladder adenocarcinoma who had received 0 to 2 previous therapies received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m² on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle. The primary end point was objective response rate. A Simon 2-stage design was used (null response rate of < 5% and response rate of ≥ 20% of interest).ResultsTwenty patients enrolled (bile duct/gallbladder cancer [14/6] and previous treatments 0/1/2 [10/6/3]). The trial was discontinued early because of lack of confirmed partial responses. No unanticipated adverse events were noted. There was 1 unconfirmed partial response. Ten patients achieved stable disease as best response. Median time to progression was 5.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-77.6 months). Median survival was 9 months (95% CI, 4.6-18.5 months). The 6-month and 1-year survival rates were 70% and 38%, respectively. There was no difference in survival based on primary disease site.ConclusionSingle-agent bortezomib does not result in objective responses in biliary tract cancers. However, the rate of stable disease and time to progression benchmark is encouraging. Further development of bortezomib in combination with other therapies in this disease setting should be considered.     

Infrequent Mutations of the WT1 Gene in Primary Cancers of the Adult Urinary Tract

Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) analysis of all of the ten exons of the WT1 geneand restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysisof the WT1 locus were performed on primary urinary tract cancers:seven renal pelvic cancers, one ureteral cancer, 11 bladdercancers, and 22 renal cell cancers. Four human bladder cancercell lines (T24, JTC30, JTC32, and HUB41) and three human prostatecancer cell lines (PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP) were also examined.None of the primary cancers showed any apparent mutations ofthe gene, whereas one base substitution of exon 5 was foundin DU145 and gross alteration of the gene was recognized inHUB41. Heterozygosity of polymorphic exon 7 was retained inall of the 12 informative cases, and none of 10 informativecases showed loss of heterozygosity at the WT1 locus in RFLPanalysis. It is concluded that mutations of the WT1 gene maynot be involved in the formation of malignant tumors of theadult urinary tract.     

New malignancies following childhood cancer in the United States, 1973-2002

The objectives of our study were to quantify risks for developing new malignancies among childhood cancer survivors, identify links between particular types of first and subsequent cancer, and evaluate the possible role of treatment. A cohort of 25,965 2-month survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed in the U.S. during 1973-2002 was identified and followed through SEER cancer registries. Observed-to-expected ratios (O/E) were calculated, and Poisson regression was used to compare risks among treatment groups. Childhood cancer survivors were at nearly 6-fold risk of developing a new cancer relative to the general population (O/E = 5.9, 95% CI: 5.4-6.5). Most common were subsequent primary cancers of the female breast, central nervous system, bone, thyroid gland and soft tissue, as well as cutaneous melanoma and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). The greatest risks of subsequent cancers occurred among patients diagnosed previously with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, or retinoblastoma. Risk of subsequent solid cancers was higher among persons whose initial treatment for childhood cancer included radiotherapy, whereas the excess of subsequent ANLL was strongly related to chemotherapy. The O/E for subsequent ANLL increased with increasing calendar year of initial cancer diagnosis among survivors of cancers other than HL, most likely due to increasing use of leukemogenic drugs for solid cancers and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Childhood cancer survivors are at markedly increased risk of developing a variety of new cancers relative to the general population, but the magnitude of excess risk and specific types of second cancer vary widely by type of first cancer.     

Long Noncoding RNA in Digestive Tract Cancers: Function,Mechanism, and Potential Biomarker

Digestive tract cancers (DTCs) are a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Current therapeutic tools for advanced stage DTCs have limitations, and patients with early stage DTCs frequently have a missed diagnosis due to shortage of efficient biomarkers. Consequently, it is necessary to develop novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and novel therapeutic targets for treatment of DTCs. In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs with >200 nucleotides, have been shown to be aberrantly expressed in DTCs and to have an important role in DTC development: the expression profiles of lncRNAs strongly correlated with poor survival of patients with DTCs, and lncRNAs acted as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in DTC progression. In this review, we summarized the functional lncRNAs and expounded on their regulatory mechanisms in DTCs.

Implications for Practice:

Digestive tract cancers (DTCs) are a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. It is necessary to exploit novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and novel therapeutic targets for treatment of DTCs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs with approximately 200 nucleotides to 100,000 bases, participate in the progression of a variety of diseases. This review summarizes functional lncRNAs, which were shown to serve as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of DTCs and to act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in DTC development. In addition, the potential mechanism of functional lncRNAs in DTCs is highlighted.     

Epidemiological Trends of GI Cancers in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chandigarh,North India

Background: Cancer has become an epidemic disease. Nearly ten million new cancer cases are diagnosedannually in the world and out of these about half are from the developing world. To appropriately plan fortreatment, management and prevention of the disease, it becomes necessary to study the trends about morbiditycaused by cancers. Materials and Methods: Data for patients diagnosed with any form of gastrointestinal (GI)cancers was extracted from records maintained in the outpatient department registers of the Oncology Departmentof Government Medical College and Hospital in Chandigarh from 1999 to 2012. Trends were analysed fordifferent categories of GI cancers for the period of 12 years. Results: In present study GI cancers accountedfor 23 % of all registered cases (n-9603) of carcinomas. Males predominated for all GI cancers except in thegall bladder. Gastrointestinal cancers as a proportion of total cancers increased from 21% in 1999 to 25.9% in2012 with a significant increasing trend in our series (χ2 for linear trend=9.36, p<0.003). Cancers of the tonsil,oral cavity and pharynx taken together showed an increasing trend over the years (χ2 for trend=55.2, p<0.001)whereas cancers of the lower GI (χ2=19.6, p<0.0001) and gall bladder (χ2=19.5, p<0.0001) showed a decliningtrend in our series. Conclusions: GI cancers form a significant proportion of all cancers reporting to our data.In depth studies to ascertain the reasons for the changing trends are required to design intervention programs.Further information is necessary from cancer registries and from the hospital records of oncology departments.     

Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancers in the Americas: Incidence and mortality patterns and trends

Trends in gallbladder cancer incidence and mortality in populations across the Americas can provide insight into shifting epidemiologic patterns and the current and potential impact of preventative and curative programs. Estimates of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancer incidence and mortality for the year 2018 were extracted from International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN database for 185 countries. Recorded registry-based incidence from 13 countries was extracted from IARCs Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series and corresponding national deaths from the WHO mortality database. Among females, the highest estimated incidence for gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancer in the Americas were found in Bolivia (21.0 per 100,000), Chile (11.7) and Peru (6.0). In the US, the highest incidence rates were observed among Hispanics (1.8). In the Chilean population, gallbladder cancer rates declined in both females and males between 1998 and 2012. Rates dropped slightly in Canada, Costa Rica, US Whites and Hispanics in Los Angeles. Gallbladder cancer mortality rates also decreased across the studied countries, although rising trends were observed in Colombia and Canada after 2010. Countries within Southern and Central America tended to have a higher proportion of unspecified biliary tract cancers. In public health terms, the decline in gallbladder cancer incidence and mortality rates is encouraging. However, the slight increase in mortality rates during recent years in Colombia and Canada warrant further attention. Higher proportions of unspecified biliary tract cancers (with correspondingly higher mortality rates) suggest more rigorous pathology procedures may be needed after surgery.