南美白对虾对东北碱性水域的适应性研究

以虾塘水添加天然碱泡水为实验用水,通过室内急性毒性实验法,研究水环境碱度和pH对淡化南美白对虾幼虾的毒性效应;并对幼虾进行天然碱性水域生存能力实验,以期探讨东北地区碱性水域养殖南美白对虾的可能性。结果表明,水环境pH为7.33~7.41、盐度3.62‰~3.56‰时,碱度对幼虾毒性效应的24 h EC50值为2.78 mmol/L。水环境pH为7.41~7.62、盐度3.56‰~3.45‰时,碱度对幼虾毒性效应的24 h、48 h及96 h LC50值分别为12.94、11.89及11.65 mmol/L,SC值为3.10 mmol/L。水环境盐度在3.87‰~6.07‰条件下,碱度为5.37~19.71 mmol/L时,pH对幼虾毒性效应的24 h、48 h LpH50值分别为9.26~8.54和9.14~8.47;碱度在5.37~14.66 mmol/L时,pH对幼虾的24 h、48 h、72 h及96 h LpH50值分别为9.26~8.98、9.14~8.86、9.10~8.80和9.00~8.80。水环境碱度分别为5.37、10.72、14.66及19.71 mmol/L时,幼虾的SpH值分别为8.42、8.23、8.14和7.85。当水环境碱度在25.33~36.42 mmol/L时,碱度和pH已先于盐度限制幼虾生存。幼虾在碱度为38.78 mmol/L、盐度3.29‰、pH 9.41的天然碱性水域可生存5~9 h。幼虾对碱度和pH的适应能力不如鲢、鳙、草鱼等淡水鱼类,尚无法适应东北地区高碱度、高pH的碱性水域。     

羔羊皱胃酶凝乳特性的研究

对羔羊皱胃酶的凝乳特性进行了研究。结果表明，皱胃酶的最适作用温度为50℃，低于40℃酶稳定性较好，60℃处理10rain，酶活完全丧失。在乳pH5．5～7．5之间，随乳pH的增大而降低，当pH达到7．5时酶活近乎完全丧失；酶液在pH2．0～7．0之间处理20h后，酶活还保持稳定。AP^3＋，Ca^2＋和Na^＋对皱胃酶有较强的促凝乳作用，K^＋，Mg^2＋，Mn^2＋，Fe^3＋无较明显的促进和抑制凝乳作用，而Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋有明显的抑制酶活的作用。并研究了底物浓度对酶活的影响，得出羔羊皱胃酶催化反应的米氏常数Km为1．893g／L。     

NaCl胁迫对两优培九幼苗离子含量的影响

3种浓度的NaCl胁迫杂交水稻两优培九幼苗4d后，根和地上部分的相对含水量明显下降。功能叶片中的游离脯氨酸和可溶性总糖含量以及幼苗根、茎、叶中的Na＋含量、Na＋／K＋、Na＋／Ca^2＋和Na＋／Mg^2＋与对照相比，随着盐处理浓度的增大而增大，K＋、Ca^2＋和Mg^2＋的含量则相反。试验结果表明，在盐胁迫下两优培九幼苗主要利用产生游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖等有机渗透调节物质来维持地上部分的渗透平衡；从离子平衡角度发现，两优培九幼苗在根部通过避Na＋机制来保持较高的Na＋／K＋以减轻盐胁迫对地上部分的伤害，在茎和功能叶片中则通过保持细胞中较高的K＋水平以减轻盐胁迫的伤害。     

向日葵籽壳红色素的提取工艺及稳定性研究

对向日葵籽壳红色素的提取条件,以及温度、pH值、光照、常用食品添加剂、金属离子对向日葵籽壳红色素稳定性的影响进行系统研究,结果表明,料液比1：20（g／mL）、50℃恒温、30％乙醇（pH值为2．0）、浸提60min、采用3次浸提,提取得率可达96．76％。色素在pH值为2-6、温度65℃以内比较稳定,光照能加快色素降解,K^＋和Ca^2＋对该色素无不良影响,而Cu^2＋、Al^3＋、Fe^3＋、Sn^2＋和Ph^2＋对该色素有较大影响,常用食品添加剂对色素稳定性无影响。     

两种方法对广玉兰ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化比较

采用单因子和正交设计2种方法,对影响广玉兰ISSR-PCR反应体系的5个因素（Taq酶、Mg^2＋、dNTP、引模板DNA）进行优化。结果表明：正交设计采用直观分析法获得影响因素最佳反应水平与单因子试验找出影响因素最佳反应水平有一定差异,通过综合比较分析,最终建立了广玉兰ISSR．PCR的最佳反应体系：在20μl的反应体系中,TaqDNA聚合酶1．0U、Mg^2＋1．2—1．5mmoL／L、dNTP1．80mmoL／L、引物0．5—0．6μmoL／L、30ng模板DNA、10×PCR buffer。同时,通过PCR比较,确定延伸时间为2min,循环次数为35个较为合适,确定了引物最佳退火温度,得到了广玉兰ISSR—PCR反应的最佳扩增程序。     

高白鲑稚鱼生长特性的研究

本文对高白鲑稚鱼饲养期间的稚鱼形态、体长、体重以及投饲管理进行了初步的研究。结果表明：31日龄的高白鲑稚鱼平均体长达到11．53mm：30日龄的高白鲑稚鱼平均体重达到约0．00854g：鱼苗体长的相对生长在中后期呈加速增长的趋势．其体长和时间的关系为：Y=0．0043X2—0．0756X＋9．6991。     

灯盏花组织培养研究

比较了灯盏花组织培养中不同外植体消毒方法和不同激素及其浓度对愈伤组织诱导与分化、继代增殖、生根的影响，并探索了试管苗假植炼苗方法。结果表明：MS＋0．5—1．0mg／L2，4-D培养基的灯盏花幼叶愈伤组织诱导效果最好；在BA浓度为0—2．0mg／L范围内，浓度越高继代增殖倍数越大，而单株生长则是在MS＋BA0．5mg／L＋NAA1—2mg／L培养基上最佳；不同培养基上的组培苗均具有较高的生根率，而生根质量则以MS＋IBA1．0mg／L＋NAA2．0mg／L最好；对生根试管苗进行漂洗、消毒后假植铺有河沙的苗床上，其上建盖有塑料薄膜和遮荫网的小拱棚，并经精心管理，其假植成活率高达95％以上。     

植物生长抑制剂对淮山药组培苗生长的影响

以淮山药茎段为材料，以MS为基本培养基，在（25±1）℃，光照强度24～30umol／m^3s，光照时间10h／d条件下研究多效唑、矮壮素、缩节胺、丁酰肼4种植物生长抑制剂对淮山药组培苗生长的影响。结果表明，多效唑0．75mg／L、矮壮素1。00rag／L、缩节胺3．00mg／L、丁酰肼6．00mg／L能提高淮山药不定芽增殖率、植株矮化和更健壮。MS＋NAA0．04mg／L＋KT2．5mg／L＋Ad5ing／L＋PVP300mg／L与矮壮素1．00mg／L结合增殖效果较好，增殖率为2．31。     

几种植物生长调节剂对马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长的影响

采用正交实验设计,研究了5种植物生长调节剂（2,4-D、6-BA、NAA、KT、GA）对两种马铃薯脱毒试管苗（青薯2号和青薯6号）生长的影响。结果表明：适合青薯2号试管苗生长的最佳培养基为2,4-DO．5mg／L＋6-BA1．0mg／L＋KT0．9mg／L＋GA6．5mg／L;适合青薯6号试管苗生长的最佳培养基为2,4-D2．5mg／L＋6-BA2．0mg／L＋KT0．1mg／L＋GAl0．0mg／L．为快速、低成本培养健壮试管苗打下了基础。     

苎麻基因组SRAP扩增体系的优化研究

以苎麻自交系品种为材料,研究了苎麻SRAP分析过程中的影响因素,包括10xPCR Buffer、模板浓度、Mg^2＋、dNTP、引物、Taq酶、循环次数、退火温度等,建立了适于苎麻SRAP分析的PCR反应体系：即在201．1反应体系中,引物浓度为0．3μmol／L;模板DNA的用量为60～100ng;Mg^2＋浓度为2．0mmol／L;dNTP浓度为0．2mmol／L;砌酶用量为1U。适宜的扩增程序为先94℃变性1min,前5个循环以94℃变性1min、33℃复性1min、72℃延伸1min进行,接下来将复性温度提高到52℃,其它条件不变,进行30个循环,最后72℃延伸5min,4℃保存。本文讨论了SRAP分子标记在苎麻上的应用前景,提出了应用SRAP分子标记构建苎麻遗传图谱的可行性。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.