强太赫兹脉冲产生及硒化镓晶体非线性效应研究

为探索单周期或亚周期的强场太赫兹脉冲抽运下各种材料的非线性光学响应,基于铌酸锂（LiNbO3）晶体,采用飞秒脉冲倾斜波前技术,获得了单脉冲能量为2.6μJ、峰值场强为632 kV/cm的强太赫兹脉冲输出,并在该辐射源的基础上搭建了太赫兹抽运-光探测系统。利用该系统研究了硒化镓（GaSe）晶体的非线性光学响应,观测到亚周期的太赫兹脉冲诱导的光学双折射,其引起的相位变化与普克尔斯效应和克尔效应相关。研究结果为强场太赫兹抽运下介质的非线性效应分析提供了思路,为材料的电光系数和非线性折射率系数的测定提供了借鉴。     

产生太赫兹辐射源的Nd:YAG双波长准连续激光器

产生太赫兹波辐射的方法可分为电子学和光子学两大类.在光子学领域,非线性光学差频方法是获取高功率、低成本、便携式、室温运转太赫兹波的主要方法之一.实验研究了激光二极管(LD)端面抽运Nd:YAG1319 nm/1338 nm双波长准连续线偏振运转激光器,理论计算了输出双波长在非线性晶体DAST(4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-N-'methyl-stilbazolium tosylate)中差频产生太赫兹辐射的平均功率.在重复频率50 kHz时,双波长激光平均输出功率达到2.22 W,斜率效率12.72%,线偏振度0.983,脉冲宽度71.91 ns.M2因子仅为1.165,不稳定性小于0.487%.根据非线性差频理论,计算出可在1 mm厚DAST晶体中获得4.71 mw的3.23 THz高相干性太赫兹波辐射.这两条非常接近的谱线为进一步通过非线性光学差频方法获得高相干性太赫兹波提供了理论基础.     

GaAs参量振荡产生太赫兹波的腔相位匹配研究

基于腔相位匹配的方法,研究了GaAs微片状晶体构成的光学微腔光参量振荡产生太赫兹波的条件与参数设计.计算了腔相位匹配下GaAs晶体的最优化腔长,通过调节GaAs晶体的温度研究了太赫兹波的输出情况,模拟了不同波长下最低的能量阈值.结果表明,在完全相位匹配很难实现的情况下,采用腔相位匹配能很容易地实现大范围的太赫兹波调谐输出.结果为小型化光学太赫兹源的实验与理论研究提供了参考.     

产生太赫兹辐射源的Nd∶YAG双波长准连续激光器

产生太赫兹波辐射的方法可分为电子学和光子学两大类。在光子学领域,非线性光学差频方法是获取高功率、低成本、便携式、室温运转太赫兹波的主要方法之一。实验研究了激光二极管(LD)端面抽运Nd∶YAG1319nm/1338nm双波长准连续线偏振运转激光器,理论计算了输出双波长在非线性晶体DAST(4-N,N-di methylamino-4′-N′-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate)中差频产生太赫兹辐射的平均功率。在重复频率50kHz时,双波长激光平均输出功率达到2.22W,斜率效率12.72%,线偏振度0.983,脉冲宽度71.91ns。M2因子仅为1.165,不稳定性小于0.487%。根据非线性差频理论,计算出可在1mm厚DAST晶体中获得4.71mW的3.23THz高相干性太赫兹波辐射。这两条非常接近的谱线为进一步通过非线性光学差频方法获得高相干性太赫兹波提供了理论基础。     

基于受激声子极化激元的太赫兹波传输调控与非线性效应研究

太赫兹波与离子晶体中光学声子耦合形成的受激声子极化激元,为太赫兹波在晶体材料中的传输调控和非线性增强提供了有效途径,进而为强场太赫兹科学技术的发展开辟了新的可能性。从物理概念、实验方案、调控手段等方面简要回顾了受激声子极化激元相关的研究进展,分析了受激声子极化激元作用下太赫兹波对光与物质相互作用机制的影响,展望了受激声子极化激元在未来强场太赫兹科学技术中的发展潜力与应用前景。     

非共线相位匹配太赫兹波参量振荡器级联参量过程的研究

在铌酸锂晶体非共线相位匹配太赫兹波参量振荡器中观察到了级联光学参量效应.实验中测量到了一阶、二阶和三阶斯托克斯光.通过分析一阶、二阶和三阶斯托克斯光谱发现相邻阶斯托克斯光频率差相等,表明在太赫兹波的产生过程中发生了级联光学参量效应.在高阶级联光学参量过程中,一个泵浦光子可以产生多个太赫兹光子,表明在太赫兹波产生过程中量子转换效率会有效提高.     

太赫兹波光学参量效应放大特性的理论研究

针对太赫兹波光学参量效应中增益介质对太赫兹波强烈吸收的特点,提出光学参量效应中泵浦光、斯托克斯光和太赫兹波三波共线相互作用可以有效放大太赫兹波。以周期极化铌酸锂晶体为例,通过解耦合波方程,在不同的近似条件下分析了前向和后向太赫兹波的放大特性。计算结果表明,在太赫兹波吸收系数远大于太赫兹波增益系数的条件下,泵浦光、斯托克斯光和太赫兹波三波共线作用可以有效提高太赫兹波功率。分析结果对周期极化铌酸锂晶体光学参量振荡产生太赫兹波的实验研究提供深入和全面的理论基础。     

有机非线性光学晶体DAST的太赫兹发射性能

研究了DAST晶体的有效二阶非线性系数和太赫兹发射性能。实验以DAST-甲醇溶液的亚稳区范围为依据,采用溶液降温法进行DAST的生长。实验发现,降温速率越快,晶体的生长速度越快,但晶体易发生多晶转变;在晶体生长后期,采用较慢的降温速率,有利于晶体厚度的增加。经磨抛后的晶体表面粗糙度能够达到光学测试等级(微米级)要求。经测试,DAST晶片有效二阶非线性系数平均值为16.58 pm/V,实现了频率范围0.84~10 THz的太赫兹波发射,并在2.72 THz处具有最大发射强度。     

周期极化GaAs晶体中差频产生太赫兹辐射的研究

传统的光学差频产生的太赫兹辐射转换效率低,不能获得高功率太赫兹辐射。本文对周期极化GaAs晶体中差频产生太赫兹辐射进行了理论计算,通过温度调谐实现了周期极化GaAs晶体中差频获得可调谐太赫兹波的输出。为了提高差频过程的增益和量子效率,在准相位匹配基础上引进了级联差频机理,并对最佳晶体长度和最佳泵浦频率进行了计算。结果表明,利用周期极化的GaAs晶体可以获得更高能量更高效率的太赫兹波辐射。     

在极化声子共振区基于级联差频产生高频太赫兹波

提出了一种在晶体极化声子共振区利用级联差频在Mg O∶Li Nb O3平板波导中产生高频太赫兹波的方法。不同于传统的基于两束近红外光直接差频产生太赫兹波,本文首先利用两束近红外光在周期极化铌酸锂(PPLN)晶体中产生低频太赫兹波和一系列级联光,然后将上述级联光耦合导入平板波导中,通过改变平板波导的尺寸优化各阶差频的相位失配分布,经级联差频高效产生高频太赫兹波。借助Mg O∶Li Nb O3晶体极化声子共振区巨大的非线性光学系数,以及Mg O∶Li Nb O3平板波导中被降低的太赫兹波吸收系数,在室温下通过输入两束强度均为100 MW/cm2的差频光,得到了频率为5 THz的高频太赫兹波,太赫兹波强度为88.2396 MW/cm2,能量转换效率为44.12%。本文为产生高频、高功率太赫兹波提供了一种全新方法,可以推动高频太赫兹波在未来高速无线通信领域的应用。     

Characteristics of the Beam-Steerable Difference-Frequency Generation of Terahertz Radiation

We have investigated the characteristics of a terahertz (THz) beam steering method based on a combination of difference-frequency generation (DFG) with the principle of the phased array antenna. In the DFG of THz radiation from a nonlinear optical crystal pumped by optical beams, the phase front of the THz radiation is indirectly tilted by adjusting the relative incidence angle between the pump beams to the crystal. A magnification of the steering angle with a factor of 193 is demonstrated as the most important effect provided by the method. The effect allows the use of a high-speed optical deflector for adjusting the incidence angle, accelerating the steering more than a hundred times compared with mechanical methods. The phase mismatching between the THz radiation and the pump beams as well as the refraction at the crystal surface limit the steering angle of the THz radiation to 56°, full width at half maximum.     

基于光学方法的太赫兹辐射源

太赫兹波技术在物理、化学、生命科学等基础研究学科,以及医学成像、安全检查、产品检测、空间通信、武器制导等应用学科都具有重要的研究价值和应用前景,而太赫兹辐射源正是太赫兹技术发展的关键部分。概述了基于光学方法产生太赫兹辐射的几种常用方法,着重叙述了利用非线性光学差频技术和基于横向晶格振动光学模受激电磁耦子散射过程的太赫兹参量振荡技术工作原理,以及目前的研究状况,并对这两种方法产生太赫兹波辐射源未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

基于非线性光学差频及参量效应的太赫兹源

基于非线性光学技术的THz源具有其独特的性能和优点,将基于非线性光学差频原理和光学参量效应,从理论上研究并分析THz波与抽运光、闲频光及相位匹配角之间的关系,得到THz波输出的条件和范围,并设计出宽波段连续可调的THz源。以调QNd∶YAG激光器和光学参量振荡器(OPO)作为抽运源,以GaSe和MgO∶LiNbO3晶体作为差频非线性晶体,根据相位匹配理论及光学参量效应,搭建两套THz波产生系统。其中,基于光学参量效应的THz辐射源有效地产生出THz信号。     

Tunable,Room Temperature CMOS-Compatible THz Emitters Based on Nonlinear Mixing in Microdisk Resonators

We propose and investigate in detail a novel tunable, compact, room temperature terahertz (THz) emitter using individual microdisk resonators for both optical and THz waves with the capability of radiating THz field in 0.5–10 THz range with tuning frequency resolution of 0.05 THz. Enhanced THz generation is achieved by employing a nonlinear optical disk resonator with a high value of second-order nonlinearity (χ ⁽²⁾) in order to facilitate the difference-frequency generation (DFG) via nonlinear mixing with the choice of two appropriate input infrared optical waves. Efficient coupling of infrared waves from bus to the nonlinear disk is ensured by satisfying critical coupling condition. Phase matching condition for efficient DFG process is also met by employing modal phase matching technique. Our simulations show that THz output power can be reached up to milliwatt (mW) level with high optical to THz conversion efficiency. The proposed source is Silicon on Insulator (SoI) technology compatible enabling the monolithic integration with Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics including plasmonic THz detectors.     

GaP,GaAs和PPLN晶体级联差频产生太赫兹辐射

研究周期极化磷化镓晶体(GaP)、砷化镓晶体(GaAs)和周期极化铌酸锂晶体(PPLN)准相位匹配级联差频产生太赫兹辐射,相较于差频过程,级联过程太赫兹辐射输出功率增大9.5倍。通过分析三波耦合方程,计算并比较晶体的波矢失配量、极化周期和太赫兹功率,结果显示,基于GaP晶体产生的太赫兹功率略大于GaAs晶体输出的功率;GaAs晶体的极化周期最小;PPLN晶体的波矢失配量和极化周期取值范围最小,而输出的太赫兹功率和转换效率最高。建立基于周期极化掺氧化镁铌酸锂晶体(MgO:PPLN)准相位匹配原理的宽调谐激光系统,分析吸收因子对输出太赫兹功率的影响,计算级联差频峰值功率和转换效率。十五阶峰值功率3.72 MW,泵浦光总能量到太赫兹辐射能量的转换效率是3.72%。     

Monochromatic and Tunable Terahertz Source Based on Nonlinear Optics

Recent progresses made by authors on monochromatic and tunable terahertz （THz） generation based on nonlinear optics are reviewed, including THz parametric oscillation （TPO） and difference frequency generation （DFG）. From the technical point of view, we develop extra- and intra-cavity surface-emitted TPO, as well as DFG with QPM-GaAs crystal. From the point of view of mechanism, Cherenkov phase-matching is comprehensively investigated in both bulk crystal and planar waveguide. A novel scheme for cascading enhanced Cherenkov DFG in waveguide is proposed. From the point of view of material, organic crystal 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4＇-N＇-methyl-stibazolium tosylate （DAST） is utilized as the nonlinear medium.     

Yellow‐Colored Electro‐Optic Crystals as Intense Terahertz Wave Sources

This study presents newly developed yellow‐colored organic electro‐optic crystals to provide high terahertz (THz) wave generation efficiency. Compared with currently existing red‐ or orange‐colored electro‐optic crystals, which are used for most benchmark organic THz sources, yellow‐colored crystals have additional superior advantages for THz wave generation, e.g., higher transparency in the visible wavelength range with accompanying different phase‐matching possibilities. The new yellow‐colored crystals consist of a highly nonlinear optical 4‐(4‐hydroxystyryl)‐1‐methylpyridinium (OHP) cation, with a relatively short wavelength of maximal absorption at 390 nm in solution, and various halogen‐substituted benzenesulfonate anions, with strong secondary‐bonding ability. OHP 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (OHP‐CBS) crystals exhibit large off‐resonant macroscopic optical nonlinearity and high transparency, with a cut‐off wavelength for solid‐state absorption near 490 nm. OHP‐CBS crystals provide excellent THz wave generation characteristics based on optical rectification. A 0.53 mm thick OHP‐CBS crystal delivers ≈27 times higher optical‐to‐THz conversion efficiency and a much broader spectrum bandwidth compared with the standard 1.0 mm thick ZnTe at 1300 nm pumping. Particularly, compared with a benchmark organic quinolinium crystal with a similar thickness of 0.55 mm, OHP‐CBS crystals exhibit 1.7 times higher optical‐to‐THz conversion efficiency, and show a significantly different THz spectral shape.     

Single-Cycle Terahertz Pulse Generation from OH1 Crystal via Cherenkov Phase Matching

OH1 crystal is an organic nonlinear optical crystal with a large nonlinear optical constant. However, it has dispersion of refractive indices in the terahertz (THz) frequency. This limits the frequencies that satisfy the phase matching conditions for THz wave generation. In this study, we addressed the phase matching conditions for THz wave generation by combining an OH1 crystal with prism-coupled Cherenkov phase matching. We observed the generation of single-cycle THz pulses with a spectrum covering a frequency range of 3 THz. These results prove that combining prism-coupled Cherenkov phase matching with nonlinear optical crystals yields a THz wave generation method that is insusceptible to crystal dispersion.     

Design of GaAs/AlxGa1?xAs asymmetric quantum wells for THz-wave by difference frequency generation

The energy levels, wave functions and the second-order nonlinear susceptibilities are calculated in GaAs/Al0.2Ga0.8As/Al0.5Ga0.5As asymmetric quantum well (AQW) by using an asymmetric model based on the parabolic and non-parabolic band. The influence of non-parabolicity can not be neglected when analyzing the phenomena in narrow quantum wells and in higher lying subband edges in wider wells. The numerical results show that under double resonance (DR) conditions, the second-order difference frequency generation (DFG) and optical rectification (OR) generation susceptibilities in the AQW reach 2.5019 mm/V and 13.208 mm/V, respectively, which are much larger than those of the bulk GaAs. Besides, we calculate the absorption coefficient of AQW and find out the two pump wavelengths correspond to the maximum absorption, so appropriate pump beams must be selected to generate terahertz (THz) radiation by DFG.