单轴拉伸与压缩加载下AZ31镁合金单晶的各向异性塑性行为(英文)

为研究HCP结构单晶在塑性变形中的变形孪晶和塑性各向异性,采用基于晶体塑性本构理论的有限单元法,建立包含滑移与孪生变形机制的晶体塑性本构关系,发展了以应力作为自变量的牛顿-拉普森迭代方法,通过已有文献的试验数据验证模型的有效性,并利用此模型模拟AZ31单晶体在4种(即沿〈2110〉,〈0110〉,〈0001〉和〈0111〉方向)拉伸与压缩变形路径下的塑性变形行为,并获得了相应加载路径下的应力-应变关系曲线。数值计算结果表明,在不同加载路径下该模型可用于预测滑移系或孪生系的活动情况,以及描述孪生变体的活动数量、主要孪生变体和孪生交叉类型。由于机械孪晶具有的极性性质及其在材料非弹性变形中的重要作用,单晶材料表现出显著的各向异性与非对称性。     

Role of tension twins on warm deformation behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy

Twinning has been known to play an important role on plastic deformation of wrought magnesium alloys. Role of tension twins on warm deformation has thus been investigated in this study under two different loading conditions, viz. tensile and compressive loading at 250 °C using hot-rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy. Tension twins were observed to form under a compressive loading perpendicular to the c-axis and also under a tensile loading along the c-axis at 250 °C. Various morphologies and volume fractions of tension twins were generated under different loading conditions, but they exhibit different flow curves and work hardening behavior during the warm deformation. The ‘Hall-Petch type hardening effect’ appeared to contribute significantly in an early stage of deformation below the strain of ～0.1, while texture hardening effect became dominant above the ～10% strain in RD-C specimen. ND-T specimen was, on the other hand, found to generate tension twins continuously up to fracture, but dislocation slip became dominant with increasing strain above ～10%. Twins were also found to affect dynamic re-crystallization behavior during warm deformation.     

Grain growth in AZ31 alloy after uniaxial compression

The grain growth morphology,kinetics and texture change after uniaxial compression at 430 ℃ of an extruded AZ31 alloy were studied.The samples were loaded following two routes insuring two initial textures of the samples with compression direction parallel and normal to the extrusion direction.For both initial textures,a stable grain size is attained upon isothermal annealing and the grain growth kinetics can be described by:dn= dRn+kt with an n value of around 15.The annealing texture with grown grains is a retained hot deformation texture without emerging or strengthening other components.Abnormal grain growth is not observed for annealing time up to 10 000 h at 450℃.     

挤压态AZ31镁合金单向压缩过程中的退孪生行为

用金相法、XRD等技术研究了挤压态AZ31镁合金单向压缩过程中的退孪生行为,并探讨退孪生机理.结果表明,在应变量较低时,拉伸孪晶数量随变形量的增大而增多,而当应变量＞4％时,随着变形量的增大,拉伸孪晶数量反而减少,即产生了退孪生现象.这种特殊的退孪生现象可以通过晶体转动理论解释,即随变形量的增大,基体逐渐转到硬取向,孪晶伴随转动,变形量较大时产生的{1012}拉伸孪晶的受力状态随转动发生改变,在已孪生部分又发生一次{10 12 }拉伸孪生,使原来已孪生部分取向再次与基体相同,即产生了退孪生.     

挤压镁合金AZ31的压缩过程中的组织及织构演化

对常规挤压态镁合金AZ31压缩过程的组织及织构演化进行了扫描电镜-电子背散射衍射(SEM-EBSD)原位观察。结果表明材料的初始组织为等轴晶,晶粒的平均尺寸为76微米,晶粒内部未发现形变孪晶。材料的初始织构类型为典型的{11-20}丝织构,即大多数晶粒的<11-20>晶向平行于棒材的挤压方向(ED)。在压缩过程中,多数晶粒内部开始出现拉伸孪晶,随着压缩应变的增加,孪晶片层不断增厚,导致晶内的孪晶合并成大的孪晶并占据晶粒内部的大部分区域进而使孪晶的体积分数不断增加。随着压缩压缩应变的增加初始丝织构不断减弱并有新的基面织构形成。实验表明压缩过程中的{10-12}<10-11>孪生而非滑移是引起压缩过程中织构演化的主要原因。     

Twinning, grain orientation and texture variation of AZ31 Mg alloy during compression by EBSD tracing

In order to investigate the micro-mechanism of warm forming of Mg alloys, three specimens cut from a rolled AZ31 sheet were chosen to be compressed along the Rolling Direction (RD) at 100 °C, 170 °C and 230 °C, separately. During compression, an in situ measurement of grain orientation in the plane of RD × TD (Transverse Direction) was carried out with EBSD method. Experimental and analytical results show that temperature has remarkable impact on activation of twinning and variation of texture. As the temperature was raised from 100 °C to 230 °C, the number of grains with twins activated decreased substantially during deformation, and rolling texture varied from quick vanishing at 100 °C to always existing at 230 °C. Tracing for orientation of individual grains during deformation shows that there are obvious different orientation changes between grains with twins activated and those without twins activated. Twinning plays a significant effect on texture variation during compression. The extension twin variant really activated during deformation is the one with maximal Schmid factor.     

变形参数对AZ31镁合金板材织构的影响

利用X射线衍射(XRD)方法测量了不同轧制状态,即不同变形温度和变形量条件下AZ31镁合金板材织构的变化特征。结果表明,经过轧制之后的AZ31镁合金板材形成强烈的基面织构;在250℃~400℃范围内,变形温度的升高、变形量的增大都会促进镁合金板材棱柱面、锥面等非基面滑移系的启动,从而影响各织构组分的锋锐程度和板材各向异性的强弱。随着变形温度的升高,镁合金板材的各向异性减弱;变形量的增大,镁合金板材的各向异性增强。     

Mg-Y及AZ31镁合金高温变形过程中微观织构的演化

在温度为723 K、应变速度为3×10-3 s-1的条件下,对Mg-Y及AZ31镁合金挤压棒材进行单向压缩变形,利用OM、SEM和EBSD观察、分析Y对挤压棒材动态再结晶和微观织构的影响。结果表明:AZ31镁合金在真应变ε=0.2时发生明显的动态再结晶,在ε=0.5时,动态再结晶晶粒的体积分数高达80%以上;而Mg-Y合金在真应变ε=0.4时,动态再结晶体积分数尚不足10%,Y对镁合金动态再结晶有显著的阻碍作用;AZ31镁合金变形时,几乎所有晶粒的基面趋向于由变形前平行于压缩方向转至垂直于压缩方向,导致基面织构在ε=1.2时发生近90°的转动;Mg-Y合金则只有小部分晶粒发生转动,转动所形成的择优取向在动态再结晶后显著弱化,并导致取向分布更加随机;Y的添加可导致镁合金基面织构在动态再结晶后显著弱化。     

AZ31镁合金热压缩过程中晶粒取向和织构的演变

利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)取向成像技术分析AZ31铸态镁合金在不同温度和真应变下热压缩的晶粒取向和织构特点,从晶粒取向和织构角度分析不同温度下其动态再结晶(DRX)的类型。结果表明:在热压缩过程中,350℃时,AZ31铸态镁合金表现为连续动态再结晶(CDRX)特征,新晶粒取向与基体相似,具有较强的{0002}基面织构,以基面滑移为主;500℃时,为旋转动态再结晶(RDRX)特征,真应变为0.5时,新晶粒取向与基体偏转成一定角度,具有两种主要的基面织构,由于动态再结晶的定向形核、择优核心长大和旋转动态再结晶造成这两种基面织构弱于350℃时的{0002}基面织构;且随着真应变的增加,其中一种织构由于滑移系的改变而逐渐消失。     

Dynamic recrystallization and texture development during hot deformation of magnesium alloy AZ31

The dynamic recrystallization(DRX) and texture development, taking place during hot deformation of magnesium alloy AZ31 with a strong wire texture, were studied in compression at 673 K (0.73 Tm). Two kinds of samples were machined parallelly to the extruded and transverse directions of Mg alloy rods. New fine grains are evolved at original grain boundaries corrugated at low strains and develop rapidly in the medium range of strain, finally leading to a roughly full evolution of equiaxial fine grains. Kink bands are evolved at grain boundaries corrugated and also frequently in grain interiors at low strains. The boundary misorientations of kink band increase rapidly with increasing strain and approach a saturation value in high strain. The average size of the regions fragmented by kink band is almost the same as that of new grains evolved in high strain. These characteristics of new grain evolution process are not changed by the orientation of the samples, while the flow behaviors clearly depend on it. It is concluded that new grain evolution can be controlled by a deformation-induced continuous reaction, i.e. continuous dynamic recrystallization(DRX). The latter is discussed by comparing with conventional, i.e. discontinuous DRX.     

AZ31B镁合金挤压板材单向拉伸的取向演变研究

文章利用SEM/EBSD技术,研究了室温下镁合金挤压板材AZ31B单向拉伸时发生的晶粒取向旋转。根据实验结果和Sachs晶体塑性模型计算结果,详细分析了晶粒基体的拉伸轴向旋转变化规律和滑移系的开动机制,并分析了拉伸孪晶量的影响因素。结果表明,交滑移系的开动可以解释晶粒拉伸轴的变化规律;初始取向不同的晶粒表现出明显不同孪生行为;拉伸孪生量与拉伸孪生的Schmid因子值,以及晶粒拉伸轴和其c轴间的角度密切相关。     

Influence of deformation twinning on static annealing of AZ31 Mg alloy

The microstructure evolution during isothermal static annealing of magnesium alloy AZ31 was investigated to critically evaluate the contribution of extension and contraction twins to the recrystallized microstructure after room temperature deformation, and to establish the potential of these twins to alter the recrystallized texture. Contraction twins were observed to be potent sites for recrystallized nuclei having many favorable new orientations, while extension twins were not effective nucleation sites for recrystallization. Although recrystallization nucleated preferentially inside the contraction twins, producing a distribution of new orientations (far from the undesirable starting c-axis fiber texture), these new grains did not significantly influence the final texture. This was attributed to four factors: (1) unusually extensive recovery before the onset of recrystallization after c-axis compression in most grains; (2) incomplete recrystallization within grains most closely aligned with the starting fiber texture; (3) sluggish growth of grains nucleated in the compression twins; (4) grain boundaries becoming an active site for recrystallized nuclei with a majority containing orientations from the starting texture.     

Effects of strain rate and temperature on microstructure and texture for AZ31 during uniaxial compression

In order to investigate the effects of strain rate and temperature on the microstructure and texture evolution during warm deformation of wrought Mg alloy,AZ31 extruded rods were cut into cylinder samples with the dimension of d8 mm×12 mm.The samples were compressed using a Gleeble 1500D thermo-mechanical simulation machine at various strain rates(0.001,0.01,0.1,1 and 5 s- 1)and various temperatures(300,350,400 and 450℃).The microstructure and texture of the compressed samples at the same strain under different deformation conditions were studied and compared by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)in scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results show that the size of recrystallized grains in the deformed samples generally increases with the decrease of strain rate and the increase of temperature.After 50%reduction,most basal planes are aligned perpendicular to the compression direction at relatively high strain rate(0.01 s- 1)or low temperature(350℃).The optimized strain rate is 0.1 s- 1for uniaxial compression at 300℃,which produces about 80%of small grains(5μm).     

Corrosion behavior of friction stir-welded AZ31 Mg alloy after plastic deformation

Postweld plastic deformation was reported to be able to largely enhance the mechanical properties of friction stir-welded (FSW) Mg alloys by changing microstructures in the regions with a soft-oriented texture. However, few studies have concentrated on the effects of postweld plastic deformations on the corrosion behavior of FSW Mg alloys, which has an impact on their application. In the present study, electrochemical measurements, hydrogen evolution, and mass loss tests were used to study the influences of postweld compression along the transverse direction and subsequent annealing on the corrosion rate of FSW AZ31 Mg alloys. It was found that owing to the grain refinement in the weld zones, an improvement in the corrosion resistance and hardness was observed in the FSW AZ31 sample compared to the base metal (BM) sample. Postweld compression was very harmful to the corrosion resistance of the FSW AZ31 alloys. On the basis of the mass loss results, the corrosion rate of the compressed FSW sample was ~17.62 mm/year, which was ~8.99 times that of the FSW sample (~1.96 mm/year). Subsequent annealing could slightly reduce the corrosion rate of the compressed FSW AZ31 plates, whereas the corrosion rate of the FSW-C-T sample (~13.63 mm/year) was much worse than that of the BM sample (~4.73 mm/year).     

AZ31镁合金压缩过程中织构对微观变形机制的影响

以AZ31镁合金热轧板材为研究对象,利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术,研究了与板材法向(ND)分别成0o,30°,60°和90°的试样在室温压缩过程中织构对滑移和孪晶启动的影响。结果表明,0°试样有很高的屈服强度但无明显的屈服平台。拉伸孪晶的临界剪切应力(CRSS)比基面滑移的大。随着角度的增加,试样产生的{10 ■2}拉伸孪晶越来越多。0°试样由于很难发生拉伸孪晶,变形主要由滑移来完成,小角度晶界增加明显。柱面滑移的作用使得60°试样的小角度晶界明显高于30°试样的小角度晶界。     

AZ31B镁合金的铸轧组织及其相关变形机制

利用金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜对AZ31B镁合金铸轧板坯的微观组织进行研究.结果表明:铸轧AZ31B镁合金板坯主要由α-Mg基体、枝晶间Mg17Al12共晶体和弥散分布的细小析出相组成,铸轧对晶粒的细化效果不明显;板坯在铸轧过程中经历一定的塑性变形,且变形多分布于板材表层;塑性变形在合金中产生大量的位错及位错胞的同时,也产生一定数量的孪晶;经孪生改变晶体取向后的晶粒会在适合的条件下发生滑移变形,孪生和滑移的协同作用使孪晶和位错共存、孪晶中位错的产生和孪晶的变形;铸轧时的塑性变形和高温还导致回复和再结晶的发生.     

AZ31镁合金高温热压缩变形特性

在应变速率为0.005～5 s-1、变形温度为250～450℃条件下,在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对AZ31镁合金的高温热压缩变形特性进行了研究.结果表明:材料流变应力行为和显微组织强烈受到变形温度的影响;变形温度低于350℃时,流变应力呈现幂指数关系;变形温度高于350℃时,流变应力呈现指数关系;变形过程中发生了动态再结晶且晶粒平均尺寸随变形参数的不同而改变,其自然对数与Zener-Hollomon(Z)参数的自然对数成线性关系;材料动态再结晶机制受变形机制的影响,随温度的不同而改变;低温下基面滑移和机械孪晶协调变形导致动态再结晶晶粒的产生;中温时Friedel-Escaig机理下位错的交滑移控制动态再结晶形核;高温时位错攀移控制整个动态再结晶过程.在本实验下,材料的最佳工艺条件是:变形温度350～400℃,应变速率为0.5～5 s-1.     

Superplasticity of fine-grained AZ31 Mg alloy sheets

Superplastic mechanical properties of fine-grained AZ31 Mg alloy sheets in the temperature range of 250 - 450 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.7 × 10-3- 1.4 × 10-1 s-1 were investigated by uniaxial tensile tests. The microstructure evolution during the superplastic deformation of AZ31 Mg alloy was examined by means of metallurgical microscope and transmission electronic microscope (TEM). It is shown that, fine-grained AZ31 Mg alloy starts to exhibit superplasticity at 300 ℃ and the maximum elongation of 362.5% is obtained at 400 ℃ and 0.7× 10-3 s-1.The predominate superplastic mechanism of AZ31 Mg alloy in the temperature range of 300 -400 ℃ is grain boundary sliding (GBS). Twinning caused by pile-up of dislocations during the early stage of superplastic deformation is the hardening mechanism, and dynamic continuous recrystallization (DCRX) is the important softening mechanism and grain stability mechanism during the superplastic deformation of the alloy.     

Compressive deformation behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under quasi-static and dynamic loading

Compressive properties of AZ31 alloy were investigated at temperatures from room temperature to 543 K and at strain rates from 10-3to 2×10 4s-1.The results show that the compressive behavior and deformation mechanism of AZ31 depend largely on the temperature and strain rate.The flow stress increases with the increase of strain rate at fixed temperature,while decreases with the increase of deformation temperature at fixed strain rate.At low temperature and quasi-static condition,the true stress-true strain curve of AZ31 alloy can be divided into three stages(strain hardening,softening and stabilization) after yielding.However,at high temperature and high strain rate,the AZ31 alloy shows ideal elastic-plastic properties.It is therefore suggested that the change in loading conditions(temperature and strain rate) plays an important role in deformation mechanisms of AZ31 alloy.