通过参数相关性分析对豆油在发酵过程中的作用的探讨

在微生物发酵过程中 ,为了供氧和增加物质与能量的传递 ,必须进行通气与搅拌 ,同时由于代谢气体的逸出及培养基中糖、蛋白质、代谢物等稳定泡沫的表面活性物质的存在 ,使发酵液中产生一定数量的泡沫 ,因而泡沫伴随在整个过程中。泡沫的存在对微生物发酵具有两方面的影响 ,一方面 ,泡沫过多会造成逃液与染菌 ,给生产带来损失 ,主要表现在 :(1)降低了发酵罐的装料系数 ;(2 )增加了菌体的非均一性 ,影响菌体的整体效果 ;(3)增加了染菌机会 ;(4)为减缓起泡而降低通气量或加入消泡剂会干扰工艺过程 ;(5 )消沫剂的加入将给提取工序带来困难[1] 。…     

重组毕赤酵母表达工程植酸酶发酵过渡相参数相关分析

微生物发酵是一个涉及不同尺度的互相关联的复杂生物系统的过程 ,将重组毕赤酵母表达工程植酸酶过渡相的在线和离线参数进行了相关分析研究。通过对发酵过程的在线细胞代谢生理参数 (OUR)和环境参数 (DO)的变化进行相关分析表明 :甘油和葡萄糖碳源对AOX合成的阻遏强度不同 ,葡萄糖的阻遏性明显强于甘油 ,相对于醇氧化酶启动子 ,葡萄糖为强阻遏性底物。根据甲醇代谢途径关键酶酶活性变化 ,推测出各代谢途径流量分布的变化 ,即甲醇诱导后糖酵解途径和三羧酸循环途径代谢流比例下降 ,而磷酸戊糖途径中代谢流通量上升 ,甲醇完全氧化代谢流成为主要代谢流 ,与过渡相在线参数pH、OUR(CER)和RQ等相关分析的甲醇代谢途径的变化结果一致。此外 ,建立了生产过程在线控制与分析的标准 :当OUR和CER逐渐增大 ,则可判断甲醇已被利用和启动子已被甲醇成功诱导 ,即工程植酸酶开始启动表达.     

嗜热链球菌高密度发酵过程的优化方案探讨

本研究介绍了嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophilus）高密度发酵过程的优化方案。首先从培养基优化方案入手,讨论了单因素法与正交实验法在培养基优化过程中的利弊。第二,介绍了培养条件以及发酵过程的优化,包括pH、培养温度、搅拌转速、接种量和培养时间。第三,介绍了菌体的后处理过程,包括降温处理、超声解链、离心冻干。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母(P.pastoris)高密度发酵研究进展

高密度发酵已经成为提高毕赤酵母目的蛋白表达量的关键技术之一,而其中发酵工艺又是高密度发酵的一个重要因素。主要从巴斯德毕赤酵母遗传学特性、表达宿主菌、表达载体、外源蛋白的表达方面进行了阐述,并从毕赤酵母工程菌的选择、培养基的优化设计、发酵过程关键参数调控以及甲醇诱导等方面阐述毕赤酵母的高密度发酵。最后,提出了巴斯德毕赤酵母高密度发酵过程中存在的问题并进行展望。     

鲨肝刺激物质类似物在大肠杆菌中的高密度发酵

为建立重组鲨肝刺激物类似物(r-sHSA)的高密度发酵方法,本研究在利用单因素实验和均匀设计实验优化摇瓶发酵培养基的组成和浓度以及诱导剂(IPTG)浓度的基础上,利用5L发酵罐进行了放大试验,探讨了补料方式、补料培养基的组成和浓度、诱导剂加入时间和诱导后菌体的收获时间对工程菌生物量和r-sHSA产量的影响。结果表明:在改良LB培养基(0.97%甘油,0.91%酵母粉,0.72%胰蛋白胨,0.782%KH2PO4,0.267%K2HPO4·3H2O,0.062%MgSO4·7H2O,0.5%NaCl,pH7.0)中,当pH控制在7.0、溶氧浓度为25%～30%的前提下,采用指数补料方式加入优化后的补料培养基(620g/L甘油,94.8g/L胰蛋白胨,3.3mL/L微量元素,7.5g/LMgSO4·7H2O)进行培养,在工程菌的OD600达到23时,加入终浓度为0.5mmol/L的IPTG诱导6h后收获菌体,菌体的生物量可达(123.27±1.184)g/L,r-sHSA产量为(2.662±0.041)g/L,比优化前提高了13.7倍。     

费希尔曲霉脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中的优化表达及高密度发酵

【背景】脂肪酶广泛应用于纺织、食品、药品、皮革等工业领域,其在微生物中的异源表达研究进一步促进了脂肪酶产品的生产和应用。【目的】实现来源于费希尔曲霉的脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中的高效异源表达,探究其合适的表达及发酵条件,提高产量,降低成本。【方法】对费希尔曲霉的脂肪酶编码基因进行密码子优化后,应用pPIC9k质粒整合到毕赤酵母GS115基因组上,构建高产脂肪酶Lip605的毕赤酵母工程菌;并通过响应面发酵条件优化、筛选最适伴侣蛋白和高密度发酵相结合的方法,综合提高脂肪酶表达量。【结果】确定高产脂肪酶毕赤酵母工程菌的最优摇瓶发酵产酶条件为:甲醇3.103%(体积比),生物素0.4 mg/L,酵母粉11.5 g/L,酵母基础氮源培养基(yeast nitrogen base,YNB) 13.4 g/L,初始pH 6.4,装液量50 mL/250 mL,转速220 r/min,温度24°C,培养时间40 h。优化后的胞外脂肪酶酶活达到72.34 U/mL,较优化前提高了5.8倍;进一步选择12个伴侣蛋白分别与脂肪酶Lip605进行共表达,其中共表达伴侣蛋白Rpl10(pPICZA-RPL10)效果最佳,可使Lip605表达量进一步提高46.8%;在此基础上,经过10 L发酵罐分批补料的高密度发酵,工程菌株发酵142 h,胞外脂肪酶酶活最高达到680 U/mL,蛋白浓度为15.89 g/L。【结论】应用复合策略有效提高了脂肪酶Lip605在毕赤酵母中的发酵产量,为其进一步工业化生产奠定了良好的基础。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌发酵实验参数的分析

采用最小二乘法对苏云金芽孢杆菌发酵实验测试数据进行回归分析,得到了还原糖含量、PH值及溶氧值随时间的变化规律,并对其进行误差分析。为苏云金芽孢杆菌发酵实验过程的参数设计和控制提供了可靠的理论依据。     

发酵参数对葡萄糖异构酶活力的影响

控制发酵参数对提高葡萄糖异构酶活力影响明显,尤其是通气比和ｐＨ影响更大。通过观察其菌丝形态变化能预测其胞内酶比例,有效确定放罐时间,提高产得率。     

高密度发酵和真空冷冻干燥工艺对乳酸菌抗冷冻性的影响

经真空冷冻干燥得到的乳酸菌发酵剂存活率和后期的低温贮藏稳定性与诸多因素相关。本文综述了制备乳酸菌发酵剂过程中高密度发酵和真空冷冻干燥工艺的不同对乳酸菌抗冷冻性的影响,其中高密度发酵过程中的培养基组分、培养温度、发酵恒定pH、中和剂的选择、菌体收获时期和发酵结束后处理以及真空冷冻干燥过程中保护剂的添加、预冷冻处理等是影响乳酸菌抗冷冻性的重要因素。通过对这些相关因素的综述分析,为提高乳酸菌发酵剂的冻干存活率和后期的低温贮藏稳定性提供新的思路,且应用抗冷冻性强、活力高的乳酸菌发酵剂对有效提高乳制品的质量和企业的经济效益意义重大。     

代谢过程中相关氨基酸对高密度发酵生产腺苷蛋氨酸的影响

对清酒酵母高密度发酵生产S-腺苷-L-蛋氨酸（SAM）代谢过程中的相关氨基酸进行了考察。分别考察了十二种氨基酸对生物量和SAM产量的影响。实验发现L-胱氨酸、L-半胱氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-组氨酸和L-蛋氨酸对SAM的积累有利,其中L-赖氨酸和L-组氨酸可以提高生物量,进而提高SAM的产量;L-胱氨酸、L-半胱氨酸和L-蛋氨酸可以提高SAM的含量,但是会抑制生物量的增长。通过3种补加方式的比较,得到最优的补加方式为：L-赖氨酸和L-组氨酸在培养基中加入,L-胱氨酸,L-半胱氨酸和L-蛋氨酸采取在发酵过程前24h流加。通过正交实验确定补加量为：L-赖氨酸为1g／L,L-组氨酸为1g／L,L-胱氨酸为1．5g／L,L-半胱氨酸为1g／L,L-蛋氨酸为1g／L。将此结果应用于5L发酵罐培养,SAM最高产量为5．53g/L,生物量为128g／L。     

Beneficial effect of protracted sterilization of lentils on phytase production by Aspergillus ficuum in solid state fermentation

Water addition to the solid substrate preceding autoclaving increased substrate porosity and phytase production in solid state fermentation. In comparison with dry sterilization, the phytase activity increased 6‐, 8.5‐, and 10‐fold when the autoclaving time was 20, 40, and 60 min, respectively. Autoclaving increased the void space of sterilized lentils, and the increase was 16% higher when water was supplemented to the lentils before sterilization. Image analysis of SEM pictures of the solid substrate showed that water supplementation presterilization portended greater micro‐fissure surface area, which also increased with increasing the sterilization time. SEM pictures of the fermentation product showed that fungal growth into the center of the solid substrate was ubiquitous when water was supplemented before sterilization but was absent when water was supplemented post sterilization. Similarly, spore formation on the substrate surface for the presterilization water supplementation samples far exceeded spore formation for samples that received supplementation poststerilization. This evidence suggests that improved mass transfer into the solid substrate resulting from additional pore volume and the formation of micro‐fissures on the substrate surface is responsible for the observed gains in phytase productivity in solid state fermentation. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012     

青霉LQ-7植酸酶产生条件研究

筛选到一株植酸酶高产菌株 ,对其进行诱变并研究了该菌株产植酸酶的最适条件。优化产酶液体培养基组成为 :3%可溶性淀粉 ,0 5 %蛋白胨 ,0 5 %NH4NO3 ,0 0 5 %MgSO4·7H2 O ,0 0 5 %FeSO4·7H2 O ,0 0 0 1%MnSO4·4H2 O ;发酵培养基的起始pH为 6 5 ,接种量 4%的条件下 30℃ ,135r min培养 72h可获得较高的植酸酶产量。少量 (2 5mg)植酸盐的加入对植酸酶有促进作用 ,但过量 (10mg以上 )时则会产生抑制作用。     

Predicting vegetative inoculum performance to maximize phytase production in solid-state fermentation using response surface methodology

Microbial phytase is used to reduce the environmental loading of phosphorus from animal production facilities. The limiting factors in the use of this enzyme in animal feeds can be overcome by solid-state fermentation (SSF), which is a promising technology for commercial enzyme production with lower production costs. Inoculum quality and the influence of inoculum quality on phytase production are important factors which need in-depth investigation before scaling-up of high-yielding fermentation process. A full factorial experimental design for 240 h with sampling at every 24 h was used to determine the effects of the treatments, inoculum age (plate and liquid culture), media composition and the duration of SSF on the production of fungal biomass and phytase in SSF systems using Aspergillus niger. The optimal treatment combination for maximal phytase production was determined by statistically comparing all treatments at each sampling time. Both 7- and 14-day plate cultures and M1+ medium composition with 72-h-old liquid inoculum treatments resulted in optimal phytase production at 144 h of SSF, which was the shortest duration observed for maximal phytase production. This resulted in maximal phytase production with a mean of 884±121 U/g substrate, while the maximal phytase production observed at 216 h of SSF (mean phytase activity of 1008±121 U/g substrate), with the same treatment combinations, was not statistically significant from that at 144 h of SSF. Phytase production was strongly growth-associated with younger inocula. The significant treatment variables, age of liquid inoculum and the duration of SSF, were used to predict the system response for phytase production using response surface methodology. From the response surface model, the optimal response of the experiment was predicted and the reliability of the prediction was checked with the verification experiment. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 161–170. Received 06 June 2000/ Accepted in revised form 14 October 2000     

从酶的专一性看植酸酶与酸性磷酸酶的关系

迄今为止的资料表明,大多数植酸酶与酸性磷酸酶的关系密切。通过测定Km,即可判断只有以植酸（盐）为最适底物的酶（包括酸性磷酸酶）才是严格意义上的植酸酶。     

碱性果胶酶高产菌株的构建和高密度发酵

碱性果胶酶可用于苎麻脱胶和棉织物前处理的精练工艺,与传统的高温碱煮相比,具有保护纤维、降低能耗和化学污染的优势,因此获得高表达的碱性果胶酶基因工程菌,低成本生产碱性果胶酶对于纺织工业节能减排具有重要的意义。前期研究工作已经将来源于枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis 168的碱性果胶酶基因pel经过密码子优化后在毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115中成功表达。本研究为了提高其表达量,首先利用启动子和信号肽都优化的载体pHBM905BDM进行表达,摇瓶酶活从68 U/mL增加到100 U/mL,qPCR检测转录水平提高了27%。再利用果胶底物平板筛选水解圈大的转化子进行摇瓶发酵获得菌株GS115-pHBM905BDM-pels4,摇瓶酶活为536 U/mL。随后构建重组质粒pPIC9K-pels,电转化菌株GS115-pHBM905BDM-pels4,利用抗生素G418平板进行筛选,在含4 mg/mL的G418抗性平板上得到菌株GS115-pHBM905BDM-pPIC9K-pels1,摇瓶酶活为770 U/mL,qPCR测定含7个拷贝目的基因。最后将该菌株在5 L的发酵罐中进行高密度发酵,果胶酶酶活提高至2 271 U/mL。该碱性果胶酶酶活已达到目前酵母表达的最高水平,说明其具有很好的应用于纺织工业的潜力。     

Critical importance of phytase for yeast growth and alcohol fermentation in Japanese sake brewing

The high phytase producing mutant of Aspergillus oryzae (KL-38) previously isolated was employed for koji making, and the produced koji rice then supplied for sake brewing. The alcohol fermentation was improved compared to that with the parent strain (A. oryzae BP-1). The effects of two phytase isozymes (Phy I and Phy II) produced by A. oryzae on yeast growth and inorganic phosphate liberation were investigated using a synthetic medium containing phytic acid as a sole phosphate source. Yeast growth and the liberation of inorganic phosphate were both enhanced by the combination of Phy I and Phy II at a ratio of 1 to 3, which was compatible with the production ratio in KL-38. Based on these results, phytase plays important role in sake brewing, and that the maximum inorganic phosphate liberation from phytic acid can be obtained by a suitable combination of Phy I and Phy II.     

Production of high activity thermostable phytase from thermotolerant Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation

The thermotolerant fungus, Aspergillus niger NCIM 563, was used for production of extracellular phytase on agricultural residues: wheat bran, mustard cake, cowpea meal, groundnut cake, coconut cake, cotton cake and black bean flour in solid state fermentation (SSF). Maximum enzyme activity (108 U g⁻¹ dry mouldy bran, DMB) was obtained with cowpea meal. During the fermentation phytic acid was hydrolysed completely with a corresponding increase in biomass and phytase activity within 7 days. Phosphate in the form of KH₂PO₄ (10 mg per 100 g of agriculture residue) increased phytase activity. Among various surfactants added to SSF, Trition X-100 (0.5%) exhibited a 30% increase in phytase activity. The optimum pH and temperature of the crude enzyme were 5.0 and 50°C respectively. Phytase activity (86%) was retained in buffer of pH 3.5 for 24 h. The enzyme retained 75% of its activity on incubation at 55°C for 1 h. In the presence of 1 mM K⁺ and Zn²⁺, 95% and 55% of the activity were retained. Scanning electron microscopy showed a high density growth of fungal mycelia on wheat bran particles during SSF. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 237–243. Received 07 June 1999/ Accepted in revised form 18 December 1999     

A near-infrarod spectroscopy technique for the control of fermentation processes: An application to lactic acid fermentation

A near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technique for the control of lactic acid fermentation process has been proposed. Lactic acid, glucose, and biomass concentrations were determined by the NIR spectroscopy method. The three parameters examined were closely correlated to the results obtained with classical laboratory procedures. Moreover, the conditions for the on-line utilization of the NIR spectroscopy measurement system were pointed out. The great versatility of the NIR spectroscopy should permit its use for other fermentation processes. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Dynamic modeling of syngas fermentation in a continuous stirred-tank reactor: Multi-response parameter estimation and process optimization

Syngas fermentation is one of the bets for the future sustainable biobased economies due to its potential as an intermediate step in the conversion of waste carbon to ethanol fuel and other chemicals. Integrated with gasification and suitable downstream processing, it may constitute an efficient and competitive route for the valorization of various waste materials, especially if systems engineering principles are employed targeting process optimization. In this study, a dynamic multi-response model is presented for syngas fermentation with acetogenic bacteria in a continuous stirred-tank reactor, accounting for gas–liquid mass transfer, substrate (CO, H₂) uptake, biomass growth and death, acetic acid reassimilation, and product selectivity. The unknown parameters were estimated from literature data using the maximum likelihood principle with a multi-response nonlinear modeling framework and metaheuristic optimization, and model adequacy was verified with statistical analysis via generation of confidence intervals as well as parameter significance tests. The model was then used to study the effects of process conditions (gas composition, dilution rate, gas flow rates, and cell recycle) as well as the sensitivity of kinetic parameters, and multiobjective genetic algorithm was used to maximize ethanol productivity and CO conversion. It was observed that these two objectives were clearly conflicting when CO-rich gas was used, but increasing the content of H₂ favored higher productivities while maintaining 100% CO conversion. The maximum productivity predicted with full conversion was 2 g·L⁻¹·hr⁻¹ with a feed gas composition of 54% CO and 46% H₂ and a dilution rate of 0.06 hr⁻¹ with roughly 90% of cell recycle.     

植酸酶作用机理的初探

电喷雾电离－质谱联用仪分析结果表明,植酸酶水解植酸是以分步方式进行的,植酸酶能将植酸水解成植酸五磷酸酯至植酸一磷酸酯不同的中间产物。但最终产物主要为二磷酸肌醇,与一些同时形成的无机磷分子能与未水解的植酸以“－Ｏ－Ｏ”或“－Ｏ－”键形成多磷酸肌醇的更复杂的分子形式。