双频超声空化效应强化提取中药有效成分的实验研究

设计了25kHz和40kHz的双频超声强化提取装置,以碘化钾中碘的释放量研究双频超声的空化效应,并以黄柏为原料研究双频超声对提取小檗碱的强化效果,结果表明:在相同实验条件下,双频超声的空化效应远大于单频超声的空化效应;25kHz与40kHz双频超声时的提取率为64.1%,单频25kHz及40kHz时的提取率分别为36.8%和19.0%,双频超声强化的提取率显著高于单频超声强化的提取率。研究还表明,双频超声强化可以降低提取温度,缩短提取时间,为热敏性药物的提取提供了新的强化方法。     

单频超声和双频复合超声的空化效应实验研究

从超声电功率、超声作用时间和溶液温度来研究超声的空化效应,采用碘化钾溶液中碘的释放量来测定超声的空化产额,研究结果表明：在相同的电功率输入情况下,双频复合超声（25kHz/40kHz）释放碘的量远大于单频25kHz超声和单频40kHz超声释放的碘的量,双频复合超声的空化产额高于单频超声。     

双频复合超声强化无水葡萄糖溶液结晶成核研究

溶液结晶技术在许多领域有着广泛的应用,其中结晶成核是溶液结晶的关键环节。以无水α-葡萄糖为研究对象,采用双频复合超声(25 k Hz+40 k Hz)强化糖液结晶成核,研究了溶液浓度、超声功率和作用时间对成核速率的影响,对单频和双频作用的晶核形态进行了对比,并采用碘化钾溶液中碘的释放量研究超声空化产额。研究结果表明:在同等条件下,双频复合超声降低了溶液成核的初始浓度,提高了成核速率,同时得到粒度均匀的晶核;双频复合超声的空化产额远高于单频25 k Hz超声和单频40 k Hz超声的空化产额,双频复合超声具有协同作用。双频复合超声强化溶液成核是一种快速、高效、节能的方法。     

双频超声强化从海金沙中提取黄酮的实验研究

采用双频超声强化从海金沙中提取黄酮的研究结果显示:在27℃,海金沙质量与乙醇体积比为0.05g/ml,搅拌器转速、超声功率及频率不变的条件下,质量浓度达到平衡时的60%,搅拌提取需700min以上,槽式超声需105min,探头式超声需45min,而双频超声所需时间不到20min;若提取时间均为60min,则双频超声的提取率为搅拌的11倍,为槽式超声的2倍,为探头式超声的1.8倍。通过选择乙醇浓度、溶剂用量、超声作用时间、浸泡时间因素进行正交实验,得出双频超声提取最佳工艺条件:浓度70%用量为40ml的乙醇,超声作用时间30min,浸泡时间为4h。机理探讨表明,当两束超声波同时传播时,超声作用的均匀性增强,声强增大,使得海金沙颗粒的边界层变薄,外表面剥落,甚至使其颗粒发生碎裂,传质速率大大提高,试验结果表现为双频超声对提取过程具有协同增强作用。     

超声辐照促进声化学产额的研究及应用

针对多频超声促进声化学产额的研究热点问题,简述了单频、双频、三频超声辐照的声化学反映规律及其研究进展,分析了多频辐射能显著提高声化学产额的原因。指出了多频超声在医药方面的应用,尤其是在中药复方提取中更显示出其优越性,可以达到很好的提取率,多频辐射有很好的开发前景。     

熟化甘薯片微波真空干燥特性及其动力学北大核心CSCD

研究熟化甘薯片微波真空干燥过程中微波功率密度(0.6,0.75,1,1.5,3 W/g)和相对压力(0,-20,-40,-60,-80 kPa)对其干燥特性的影响,通过建立动力学模型来预测熟化甘薯片微波真空干燥过程中的水分变化。研究结果表明:在不同微波功率密度下,将初始干基含水率为1.61的熟化甘薯片进行干燥,所需时间为22~95 min,明显少于同等试验条件下的热风干燥;且熟化甘薯片的微波真空干燥过程包含有升速、恒速和降速三个阶段;随着相对压力的降低,干燥速率逐渐增大,但相对压力低于-60 kPa后,再次降低压力对于干燥速率影响不显著。熟化甘薯片的微波真空干燥动力学模型满足Page模型。本研究可为实现熟化甘薯片的高效干燥及品质保证提供新思路,为相关设备的开发提供理论依据。     

熟化甘薯片微波真空干燥特性及其动力学

研究熟化甘薯片微波真空干燥过程中微波功率密度(0.6,0.75,1,1.5,3 W/g)和相对压力(0,-20,-40,-60,-80 kPa)对其干燥特性的影响,通过建立动力学模型来预测熟化甘薯片微波真空干燥过程中的水分变化。研究结果表明:在不同微波功率密度下,将初始干基含水率为1.61的熟化甘薯片进行干燥,所需时间为22～95 min,明显少于同等试验条件下的热风干燥;且熟化甘薯片的微波真空干燥过程包含有升速、恒速和降速三个阶段;随着相对压力的降低,干燥速率逐渐增大,但相对压力低于-60 kPa后,再次降低压力对于干燥速率影响不显著。熟化甘薯片的微波真空干燥动力学模型满足Page模型。本研究可为实现熟化甘薯片的高效干燥及品质保证提供新思路,为相关设备的开发提供理论依据。     

双频超声破解污泥实验方法

使用20kHz和25kHz双频超声破解污泥装置,根据污泥滤液COD、NH3-N、TP的增量研究复频超声破解污泥的效果,并且详细探讨了影响复频超声破解污泥的影响因素（不同频率组合、不同作用方式、不同功率组合、不同时间组合）。实验结果表明双频超声更有利于污泥破解,为污泥破解方法的应用和今后进一步扩大其研究提供一定的基础。     

加热方式对聚乙烯醇缩丁醛流延膜干燥速率的影响

首先以热风、热板为干燥方式,通过考察初始溶液浓度、干燥温度、初始料层厚度以及导电粒子含量等因素对干燥速率的影响,筛选出聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)溶液流延膜较为适合的干燥条件;在此基础上,进一步比较了热风、热板、红外以及真空干燥4种加热方式对PVB流延膜干燥速率的影响。结果表明,在合适范围内,溶液浓度越小、干燥温度越高、初始层料厚度越薄,越有利于干燥速率的提高;填料粒子的加入导致干燥速率的下降。在所考察的4种加热方式中,热板干燥的PVB流延膜的干燥速率最大,其次是真空干燥、红外干燥,热风干燥的干燥速率最小。     

响应面法优化西芹热风真空组合干燥工艺

以西芹为原料,通过试验研究了在热风真空组合干燥工艺条件下,中间转换点含水率、热风温度、真空温度和真空度等因素对西芹组合干燥过程的影响;通过响应面法分析了中间转换点含水率、热风温度、真空温度及真空度与西芹复水比、干燥时间之间的关系,建立了西芹热风真空组合干燥的回归数学模型;并对西芹热风真空组合干燥工艺进行了综合优化。结果表明,西芹所需干燥时间随着热风温度和真空温度的增大而减少,随着中间转换点含水率和真空绝对压力的增大而增多;西芹热风真空组合干燥的最优工艺是中间转换点含水率(w.b.)为39%,热风温度为67℃,真空温度为60℃,真空度为20 kPa。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.