南充城市垃圾处理产业化研究

介绍了南充市城市垃圾概况及处理现状,提出了南充城市垃圾处理产业化的构想,并对垃圾产业化的经济效益、社会效益、环境效益进行了探讨,提出南充要实现城市垃圾产业化,必须加强宣传教育,改进垃圾收集设施,实行垃圾分类,制定政策,促进垃圾产化市场形成,实现规模化.     

垃圾处理产业体系的构建原则

垃圾处理产业体系的构建应从实际出发,坚持“政府引导,社区组织、企业参与、自产自消、因地制宜、源头控制、资源回收利用”的原则和“物质利用先于能量利用,物质再利用先于物质再生利用”的资源回收利用原则,并按部就班实施。     

垃圾处理的"还原型"生态经济产业途径及循环经济模式

污染的主要来源是资源的不合理利用以及生态经济的自然循环链锁关系被人为地割裂后产生污染的循环环节所致.由于所有的产品经过消费以后都会变成垃圾,而代表着人类社会现阶段资源不可持续资源利用模式的垃圾的现行处理模式,将直接导致资源的耗竭.比较生态系统和经济系统的结构后发现,经济系统中的"还原"环节被弱化是导致目前人类生态经济灾难的症结所在.因此,在此基础上探讨建立垃圾处理生态经济可持续发展的"还原型"高科技产业途径及循环经济模式的一系列问题.     

秸秆产业化现状及发展趋势

农业生产不断发展创造了丰富的秸秆资源,科学技术发展提供了秸秆产业化的技术保障,使秸秆产业化具有可行性。介绍了秸秆造纸、秸秆还田、秸秆作为动物饲料、秸秆生产燃料乙醇等的利用方式。探讨了秸秆未来的发展趋势和限制条件,为我国开展秸秆资源综合利用,减小因秸秆焚烧对大气环境产生的影响,提供了一定的参考。     

再制造产业化发展趋势

以资源节约的内涵和再制造的潜力分析为切入点,从循环经济的"4R"战略、可持续发展的重要内容、中国特色的绿色再制造3个发展阶段及典型案例等几个方面,阐述了再制造产业化发展的趋势;提出促进再制造产业化发展的对策措施;强调制定相关标准、完善监管体系和加强宣传的必要性。     

白银深加工产品及其产业化过程

贵金属深加工可以分为广义深加工和狭义深加工.白银是最廉价和用量最大的贵金属,通过一系列的深加工制成一定的产品后在工业上有极为广泛的用途,这些使用领域也正是白银再生资源的分布所在.对白银深加工产品的用途及其产业化过程进行了探讨,提出了一套适合中小企业生产的产业化方案.     

废弃混凝土再生利用的产业化研究

作为大规模城市化的产物,废弃混凝土引发了一系列的资源和环境问题.废弃混凝土的再生利用技术已经日趋成熟,而市场化推广却遇到成本、制度等方面的一系列难题.引入循环经济的理念,对废弃混凝土与再生混凝土进行成本比较、对产业化的困难和条件进行了剖析,并从技术、产业、经济等各方面提出了政策建议,也可为其它资源再生产业的发展提供一定的借鉴.     

实施行业培训促进再生资源产业化发展

当前,科学技术以前所未有的速度迅猛发展,提高了人类改造自然的能力,给人类社会带来空前繁荣,与此同时,生态和资源也出现了严重的危机。发展循环经济,建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会,促进再生资源产业化发展,已势在必行。再生资源回收利用已成为资源节约与综合利用、防止二次污染和循环经济的重要组成部分,受到了国内外政府的空前重视。再生资源从业人员职业技能培训工作也愈发突显其重要作用,通过行业培训,从业人员对再生资源有了一个崭新的认识,提高了业务知识、技能水平和对政策法规的坪解．     

废旧电池回收利用产业化的若干思考

对废旧电池处置不当既污染环境又浪费资源,我国在废旧电池处理方面,应走产业化回收利用的道路,提出了一些具体的建议.     

中共北京市委北京人民政府印发《关于全面推进生活垃圾处理工作的意见》的通知

市委、市政府高度重视生活垃圾处理工作,近年来以筹办北京奥运会为契机,制定发布了《中共北京市委北京市人民政府关于进一步加强城乡环境卫生工作的若干意见》（京发[2003]30号）,不断加大工作力度,生活垃圾处理水平得到显著提高。但随着人口不断增长,生活垃圾产生量持续上升与处理设施建设相对滞后、处理结构不合理的矛盾凸显,生活垃圾处理工作面临严峻形势。为切实提高生活垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化水平,促进经济社会发展与人口资源环境相协调,实现可持续发展,依据《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》、《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法》和《北京市市容环境卫生条例》,制定如下工作意见。     

欧盟包装废物管理和总体产生特性分析

欧盟旱在1994年就颁布了包装和包装废物的指令,提出了包装废物管理的目标和管理内容,要求各成员国采取积极的经济和法律措施,建立自由流通的公平市场秩序。通过研究评估表明,包装和包装废物指令的实施产生了多方面的积极影响。统计数据表明,历年包装废物回收总量平稳增加,处置量平稳下降,单位GDP产值产生包装废物的系数基本保持稳定,但各国包装废物人均产生量存在较大差异。     

Oil Spill Modeling towards the Close of the 20th Century: Overview of the State of the Art

The state-of-the-art in oil spill modeling is summarized, focusing primarily on the years from 1990 to the present. All models seek to describe the key physical and chemical processes that transport and weather the oil on and in the sea. Current insights into the mechanisms of these processes and the availability of algorithms for describing and predicting process rates are discussed. Advances are noted in the areas of advection, spreading, evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, and interactions with ice and shorelines. Knowledge of the relationship between oil properties, and oil weathering and fate, and the development of models for the evaluation of oil spill response strategies are summarized. Specific models are used as examples where appropriate. Future directions in these and other areas are indicated     

Pyrolysis of tyres. Influence of the final temperature of the process on emissions and the calorific value of the products recovered

A study was made of the pyrolysis of tyre particles, with the aim of determining the possibilities of using the products resulting from the process as fuel. Three final temperatures were used, determined from thermogravimetric data. The design of the experiment was a horizontal oven containing a reactor into which particles of the original tyre were placed. After the process, a solid fraction (char) remained in the reactor, while the gases generated went through a set of scrubbers where most of the condensable fraction (oils) was retained. Finally, once free of this fraction, the gases were collected in glass ampoules. Solid and liquids fractions were subjected to thermogravimetric analyses in order to study their combustibility. The gas fraction was analysed by means of gas chromatography to establish the content of CO, CO2, H2 and hydrocarbons present in the samples (mainly components of gases produced in the pyrolysis process). A special study was made of the sulphur and chlorine content of all the fractions, as the presence of these elements could be problematic if the products are used as fuel. Tyre pyrolysis engenders a solid carbon residue that concentrates sulphur and chorine, with a relatively high calorific value, although not so high as that of the original tyre. The liquid fraction produced by the process has a high calorific value, which rises with the final temperature, up to 40 MJ/kg. The chlorine content of this fraction is negligible. Over 95% of the gas fraction, regardless of the final temperature, is composed of hydrocarbons of a low molecular weight and hydrogen, this fraction also appearing to be free of chlorine.     

Economic aspects of the rehabilitation of the Hiriya landfill

The Hiriya landfill, Israel's largest, operated from 1952 to 1998. The landfill, located in the heart of the Dan Region, developed over the years into a major landscape nuisance and environmental hazard. In 1998, the Israeli government decided to close the landfill, and in 2001 rehabilitation activities began at the site, including site investigations, engineering and scientific evaluations, and end-use planning. The purpose of the present research is to perform a cost-benefit analysis of engineering and architectural-landscape rehabilitation projects considered for the site. An engineering rehabilitation project is required for the reduction of environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, slope instability and leachate formation. An architectural-landscape rehabilitation project would consider improvements to the site to make it suitable for future end uses such as a public park. The findings reveal that reclamation is worthwhile only in the case of architectural-landscape rehabilitation of the landfill, converting it into a public park. Engineering rehabilitation alone was found to be unjustified, but is essential to enable the development of a public park.     

Comparative Thermodynamic Study on the Contribution of the Autocondensation and Copolymerization Reactions for the Tannins of the Subspecies of Acacia nilotica

Autocondensation and copolymerization reactions of the Acacia nilotica subspecies tomentosa (Ant) and the subspecies adansonii (Ana) tannins extracts solutions have been studied at several pH values by thermomechanical analyzer. Results of chemical analysis of these tannins revealed that the studied tannins, Ant and Ana contained high percentages of extractable tannins (54 and 57 %) for and polyphenolic materials (78 and 80 %) respectively. Different hardeners such as paraformaldehyde, Urea and pMDI were added at different ratios and their polycondensation reactions was studied and compared with their autocondensation ones. The aim was to evaluate the tannins suitability for the production of commercially and technically viable tannin adhesives with reduced Formaldehyde emission for wood products and to study the interference between the autocondensation and the copolymerization reaction. The obtained results of autocondensation reaction for both of the tannins studied showed that the best Young’s modulus values for Ant (3,500 and 2,750 MPa) and Ana (2,650 and 2,620 MPa) were obtained at pH 5 and 7. The Young’s modulus values obtained by the tannins Ant were higher than those achieved by Ana. This indicates that the Ant is more reactive than Ana. These results were also in line with results achieved by the gel time for both of the tannins. Gel time results indicate that the reactivity of both tannins increased towards alkalinity with Ana being more reactive at alkaline pH. Addition of 8 % of paraformaldehyde was adversely affecting the autocondensation reactions, as the best Young’s modulus values were achieved at pH 4 for Ant tannins. As for Ana the higher Young’s modulus values (2,000 and 2,310 MPa) were achieved at pH 5 and 7. This indicates that autocondensation reaction was contributed to the final network of the copolymerization reaction. When smaller ratio of paraformaldehyde and Urea (5 %) was added to Ant tannins it favors the autocondensation reaction and the best Young’s modulus values were obtained at pH 5 and 7. Addition of pMDI (10–30 %) was found to decrease the temperature of copolymerization and the obtained Young’s modulus values by Ant were lower than those obtained by autocodensation reaction. Best Young’ modulus values were obtained by Ant at pH 5 and 7. Ana gave the best Young’s modulus values at pH 4 and 5 indicating that the autocondensation appears to depress the copolymerization reactions. The obtained results by both reactions were very important from technical and economical point of view as they concluded that it is very possible to produce adhesives system with zero emission depending on the tannins autocondensation reaction and pH values. Reduction of formaldehyde emission was also possible upon addition of smaller amount of paraformaldehyde and Urea.     

日本包装废物管理体系和产生特性分析

介绍了日本的资源循环法律体系和促进容器包装分类回收和再商品化的法律和有关方针,介绍了日本容器和包装的管理体制和主要措施,以及各类包装废物回收利用状况和特点。     

A comparison of the comprehensive municipal solid waste management systems of the region of Prague and the principality of Asturias. the influence of collection systems and municipality size on the waste collection and the recycling rates

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The correct management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical factor in the protection of the environment, as well as a source for the...     

On the Methods for the Delimitation of Seasons

It is well known that air pollution is one of the major factors affecting human health and the activities in a town. Among the various air pollutants an interesting one, especially for sunny climates, is the reactive O₃. O₃ varies significantly through the year; it is therefore very important to know the onset and the duration of the warm period of the year since at that time O₃ concentrations increase significantly. In this work, an attempt was made to determine the onset of warm season of the year as well as its duration in various sites located in Northeastern Mediterranean. For this purpose, a fuzzy clustering method is used. The method was applied on the isobaric thickness between 1000 and 500 hPa for the period from 1974 to 1997. The results were compared to conventional methods based on synoptic classification and were found to be in good agreement.