胆脂瘤型中耳炎的听骨能再利用吗？

从31例胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者中取出42块听骨（包括21块槌骨及21块砧骨）。在手术显微镜下观察有8块槌骨及18块砧骨受到破坏。41例听骨有组织学改变。7例听骨细胞角蛋白染色呈阳性表达。在组织学方面证实了胆脂瘤型中耳炎听骨具有病变残留，而且听骨大体破坏情况与组织学改变的严重程度并不相关。认为利用手术显微镜对胆脂瘤型中耳炎听耳的再利用可行性进行评估并不可靠，胆脂瘤型中耳炎听骨不宜用于听骨链重建术。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎发生机制

胆脂瘤型中耳炎是一种常见的慢性中耳炎,其发病机制尚不清楚。本文就胆脂瘤上皮的特性、胆脂瘤骨质破坏机制及胆脂瘤上皮细胞增殖与凋亡的基因调控等方面的研究进展加以综述。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎发生机制

胆脂瘤型中耳炎是一种常见的慢性中耳炎,其发病机制尚不清楚。本文就胆脂瘤上皮的特性、胆脂瘤骨质破坏机制及胆脂瘤上皮细胞增殖与凋亡的基因调控等方面的研究进展加以综述。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎的手术治疗

本文综述了胆脂瘤型中耳炎的手术治疗进展,就手术方式、开放式乳突术腔的处理以及听力重建手术三个方面来讨论。     

三瓣法鼓室成形术的临床研究

目的：探讨三瓣法制备移植床对鼓膜成形术的影响。方法：对慢性化脓性中耳炎患者行鼓室成形术１０４例（１１３耳）。耳后上切口，将蒂在外侧的耳道后壁皮瓣固定于耳廓。垂直于鼓环在外耳道后下、前下及前上纵形切开，将外耳道皮肤连同相应残余鼓膜及鼓环掀起，即形成蒂在外方的前、下两个外耳道皮瓣，及蒂在上方的后壁小皮瓣。结果：经１年以上随访，移植物均成活。结论：耳后上切口三瓣法制备移植床视野宽大清晰，血供丰富，确保了移植物的成活。     

开放式鼓室成形术中上鼓室的处理

自１９９２年３月至１９９５年５月，共对５０例慢性化脓性中耳乳突炎（骨疡型，胆脂瘤型）患者施行开放式鼓室成形术。提高听力３０ｄＢＨＬ的为１６％，２０ｄＢＨＬ的为５６％，１０ｄＢＨＬ的为１６％，保持原听力的为１２％。术后经１～４年随访无上鼓室内陷袋形成及鼓室粘连。复发率２％。本文就手术方法、体会、经验进行讨论。     

粘连型胆脂瘤中耳炎的临床特点

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics of adhesive type cholesteatoma. METHODS: Fifty-two cases (52 ears) of adhesive type cholesteatomas were reviewed. Of the 52 cases there were 30 males and 22 females; 24 left ears and 28 right ears. The age of the patients ranged from 8 to 70 years. All of the patients were treated by tympanoplasty, and the open and close methods were performed in 37 ears and 10 ears, respectively. Other methods were employed in the remaining 5 cases. Nine ears underwent tympanoplasty type "O" without ossicular re-construction for an increase in the threshold of the bone conduction. Types I, III and IV tympanoplasties were performed in 1, 16 and 26 ears, respectively. RESULTS: The structures of the upper parts of the stapes had disappeared in 25 ears, which was significantly higher in this series than that in the attic type cholesteatoma. The over-all recovery rate of hearing was 69.8%, while 75.9% and 55.6% in the open and closed tympanoplasties, respectively. Postoperative complications of perforations and re-adhesions of the tense part of the tympanic membrane were observed in 3 and 4 ears, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adhesive type cholesteatoma is not uncommon. The cause of this disease may be the functional defects in the pharynotympanic tube. A thorough and effective treatment for the secretory otitis media is crucial for the prevention of adhesive type cholesteatomas. The open method tympanoplasty was considered as the first choice for adhesive type cholesteatoma while the closed method must be great careful.     

单纯鼓室成形术后继发胆脂瘤——附5例报告

目的 :探讨单纯鼓室成形术后发生胆脂瘤的原因并提出预防措施。方法 :对 5例单纯鼓室成形术后继发胆脂瘤患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 :单纯鼓室成形术后胆脂瘤形成 ,多与角化鳞状上皮残留有关 ,而且局部解剖特点、鼓膜穿孔后表皮生长特点及术者的手术操作与角化鳞状上皮的残留关系密切。结论 :只要术前仔细、全面的检查 ,术中认真操作 ,就会大大降低继发胆脂瘤的发生 ,确保手术成功。并提出术中操作的几点体会     

68例儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎临床分析

目的 :探讨儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎的诊断与治疗经验。方法 :对 6 8例 (72耳 )儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎的临床表现、手术治疗及其治疗效果进行分析。结果 :儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎早期诊断有一定困难 ,且胆脂瘤的侵蚀性较强 ,及时行 CT检查十分必要。术中常发现砧骨长脚和镫骨上结构受破坏 ,面神经水平段最易发生骨管缺损 ;手术治疗以开放式乳突根治彻底清除病灶后可行鼓室成形术 ,对提高听力 ,防止病变复发有一定优势。结论 :在严格掌握手术适应证的原则下儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎行开放式乳突根治术彻底清除病灶 ,加鼓室成形术是可行的。     

以粘连性中耳炎为主要表现的中耳胆脂瘤(附3例报告)

目的：探讨以粘连性中耳炎为主要表现的中耳胆脂瘤的形成机理及临床意义。方法：通过复习文献并对３例中耳胆脂瘤的临床表现进行分析。结果与结论：（１）该病属后天原发性胆脂瘤;（２）咽鼓管通气障碍及前、后鼓峡的阻塞导致内陷袋形成是胆脂瘤发生的直接原因;（３）颞骨ＣＴ对本病的诊断价值明显大于普通Ｘ线片;（４）术中如能彻底清除鼓室病变,可一期或分期行鼓室成形术。     

Evidence of residual disease in ossicles of patients undergoing cholesteatoma removal

For the past several years there has been much debate regarding the advisability of reusing the incus for ossicular reconstruction in cases involving cholesteatoma. There appears to be some evidence that microscopic foci of cholesteatoma in the incus could lead to reimplantation of the cholesteatoma should the incus be used in the reconstruction phase. In an effort to elucidate the incidence of microscopic residual cholesteatoma, the incudes of patients with cholesteatoma were examined both grossly in the operating room and microscopically in the laboratory for erosion and residual cholesteatoma. Our examination showed that a number of specimens apparently free of cholesteatoma after macroscopic examination had microscopic evidence of cholesteatoma. Likewise, microscopic examination of an incus that appeared to be free of residual cholesteatoma revealed epithelial cells deeply invading the bone. Macroscopic examination consistently underestimated the amount of erosion that was clearly evident upon histologic examination. In light of these findings, gross examination of the incus after removal of cholesteatoma is not reliably predictive of invasive microscopic disease. Reusing the ossicles in this situation creates the potential of reimplanting the disease.     

Tympanoplasty in otitis media with cholesteatoma

Ninety-nine ears of otitis media with cholesteatoma were operated from October 1982. The indications for different techniques and staging principles were discussed in detail. One to four years' postoperative observation in 72 ears proved that residual cholesteatoma could be controlled to 1.4%. Patients undergone intact wall technique had maintained almost normal ear structure. With the open cavity technique, a large external auditory meatus was created with perfectly healed drum. Auditory results indicated that 66.5% of patients had hearing gain greater than or equal to 10 dB with 41.7% air-bone gap less than or equal to 20 dB.     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎合并胆固醇肉芽肿

目的探讨合并胆脂瘤型中耳炎的胆固醇肉芽肿发病原因。方法回顾分析12例合并胆脂瘤型中耳炎的胆固醇肉芽肿患者的影像检查、手术探查及术后随访等临床资料。结果12耳颞骨CT均显示上鼓室、鼓窦、乳突蜂房内软组织影,听小骨周围软组织影,听骨链残缺或显示不清;12耳手术探查可见鼓窦入口均被袋状胆脂瘤完全阻塞,但咽鼓管均通畅;随访2～3年,临床观察无胆脂瘤或胆固醇肉芽肿复发。结论胆脂瘤型中耳炎与胆固醇肉芽肿二者并存时,形成胆固醇肉芽肿的原因主要是机械性阻塞。乳突-鼓窦-鼓室含气系统内任何位置的阻塞都有可能造成其后的部位形成胆固醇肉芽肿,而不仅限于咽鼓管功能不良。对于这类患者,在保证咽鼓管通畅的前提下,行乳突根治术的同时可以考虑同期行鼓室成形术以重建听力。     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的回顾性分析

目的探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的病因、发病机制及二者间的相互关系,并就该病的诊断及治疗方法进行讨论.方法采用回顾性研究,总结分析我院1988年3月～2000月5月经手术和病理诊断证实的63例中耳胆固醇肉芽肿患者中并发胆脂瘤15例患者的临床资料.结果15例患者均有较长时间的病史,除不同程度的听力下降外,皆有耳溢液,其中脓血性及血性耳溢液8例;均有鼓膜穿孔,其中松驰部穿孔10例.11例颞骨CT扫描者均报告为胆脂瘤型中耳炎.15例皆行手术治疗,术中发现胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤交错存在,胆固醇肉芽肿多好发于鼓窦、上鼓室及乳突腔,6例乳突气化良好者气房内有咖啡色粘液蓄积,并有闪烁发亮的点状胆固醇结晶.12例出现鼓窦扩大、上鼓室外侧壁破坏、听骨链侵蚀、鼓室天盖及面神经水平段暴露等骨质破坏.6例咽鼓管鼓口、15例鼓峡阻塞.所有病例术后均干耳,12例行鼓室成形术者11例术后听力有不同程度的提高.结论中耳胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤的病理生理改变有共同之处,即均有通气受阻、引流障碍,二者可能为同一致病因素引起的两个不同且相互作用的病理过程.对慢性中耳炎患者出现不明原因的血性耳溢液者应想到本病可能,应结合CT、磁共振成像(magneticresonanceimaging,MRI)提高术前诊断率.治疗应根据病变部位、范围和程度不同采取不同的术式,其原则是彻底清除病变、通畅引流.     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的回顾性分析

目的 探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的病因、发病机制及二者间的相互关系,并就该病的诊断及治疗方法进行讨论。方法 采用回顾性研究,总结分析我院1988年3月－2000年5月经手术和病理诊断证实的63例中耳胆固醇肉芽肿患者中并发胆脂瘤15例患者的临床资料。结果 15例患者均有较长时间的病史,除不同的程度的听力下降外,皆有耳溢然,其中脓血性及血性耳溢液8例;均有鼓膜穿孔,其中松弛部穿孔10例。11例颞骨CT扫描者均报告为胆脂瘤型中耳炎。15例皆行手术治疗,术中发现胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤交错存在,胆固醇肉芽肿多好发于鼓窦、上鼓室及乳突腔,6例乳突气化良好者气房内有咖啡色粘液蓄积,并有闪烁发亮的点状胆固醇结晶。12例出现鼓窦扩大、上鼓室外侧壁破坏、听骨链侵蚀、鼓室天盖及面神经水平段暴露等骨质破坏。6例咽鼓管鼓口、15例鼓峡阻塞。所有病例术后均干耳,12例行鼓室成形术者11例术后听力有不同程度的提高。结论 中耳胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤的病理生理改变有共同之处,即均有通气受阻、引流障碍,二者可能为同一致病因素引起的两个不同且相互作用的病理过程。对慢性中耳炎患者出现不 明原因的血性耳溢液者应想到本病可能,应结合CT、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)提高术前诊断率。治疗应根据病变部位、范围和程度不同采取不同的术式,其原则是彻底清除病变、通畅引流。     

A study of prevalence of cholesteatoma in complications of suppurative otitis media

Complications of suppurative otitis media are common in developing world. Cholesteatoma has been implicated as the causative factor. We studied 76 cases of suppurative otitis media presented with complica tions and found that only 64% cases had cholesteatoma. Granulation were present in most of the cases of intracranial complications (16.68%).     

开放式鼓室成形术治疗胆脂瘤中耳炎

目的：探讨开放式鼓室成形术治疗胆脂瘤中耳炎的疗效。方法：对23例胆脂瘤中耳炎患者行开放式鼓室成形术。结果：随访1～3年,23耳全部干耳,无胆脂瘤复发, 无眩晕和面瘫并发症。20例移植筋膜成活,2例鼓膜再穿孔,1例鼓膜疤痕内陷。术后纯音测听语言频率气导平均听阈,提高25～30dBHL 5耳,提高15～20dBHL 13耳,提高10dBHL 2耳,无变化3耳。结论：为胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者行开放式鼓室成形术,能根治病变,听力恢复效果好,复发率低,是一种较为实用的手术方法。     

Tuberculous otitis media as a secondary infection to chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma

A series of six cases of tuberculous otitis media is reviewed. All patients had a history of chronic otorrhea and were operated on with a presumptive diagnosis of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. Postoperatively the diagnosis of tuberculosis was established by histologic examination of the granulation tissue from the middle ear and mastoid. We believe that any patient with a long history of discharging ears needs histologic examination, as tuberculous otitis might be the cause of infection. We report our findings in these patients and discuss the possibility of penetration of tuberculous mycobacteria into the ear and mastoid. In our opinion, the tuberculosis is secondary to established ear infection.     

Staging-based surgical results in chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma

Discussions of surgical results in chronic otitis media involving cholesteatoma usually include hearing improvement, side effects, and cholesteatoma recurrence, although such talks could easily involve the influence on surgical results of the intraoperative extension of the cholesteatoma-affected area around the tympanomastoid cavity. Based on intraoperative chronic otitis media staging involving cholesteatoma proposed by the Japan Otological Society in 2010, we studied our tympanoplasty results between April 1997 and March 2010. Hearing improvement in all subjects with pars flaccida cholesteatoma was 79.0% (n= 100) and that with pars tensa 73.3% (n = 30)--results not significantly influenced by intraoperative staging grade but significantly dependent on stapes presence (tympanoplasty type I and III) or absence (type IV). Nine cases of recurrence were seen in pars flaccida and four in pars tensa. Intraoperative side effects and postoperative recurrence often occurred in advanced cases. These findings suggest that intraoperative chronic otitis media staging involving cholesteatoma may make it important to be aware of the need for more careful procedures during surgery and in follow-up.