地壳流体CO_2的释放与地震关系:回顾与展望

介绍了地壳流体CO2的3个主要成因:有机成因、变质成因及幔源成因,并着重讨论了CO2气体的稳定同位素13C的示踪性能;总结了由地壳释放CO2的主要方式、上升通道及其存在形态。在回顾地壳流体CO2等释放在目前地震监测、预报及相关研究中的主要研究进展的同时,指出地壳深部流体(CO2、He、CH4等)在同位素地球化学、深源流体运移与地震活动、深源流体对震源介质的影响等。此外,提出对深源流体监测不能仅限单一组分(CO2)的监测,需多种深源成分(He、Ne、Ar、H2、CH4)同时监测。     

长白山天池火山近期气体地球化学的异常变化

气体地球化学监测结果显示,2002—2003年地幔来源CO2、He和CH4的含量出现明显的异常变化;2003年火山区深断裂型泉群逸出气体He的3He/4He比值都出现了异常升高,2004年该比值明显降低。热储型长白聚龙泉群逸出He中3He/4He比值2003年上升缓慢,2004年持续上升,其中逸出He中幔源He含量在2004年明显增加。2002—2004年天池火山区逸出气体及其He同位素异常变化与该区地震活动呈一定的对应关系,其中锦江泉群在2004年下半年地震活动趋势减弱后,异常明显减弱;而长白聚龙泉群在地震活动减弱后,异常反而明显增加,显示热储型泉群岩浆来源气体异常释放明显滞后于深断裂型泉点。上述异常特征对识别和判定火山区深部岩浆异常活动及预测未来火山地震可能有重要意义     

滇西地区断层气体成因研究

本文讨论了滇西地区由温泉释放的断层气体中各主要组分(He、H_2、Ar、N_2、CO_2、CH_4、Hg)的分布特征及其成因机制。 作者指出,滇西地区断层气体中直接来自地幔的He是微不足道的,较高水平的He释放(>100ppm)可能直接来自地层中的火成岩;H_2的释放与地层岩性无关,而与深大断裂的活动或地震活动有成因联系;洱源地区九台等泉点中CH_4含量达2—3％,同位素测定表明,它是典型的无机成因,是该区深部热动力变质作用的产物;滇西地区断层气体中Hg的分布特征表明,并不是所有的活动性断裂都有高含量的Hg释放。具有较高含量的幔源CO_2和Hg释放是红河断裂的两个最重要的地球化学特征。     

夏县台井溶解气映震效能初析

叙述了1989年大同6.1级地震前，山西夏县台井溶解气组分He、CO2出现的异常变化，对热水区内各井孔气体成分含量进行了对比研究得出，小近震所产生的He、O2的突跳，是由于热水体受应力作用，地下热水晕的中心和边界发生改变，使不同含量的热水发生混合所致的结论。     

北京五里营井流体前兆观测到的两次异常及讨论

分析了延庆五里营井汶川M8.0地震和玉树M7.1地震数字化流体前兆观测资料,对比研究了五里营井流体在2次强震中的响应差异.结果显示,流体异常响应灵敏度与地震震级和观测点震中距有一定关系,地震震级越大,观测点距离震中越近,流体异常响应越灵敏.2次大震前流体前兆都观测到氦气释放活动最先出现异常反应,其释放强度与震级有关,震...     

延怀盆地土壤气体地球化学特征

报道了延怀盆地422个测点的土壤气测量结果,讨论了各气体组分的区域地球化学特征及其控制因素,并探讨了气体地球化学背景场与区域地震地质的关系.2007年9-10月在首都圈西北部延怀盆地进行了野外土壤气体测量,获得该地区土壤气中Rn,Hg,CO2,H2He和CH4的地球化学背景值分别为8105.8(±5937.4)Bq/m3,9.7(±5.8)ng/m3,395.9(士35.3×10-6 ,4.0(士2.3×10-6,15.9(±10.4)×10-6和12.7(±8.1,×10-6.延怀盆地土壤Rn,Hg,He和CO2气体地球化学背景场在空间上呈现东部高、西部低(以延矾盆地北缘断裂为界)的特征.控制土壤气体地球化学背景场的主要因素是气体组分的来源、地壳结构、断裂构造、地层和微生物作用.延怀盆地内东部上地壳内存在的低速体,构造活动性较强,深部来源的Hg和He,以及来源于花岗岩的Rn等对土壤气的贡献较大,是盆地东部土壤地球化学背景值较高的原因.这与延怀盆地东部地震活动性较强相对应.研究结果为研究区地震地球化学流动测量和异常判识奠定了基础.     

北京地区大灰厂井与五里营井氦气观测资料的对比分析

对比分析了北京市地震局丰台大灰厂井和延庆五里营井的氦气观测资料,发现由于井水深度、井水类型和水温的不同,丰台大灰厂井氦气含量明显低于延庆五里营井的氦气含量;两口井氦气年变都是冬高夏低;日变形态基本一致,都表现为一峰一谷的形态;两口井氦气含量与观测环境温度负相关。     

冲绳海槽现代活动热水区CO_2-烃类流体:流体包裹体证据

冲绳海槽是正在发生着海底热水喷流 (黑烟囱式 )和现代成矿过程的弧后扩张盆地 .JADE热水区热液补给带水 岩反应产物中的流体包裹体研究表明 ,海底深部热流体系极度富气 ,并存在两类相对独立、密切共生的CO2 烃类流体和盐水流体 .CO2 烃类流体包裹体成分总体上与天然气田的流体包裹体成分相当 .盐水流体包裹体以H2 O为主 ,CO2 和CH4呈过饱和状态 .盐水流体在海底呈黑烟囱流体喷射 ,CO2 流体在海底呈CO2 气泡排泄 ,并形成CO2 水合物 ,烃类气体或流体可能被局部封存 .CO2 CH4 H2 S气体或流体的大量存储及其与盐水流体的反应效应导致金属硫化物工业堆积 .     

墨西哥下加利福尼亚地震前后的CO异常

地震是地球系统复杂变化过程中的一种突变现象,具有高度的复杂性和不确定性.在大地震前后的活动断裂带常会有大量地下气体(Rn、Hg、 CO2、 CH4、CO、H2O、He、H2、O2等)向上逸出到大气中,引起大气中气体组分和浓度的变化.     

武山1号泉流量、O_2+Ar、N_2、He的异常变化分析

对武山台1号泉气体资料显示,在1997-1999、2003年流量有几次明显的突变,同时气体组分O2 Ar、N2、He百分含量与流量呈完全同步变化.本文分析了造成流量突变的原因,认为流量大幅度变化不是自然动态的.同时用试验方法验证了影响气体组分O2 Ar、N2、He百分含量变化的主要因素是流量、冲流时间和空气混入了泉水,并分析了它们之间的相互关系及变化特点.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.