寰枢椎不稳的颈后路手术治疗

目的 对寰枢椎不稳的颈后路手术治疗进行探讨。方法 共78例患者,男57例,女21例;年龄3－78岁,平均42岁。其中齿突骨折（新鲜骨折、陈旧骨折、骨不连）38例,齿突游离小骨15例,寰椎横韧带断裂8例,寰枢椎肿瘤6例,枕颈部发育畸形6例,寰椎椎弓陈旧性骨折5例。78例均行颈后路手术,包括枕颈融合术32例,其中单纯植骨融合11例,辅以CD－Cervical内固定11例,Cervifix内固定10例;寰枢椎融合术46例,其中钢丝钛缆内固定37例（9例同时行寰枢椎经关节间隙螺钉内固定术）,Apofix椎板夹内固定9例。结果 78例均获随访,时间6个月－18年,平均38．4个月。骨性愈合75例,不愈合3例。术前合并神经系统症状38例,术后症状消失或基本消失20例,明显改善11例,轻度改善3例,无改善2例,加重2例。结论 对于由寰枢椎骨折脱位、畸形、肿瘤及横韧带断裂等引起的寰枢椎不稳,应早期进行后路融合术。充分控制寰枢椎活动,精心准备植骨床是保证手术成功的关键。     

创伤性寰椎横韧带断裂

目的：探讨创伤性寰椎横韧带断裂的诊断和治疗。方法：回顾性分析２３例创伤性寰椎横韧带断裂,其中急性损伤９例,陈旧性损伤１４例。所有患者均有颈部症状。１７例有神经损害。Ｘ线检查显示寰齿间距（ＡＤＩ）为６￣１４ｍｍ。本组有５例行非手术治疗,其余１８例行枕颈融合术或寰枢椎融合术。结果：随访１￣１７年（平均７年）,５例接受保守治疗患者中有４例出现寰枢椎不稳及迟发性脊髓损害,１８例手术治疗患者中４例完全恢复正     

寰椎Jefferson骨折伴横韧带损伤的诊治

目的 分析总结寰椎Jefferson骨折伴横韧带损伤的诊断和治疗。方法 1995年3月-2005年3月收治26例寰椎Jefferson骨折伴横韧带损伤患者。其中新鲜骨折20例，陈旧性骨折6例。所有患者均伴有不同程度的横韧带损伤，23例有神经损害表现。X线检查显示寰椎弓环及侧块不同部位骨折，寰齿间距（ADI）为4．7mm。5例行非手术治疗，其余21例行颈椎后路枕颈融合术或寰枢椎融合术治疗。结果所有患者术后获6～24个月（平均15个月）随访，21例手术治疗患者术后临床症状缓解；5例非手术治疗患者中，4例成功，另1例失败再行颈后路寰枢椎融合术治疗，术后疗效满意。结论 寰椎Jefferson骨折伴横韧带损伤患者的临床表现主要取决于韧带断裂后寰椎前脱位的程度以及是否造成脊髓压迫，诊断以ADI为主、并结合外伤史及临床表现。对于可能存在寰枢椎不稳或已有横韧带损伤且存在典型神经症状的患者，应早期行寰枢椎融合术或枕颈融合术治疗。     

Posterior atlantoaxial arthrodesis. A simplified method

A simplified method of posterior atlantoaxial arthrodesis allowing immediate stabilization and mobilization is described. This method of fixation has been used since 1984 in 33 cases, with the indications being nonunion of odontoid peg fractures, atlantoaxial dislocation, and other traumatic conditions about the axis. A solid fusion was noted in all 33 patients by 3 months postsurgery, and the complication rate was minimal. This method of atlantoaxial arthrodesis is simple, allows immediate mobilization, controls rotation and lateral bending, and is inexpensive.     

后路融合术治疗不稳定寰椎爆裂性骨折

目的 评价后路融合术(枕颈融合或寰枢椎融合术)治疗不稳定寰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效.方法 从2005年10月～2008年10月,共收治不稳定寰椎爆裂性骨折20例.所有患者均早期行后路融合术,回顾治疗过程,分析随访结果.结果 术后均随访24个月.13例临床症状完全消失;7例有神经损伤的患者获得明显改善.术后3个月颈椎X线片及CT三维重建片提示内固定位置良好,寰枢关节无不稳征象;18例在术后3个月内植骨块已完全融合,2例植骨块在术后6个月也获得完全融合.各个随访时间点未见并发症出现.患者术后3个月ASIA评分与人院时比较明显提高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 颈椎后路融合术是一种安全有效的治疗不稳定寰椎爆裂性骨折的方法.术式首选寰枢椎融合术,慎重选择枕颈融合术.     

枕骨板障间螺钉-棍-椎弓根螺钉在枕颈融合术中的初步应用

目的评估一种新型枕颈内固定系统——枕骨板障问螺钉一棍．椎弓根螺钉在临床应用中的安全性和有效性。方法对2004年1月-2009年1月收治的12例寰枢椎失稳患者、3例Arnold．chiari畸形患者、2例寰枢区肿瘤患者进行枕骨板障间螺钉．棍．椎弓根螺钉系统内固定。结果所有患者术程顺利,术后无神经缺失症状加重。1例出现脑脊液漏,引流1周后愈合;1例出现伤口感染,经局部换药后愈合。随访6-32个月,平均随访时间19个月。17例患者均存活,3-11个月达到骨性枕颈融合,无断钉、断棍及内固定松动病例。结论枕骨板障间螺钉-棍-椎弓根螺钉固定系统可以为枕颈融合术患者提供可靠的稳定性,安全有效,操作简便。     

难复性寰枢关节脱位的手术治疗

目的探讨难复性寰枢关节脱位的手术治疗方法。方法54例难复性寰枢关节脱位患者,男32例,女22例;年龄7～63岁,平均32岁。其中齿突不连18例,寰椎枕骨化畸形22例,齿突骨折畸形愈合5例,寰椎横韧带松弛9例。40例有脊髓病或脊髓损伤的症状、体征。先行经口咽入路的寰枢关节松解复位术,术中横断挛缩的椎前肌、前纵韧带和侧块关节囊,借助于牵引和器械撬拨的力量使寰枢关节复位;同期行后路寰枢或枕颈固定植骨融合术,后路固定方法包括经寰枢侧块关节螺钉固定5例、寰枢侧块钉板固定12例和借助于枢椎椎弓根螺钉与枕颈固定板的枕颈固定37例。术后不用外固定。结果41例获得解剖复位;13例部分复位,其中2例行部分齿突切除,另11例术前颈髓角平均104.1°,术后120.2°。48例随访4～40个月,平均15.7个月,全部病例均获骨性融合。术前有脊髓症状的38例术后功能评价(Odom标准)为优15例,良14例,可8例,差1例。术中出现硬膜破裂1例,椎弓根钉切割1例;术后出现呼吸衰竭1例,发音不正常3例,吞咽不利1例,术后2周发生败血症脊髓炎致瘫痪1例,术后2个月内固定松动1例。结论经口咽入路寰枢关节松解复位结合后路坚强内固定及植骨融合,对难复性寰枢关节脱位有良好的治疗效果。     

后路融合术治疗齿状突游离小骨并寰枢椎不稳

目的通过临床病例回顾,分析后路融合内固定术治疗齿状突游离小骨合并寰枢椎不稳的临床特点及疗效,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法 2006年10月至2008年12月,采用后路寰枢椎融合或枕颈融合术治疗合并寰枢椎不稳的齿状突游离小骨57例,男34例,女23例。年龄13～71岁,平均37.4岁。有明确外伤病史者41例。55例存在不同程度的脊髓压迫症状。术前ASIA（American Spinal Injury Association）脊髓神经功能分级：B级3例,C级33例,D级19例,E级2例。结果随访时间6～60个月,平均26个月。51例获得骨性融合,6例发生延迟愈合。无因手术操作致椎动脉和脊髓损伤病例。无内固定脱落、断裂、退钉等并发症。所有病例枕颈部症状消失,术后ASIA脊髓神经功能分级：C级5例,D级35例,E级17例。结论术前认真分析,选择合适的后路融合术式能有效治疗齿状突游离小骨合并寰枢椎不稳,减少手术并发症。     

Posterior fixation and fusion with atlas pedicle screw system for upper cervical diseases

Objective： To evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of atlas pedicle screws system fixation and fusion for the treatment of upper cervical diseases.
Methods： Twenty-three consecutive patients with upper cervical disorders requiring stabilization, including 19 cases of atlantoaxial dislocation （4 congenital odontoid disconnections, 6 old odontoid fractures, 4 fresh odontoid fractures of Aderson Ⅱ C, 3 ruptures of the C1 transverse ligament, and 2 fractures of C1）, 2 cases of C2 tumor （instability after the resection of the tumors）, and 2 giant neurilemomas of C2-C3（instability after resection of the tumors）, were treated by posterior fixation and fusion with the atlas pedicle screw system, in which the screws were inserted through the posterior arch of C1. The operative time, bleeding volume and complications were reported. All patients were immobilized without external fixation or with rigid cervical collars for 1-3 months. All patients were followed up and evaluated with radiographs and CT.
Results： In the 23 patients, 46 C1 pedicle screws, 42 C2 pedicle screws and 6 lower cervical lateral mass screws and 2 lower cervical pedicle screws were placed. The mean operative time and bleeding volume was 2.7 hours and 490 ml respectively. No intraoperative complications were directly related to surgical technique. No neurological, vascular or infective complications were encountered. All patients were followed up for 3-36 months （average 15 months）. Firm bony fusion was documented in all patients after 3-6 months. One patient with atlas fracture showed anterior occipitocervical fusion. There was no implant failure. Conclusions： Posterior fixation and fusion of the atlas pedicle screw system is feasible and safe for the treatment of upper cervical diseases, and may be applicable to a larger number of patients.     

经口咽前路控制性松解复位+后路枕颈融合内固定术治疗颅底凹陷症

目的：探讨经口咽寰枢关节控制性松解并短节段撑开复位+后路枕颈融合内固定术治疗颅底凹陷症的临床疗效。方法2011年3月至2014年4月我科共收治5例颅底凹陷症合并严重寰枢椎畸形女性患者,采取前路经口咽控制性松解短节段撑开复位齿状突+后路融合固定手术,年龄8.0~45.0岁,平均30.6岁。术前、术后测量齿状突顶点至Chamberlain线的垂直距离、寰齿间距( atlantodental interval,ADI)及延髓颈髓角(cervicomedullary angle,CMA)和/或斜坡枢椎角评估复位效果;应用日本骨科学会( Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)神经评分标准评价临床症状改善情况。结果术后测量齿状突顶点至Chamberlain线的垂直距离值、ADI和斜坡枢椎角均恢复正常。平均随访18.3个月,JOA评分由术前平均8.8分提高到术后平均13.0分,所有病例均无并发症发生。结论采用前路经口咽松解通过控制齿突复位程度(一般不超过10 mm),结合后路固定融合术治疗颅底凹陷症具有复位效果好、能控制手术风险、并发症少的优点。     

陈旧性寰枢椎脱位与枕颈不稳的手术治疗

目的　观察两种内固定方法治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位与不稳的疗效。方法　自 1992—2 0 0 0年收治 36例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位与枕颈不稳的患者 ,年龄 12～ 6 1岁 ,平均 38岁 ;病程 1个月～ 8年 ,平均 16个月。 2 2例颅骨牵引复位或基本复位的 ,用 Gallie法寰枢椎固定 ,C1～ 2 髂骨植骨。 9例牵引未复位和 5例枕颈区畸形的 ,用 Ransford环固定 ,枕颈区减压 (C0 ～ C2 )和枕颈植骨融合。结果　 1例术后 4天死亡 ,35例随访 3个月～ 4年。寰枢椎固定 2 2例中 2 1例获骨性融合 ,2例复位不满意 ,其中 1例植骨不愈合。Ransford法 13例有 12例骨性融合 ,1例植骨块断裂未愈合 ,但内固定无松动。术后神经功能明显改善。结论　颅骨牵引复位的陈旧性寰枢椎脱位 ,Gallie法寰枢椎固定疗满意。 Ransford环固定对枕颈区减压和枕颈融合能提供可靠的固定作用。     

Atlantoaxial arthrodesis to treat odontoid fractures

The authors reviewed 132 cases of cervical spine fracture over a 10-year period and found 24 cases of fracture of the odontoid process. Using the classification of Anderson and D'Alonzo, they found 20 patients with type II fractures and 4 with type III injuries. Sixteen patients with type II fractures and 1 with type III underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion by the Gallie method or a modification of it. Immobilization following arthrodesis was by soft cervical ruffs and a four-poster collar. Solid fusion was obtained within 3 to 6 months in 15 of the 16 type II fractures; one patient was lost to follow-up. The one patient with a type III fracture obtained a solid fusion within 3 months. One patient had the fusion revised at 1 month for progressive displacement; otherwise there were no notable complications. It is almost impossible to determine whether the fracture fragments had united but this is not important as long as there is a solid fusion. Whether treatment of acute odontoid fractures, particularly type II, should be operative or nonoperative is controversial, but from this review the authors believe that primary treatment of type II odontoid fractures by posterior atlantoaxial arthrodesis with its low morbidity and high fusion rate is superior to nonoperative treatment.     

Anterior screw fixation of posteriorly displaced type II odontoid fractures

Posteriorly displaced Type II odontoid fractures (Type II-P) are difficult to stabilize in an anatomic position with accepted methods of posterior atlantoaxial arthrodesis. Nine patients with Type II-P odontoid fractures with 4 to 15 mm displacement were treated with anterior odontoid screw stabilization. Seven of these patients had associated fractures or defects of the posterior arch of the first cervical vertebra (C1). Atlantoaxial posterior arthrodesis in these patients would not have been possible initially because of the lack of structural integrity of the posterior arch of C1. Two patients, later in the study, had no injury to the ring of C1. The odontoid fractures were stabilized with two 4.0-mm cancellous screws inserted through an anterior approach to the neck under fluoroscopic control with the skin incision at the C5 level. Preoperative reduction of the displaced odontoid process and immediate operative stability of the atlantoaxial complex were obtained in each case. No neurological complications related to the procedure occurred. Two patients died of causes unrelated to their cervical fracture surgery. The 7 patients who survived were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Fracture union and cervical stability were demonstrated in each of the surviving patients, without evidence of screw loosening or loss of fixation. Normal range of motion of the neck was documented at follow-up in all surviving patients. Although this series represents a limited experience with this treatment technique, anterior odontoid screw fixation has significant advantages over accepted methods of cervical stabilization for Type II-P odontoid fractures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

成人新鲜齿突骨折的手术治疗策略

目的总结应用前路齿突拉力螺钉或后路寰枢椎植骨融合技术治疗成人新鲜齿突骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2012年1月期间收治的46例成人齿突骨折患者,男29例,女17例;年龄19-68岁,平均40.5岁。患者均有不同程度的枕颈部疼痛和活动受限,其中7例患者伴有神经功能障碍,术前日本骨科学会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）评分9-14分,平均12.7分。根据Anderson-D’Alonzo分型,Ⅱ型骨折33例（71.7%）,Ⅲ型骨折13例（28.3%）。8例患者有不同程度寰椎前脱位,术前寰齿间距（atlanto-dens interval,ADI）3-7 mm,平均4.3 mm,术前进行颅骨牵引术,均可复位。采用前路齿突拉力螺钉或后路寰枢椎植骨融合术治疗,随访患者临床症状和神经功能改善情况,影像学观察寰枢椎复位和植骨融合情况。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。共置入25枚齿突螺钉和84枚寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉,术后X线片及三维CT检查显示25枚齿突螺钉位置均较好,3枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉内倾角不够,螺钉部分穿破椎动脉孔内侧壁,椎动脉造影未见椎动脉损伤;1枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉内倾角过大,螺钉部分穿破椎管内侧壁,未出现新的神经损伤症状;其余螺钉位置满意。术后ADI为1-2.5 mm,平均1.6 mm。患者均获随访,随访时间8-36个月,平均23个月,术后6个月随访时神经功能明显改善,JOA评分为14-17分,平均16.2分,平均改善率为89.3%。1例行前路齿突螺钉内固定术的患者齿突骨折端硬化,有明显的骨不连发生,其余患者均在术后6个月获得骨性融合,融合率为97.8%;随访期间未发现螺钉松动、移位、螺钉断裂和寰枢椎再移位、失稳现象。结论选择前路齿突拉力螺钉或后路寰枢椎植骨融合技术治疗成人新鲜齿突骨折,可获得良好的临床效果。     

颈椎后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗齿突骨折合并寰枢关节脱位

目的 探讨颈椎后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术在治疗齿突骨折合并寰枢关节脱位中的临床疗效.方法 2006年12月～2009年3月,对9例齿突骨折合并寰枢关节脱位患者采用颈椎后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗.其中男7例,女2例;年龄为19～56岁,平均39岁;新鲜齿突骨折并寰枢椎脱位7例,陈旧性骨折脱位2例.齿突骨折按照A...     

游离齿状突并发寰枢关节脱位的治疗策略及疗效分析

目的:探讨游离齿状突并发寰枢关节脱位的治疗策略并观察其临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月至2015年1月手术治疗的17例齿状突游离小骨并发寰枢关节脱位患者的相关资料,其中男7例,女10例;年龄17~53(43.1±11.3)岁;病程3~27(10.2±6.9)个月。所有患者术前予颅骨牵引,14例可复性脱位患者中12例行后路寰枢椎钉棒固定融合术,2例合并寰枕畸形患者行后路枕颈固定融合术,3例难复性脱位患者行前路经口咽松解联合后路寰枢椎钉棒固定融合术。记录手术时间、术中出血量及围手术期并发症;通过视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)和日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分分别评价患者手术前后枕颈部疼痛及神经功能变化;通过CT扫描评价术后寰枢关节融合率。结果:后路固定融合手术时间为86~170(92.2±27.5)min,术中出血量为200~350(250.7±65.2)ml,没有椎动脉及脊髓损伤患者。寰枢椎固定融合术中1例C2椎板螺钉固定的患者术后复位丢失,再次行前路松解并最终行枕颈融合术。所有患者获得随访,时间15~58(32.0±12.2)个月。末次随访时患者枕颈部疼痛VAS评分由术前的4.2±0.9降低至1.3±0.7(P<0.05);神经功能JOA评分由术前的11.2±1.2提高到16.9±0.8(P<0.05);CT扫描证实所有患者寰枢椎或枕颈融合良好,融合时间为5~9(6.7±0.6)个月。结论:手术治疗齿状突游离小骨并发寰枢关节脱位能取得满意的疗效,可改善患者神经功能,提高生活质量,手术方式需个体化选择。     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定及枕颈融合术治疗上颈椎不稳27例临床分析

目的 探讨应用寰枢侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根钉内固定及枕颈融合术治疗上颈椎不稳的疗效.方法 对寰枢椎不稳27例患者采用寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉及枕颈融合治疗.结果 27例患者均经寰枢椎螺钉或枕颈融合内固定术,其中一例颅底凹陷患者一期行经口齿状突切除术,二期行枕颈融合术,27例患者无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.所有患者均获得随访,随访3 ～17个月,平均9个月.术后3个月JOA评分13.5 ～16.9分,平均15.2分,改善率为88.4％.植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂、松动.结论 后路寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定及枕颈融合术具有稳定的三维固定效果,可用于治疗上颈椎不稳.     

Upper cervical spine surgery in rheumatoid arthritis: retrospective study of 30 patients followed for two years or more after Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of upper cervical spine surgery in symptomatic atlantoaxial instability due to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty RA patients (29 women and one man) with a mean age of 56 years were studied retrospectively. Symptomatic forward slippage of the atlas on the axis with a synovial pannus surrounding the odontoid and magnetic resonance imaging evidence of spinal cord compression was present in all 30 patients; 18 patients had vertical translocation of the odontoid and 14 had basilar invagination. Surgery, performed between 1991 and 1997, consisted of occipitocervical fusion in 18 patients and atlantoaxial fusion in 12. Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation was performed in all 30 patients. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was four and a half years. All patients were satisfied with the procedure and exhibited marked functional gains and objective neurological improvement (by one class in the Ranawat scheme). Stable fusion was documented in all 30 patients. CONCLUSION: Cervical instrumentation and bone grafting seems to provide functional and neurological gains in carefully selected RA patients with atlantoaxial instability and spinal cord compression. Long term follow-up suggests that the benefits are sustained and that morbidity is low.     

带骨膜蒂枕骨外板翻转骨瓣在寰枢椎融合术中的应用

 目的评价带骨膜蒂枕骨外板翻转骨瓣在后路寰枢椎融合术中应用的可行性及其疗效。方法自2010年3月至2013年6月,对27例寰枢椎失稳患者在寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定术中采用带骨膜蒂枕骨外板翻转骨瓣植骨融合,男16例,女11例;年龄23~56岁,平均45.6岁。12例新鲜齿状突骨折伴寰枢椎不稳（Anderson Ⅱ型9例、 Ⅲ型3例）,8例初次就诊时即有严重的骨折移位,4例轻度骨折移位行牵引复位、Halo-Vest支架固定后发生再移位;7例陈旧性齿突骨折伴寰椎前脱位（Anderson Ⅱ型5例、Ⅲ型2例）;先天性游离齿突7例;类风湿关节炎1例。采用疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、Frankel分级评估术前与术后轴性颈痛和神经功能情况,采用正中矢状位CT观察植骨融合情况。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间90~140 min,平均100 min。术中出血量100~600 ml,平均160 ml。术后随访18~39个月,平均32.6个月。骨性融合时间3个月19例、6个月7例、9个月1例。VAS 评分由术前（7.23±1.65）分降低到末次随访的（2.87±1.03）分,差异有统计学意义。术前9例存在脊髓神经功能损害者末次随访时7例恢复至完全正常,2例术前Frankel分级C级末次随访时恢复至D级。术中损伤椎旁静脉丛1例,使用明胶海绵及脑棉片行压迫止血。术后复查CT提示1例患者寰椎左侧椎弓根螺钉位置偏外,1例患者枢椎左侧椎弓根螺钉位置偏外,均紧邻横突孔,但此2例患者均无临床症状,未予以特殊处理。结论带骨膜枕骨外板翻转骨瓣植骨是寰枢椎固定植骨融合的有效方法之一,具有可行性及安全性。     

Cervifix内固定系统在颈枕融合中的应用

目的 探讨Cervifix颈椎后路固定系统在颈枕融合中的适应证及其优点。方法 8例颈椎伤病患者中C_2齿状突肿瘤1例;齿状突骨折伴寰枢椎半脱位4例;C_1陈旧性骨折伴寰枢椎半脱位2例;Jefferson骨折1例。颈枕减压融合均行Cervifix内固定系统固定。结果 8例均得到随访,时间4～13个月,平均7个月。术后3～5个月达到骨性愈合,局部及神经系统症状均有不同程度的改善,未见断棒。有一例术后2个月发现枕骨螺钉松动,继续颈托固定后未影响枕颈融合。结论 Cervifix颈椎后路固定系统有较高的安全性、调整性、稳定性,在颈枕融合中有较高的适应性。