后巴黎时代气候变化公约资金机制的构建

气候变化公约资金机制是串联全球开展应对气候变化行动的纽带,也是通过国际合作实现"2℃"乃至"1.5℃"温控目标的关键支撑。多年来,由于发达国家和发展中国家在是否依据历史责任划分履约义务上存在根本分歧,公约资金机制面临多渠道并行、运行规则多样化、资金使用分散、运行效率偏低、绩效评估欠缺等问题。本文对气候变化公约缔结20余年来各资金机制的产生和运行进行了系统梳理;对其存在的不足以及在全球气候融资体系中面临的挑战进行了剖析;并基于《巴黎协定》资金案文描述和履约要求,围绕气候资金从筹集到最终绩效产出全过程,就如何构建未来气候变化公约资金机制进行了统筹规划和设计。在机制建设层面,通过出资分摊机制以及公约下集中式管理平台的构建,确保气候资金的充足性、可预见性以及对公约的责任性;在运行操作层面,通过各渠道重点业务领域及国别资金分配体系的优化,推动气候资金的公平性和有效性;在资金使用层面,通过受援国气候资金统一管理实体和监督评估体系的建立,提高气候资金的国家主导性和环境效益。未来,公约资金机制仍将是全球开展应对气候变化国际合作的主要渠道,在《巴黎协定》达成、绿色气候基金正式运行、国际气候制度重新构建的背景下,利用资金机制推动发达国家履行公约义务,切实向发展中国家提供资金、技术和能力建设支持,对确保公约各要素的全面性和平衡性,推动全球应对气候变化行动开展,强化发展中国家集团统一立场都有着重要的现实意义。     

全球气候公共物品供给的融资机制与中国角色

气候融资问题最早源于全球环境合作,随着气候治理与全球经济、贸易和可持续发展等领域的协同演化发展,这一概念的内涵不断得到丰富,包括了来自发达国家的公共资金资源如何用于支持全球提供气候公共物品;如何管理和调控全球的金融市场和机构,为气候目标的实现提供更多的资金;以及政策、市场与机构如何应对包括气候变迁、极端天气、能源转型、碳价格在内的相关风险三个方面的内涵。本文系统回顾了全球气候融资的发展历程,概括出它在演化过程中表现的三个阶段:由碳融资到气候融资过渡、由公共部门向私人部门转移、气候风险主流化提速与气候融资体系面临重构。通过梳理最新的与气候资金相关的法律文件、信息通报、文献资料和智库报告,可以发现目前全球气候融资格局具有如下局限:(1)全球气候公共物品供给尚未形成一体化机制;(2)各种资金机制之间的低协同性降低了气候公共物品的供给效率;(3)新旧多边发展机构缺乏协同机制与模式创新。本文进一步考虑美国"去气候化"策略对全球气候融资的影响,表明美国政府的退出策略加深了各界对巴黎目标的担忧,气候融资领导力由此进入更迭期。另外,化石能源投资短期内有反弹迹象,但向新能源转型的全球趋势尚未受到明显冲击。最后,本文提出了中国在未来全球气候公共物品供给中角色定位及政策建议,包括推动建立一体化的全球气候公共物品供给机制、完善新兴多边机构在应对气候变化中的作用路径与方式创新以及以气候变化的南南合作为契机,加强我国气候融资软实力等。     

国际气候资金机制的最新进展及中国对策

"气候资金"是一个全新的概念,产生于《联合国气候变化框架公约》(简称《公约》)之下,指为支持发展中国家应对气候变化,来自发达国家新增的、稳定的援助资金。但随着世界经济贸易格局变迁和气候谈判进程的发展,气候资金概念与内涵,国际气候资金基础制度,资金实际运行中的效率标准都在悄然发生演化,本文在对最新的气候资金机制的法律文件、信息通报、文献资料、智库报告进行了梳理,分析了气候资金概念的核心要点和演化趋势,并对全球环境基金、气候变化特别基金、适应基金、绿色气候基金等《公约》内基金以及《公约》外基金发展的最新趋势进行了分析比较,对气候资金实际运行中效率准则的内涵和发展趋势进行了评述。分析指出,目前,公约框架内外资金体系在不断演化,目前多个渠道竞争发达国家有限的公共资金资源,公约内资金机制的规模受到越来愈多的资金机制和渠道的挤压;用款国在资金性质及资金运用上依然缺乏决定权;且多资金渠道使得运营规则多样化,气候资金基础制度被"边缘化"。据此,文章在最后提出我国应当反对"气候资金"与ODA相混同,坚持融资渠道特定性,并应进一步开辟其他多边和双边渠道,以获得更多资金和技术合作渠道;在确定受资计划和项目时,力争以我国自身应对行动规划和方案为主。国内的气候资金机制建设则一是坚持不断完善国内碳价格信号,形成稳定的碳价格的发现机制,二是要建立专门的气候基金,用于对外吸收、提供气候资金的统一渠道。     

《巴黎协定》后的气候资金测量、报告和核证体系构建研究

气候资金测量、报告和核证产生于《联合国气候变化框架公约》(简称《公约》)之下,2009年以来一直是全球气候谈判的重点之一,也是未来全球共同应对气候变化和不断增进国际信任的重要环节。《巴黎协定》达成的"每两年通报"的决定,将推动气候资金测量、报告和核证得到不断的加强和完善。本文通过梳理最新的气候资金机制以及测量、报告和核证的文献资料和智库报告,分析了气候资金测量、报告和核证的内涵、目标和最新进展,以及公约框架下面临的挑战。分析指出,目前不同的气候资金统计和核算机构的资金分类标准存在差异,数据可比性有待改善;缺乏从资金上游到下游的反馈机制,影响气候资金测量、报告和核证体系的完整性;气候资金计量体系虽然正在发展和完善之中,但仍然难以提供准确的资金"支付"数据。据此,文章提出了构建综合性的国际气候资金测量、报告和核证体系的重点任务:建立具有统一数据基础和核算口径的气候资金测量体系,建立操作指南更为详细、形式更为标准统一的气候资金报告体系,以及"自上而下"和"自下而上"相结合的气候资金核证机制。最后,文章指出国际气候资金测量、报告和核证体系的构建需要发达国家和发展中国家在坚持公约资金机制的基础上共同参与和协作。作为国际上少数几个向GEF捐资的发展中国家之一,中国在参与过程中应力争体现发展中国家对气候资金性质的主张以及对测量、报告和核证机制的关键概念和范围界定的主张,影响国际气候资金机制的运营规则和技术规则。     

气候风险视域下气候移民的迁移机理、现状与对策

在全球气候变化的总体背景下,全球变暖、冰川融化等渐变缓发性气候风险与干旱、洪涝等极端突变灾害性气候风险发生的概率进一步增大,其不利影响所导致的现实或潜在的大量气候移民已成为21世纪人类社会面临的严峻挑战。结合已有的研究文献对历史时期、工业革命以来,气候变化导致气候风险加剧、气候灾害频发突发与环境变迁相互作用,导致的人口迁移、人口分布变化和政治、文化、经济中心变更的机理逻辑展开分析。以把握现阶段气候移民数量不断攀升、波及区域持续扩大、临时性迁移向永久性移民持续演变、多种因素叠加交织下气候移民问题日趋复杂化的演变发展态势。并针对气候移民现状及其发展趋势,提出了需制定国际气候移民法、加强国际合作、致力减缓与主动适应并举、在国际社会建立应对政策与治理机制和管理机构、降低气候移民的社会脆弱性等对策建议。以期为有效破解气候移民难题,化解气候移民面临的各种社会风险,促进社会的良性运行与协调发展做出初步探索。     

特朗普“去气候化”政策对全球气候治理的影响

美国特朗普政府宣布退出《巴黎协定》是当前全球气候治理中最受舆论关注的问题,对事态发展趋势的判断和事件影响的评估是最为亟需的。本文系统分析了特朗普政府上任后推行的一系列"去气候化"政策,以及其退出《巴黎协定》的主要动因和可能形式,同时量化评估了这些内政外交的"倒退"对美国实施国家自主贡献目标以及全球气候治理格局的实质影响,并据此提出了中国应对全球气候治理新形势变化的对策和建议。研究表明,特朗普政府"美国优先"的能源政策根植于复兴制造业和加大基础设施投资的经济利益动机,随着特朗普"去气候化"进程持续发酵,诸多气候政策面临存续风险,美国实施国家自主贡献将面临严峻挑战,"倒行政策"将有可能使美国温室气体排放出现反弹。如果不考虑中、高危气候政策,美国2025年温室气体排放也仅能相对2005年下降11.0%—14.9%,距离下降26%—28%的国家自主贡献目标相去甚远。同时,特朗普政府拒绝继续履行向发展中国家提供气候资金支持的义务,将有可能导致绿色气候基金拖欠资金总额上升117%,并进一步挫伤全球低碳投资的信心。没有美国的全球气候治理3.0时代将呈现出新的复杂特征,并不可避免地造成减排、资金和领导力缺口的持续扩大,也不排除后续会出现消极的跟随者,整体进程将可能进入一个低潮周期。虽然国际社会对中国引领全球气候治理充满期待,但中国仍应审慎对待,长远谋划应对气候变化的内政外交战略,而不应将"气候举旗"看作是一蹴而就的短期策略,对各种要求中国发挥"领导作用"的说法保持清醒头脑。在今后气候谈判中,美国仍有较大可能会二次"要价",中国作为排放大国的压力依然不容小觑,中美气候关系需要再定位。     

中国碳市场发展若干重大问题的思考

自京都议定书确定市场机制减缓气候变化以来,国际碳市场发展迅速,呈现全球化、金融化的发展趋势。从经济利益角度来分析,国际气候谈判的本质,一是发展空间的争夺,二是经济利益的竞争。由于碳市场具有政策兼容性强、区域行业拓展性强和金融衍生性强三大优点,国际碳市场将是各国经济利益博弈的主要载体,市场机制将成为未来全球气候协议的核心要素。通过深入分析市场机制与全球气候谈判长期目标、资金、监测报告核查以及行业减排等重要议题的密切关系,提出了发达国家气候谈判的核心利益之一就是旨在推动建立全球统一碳市场。一方面通过控制全球碳市场的标准、市场、金融等体系和规则主导话语权,继续保持发达国家在全球低碳发展下的经济竞争优势,另一方面则可巧妙逃避发达国家历史排放责任与气候债务。基于国际碳市场发展的深刻背景与中国碳排放交易试点的情况,对中国发展碳市场的重大问题提出了四方面建议:一是中国碳市场发展目标应服务于国家应对气候变化的总体政策和目标;二是中国碳市场应以实体经济为主体,并服务其升级转型;三是建立和发展全国统一的碳市场首先必须考虑区域不平衡的原则;四是中国碳市场的国际链接应与中国金融体系的对外开放进程结合,特别是应与人民币的国际化进程相结合。     

碳市场链接的国际法律空洞化问题与中国对策北大核心CSCDCSSCI

沿着《巴黎协定》设定的路径,格拉斯哥气候大会为碳市场链接做出了重要贡献,制定了围绕ITMOs和A6.4ERs对接碳交易的国际性规范文件。但随着“第6.2条合作方法”与“第6.4条机制”下碳市场多边、双边链接轮廓的浮现,义务分配模糊、减量机制弱化与核算转化粗糙的法律空洞化问题也愈发凸显。解构此时代性症结,须将先验的非实在法因素排除在外,遵循条文逻辑解释并省思规范之本身。透过规则作用下国际法律关系的解读,关注未来治理秩序的演变对中国产生的实质影响,如是观察进一步将视线聚焦到问题所造成的难题,即链接角色不明、碳信用供给失控与交易权属不清。在国内全国碳市场营运开启与国际碳市场链接倍受期待的双重背景下,中国有必要坚持统筹国内国际两个大局,铺陈中国价值诉求与国际正义共识基础之上的建构路径。具体而言:制定“第6.2条合作方法”下双边链接示范协定与“第6.4条机制”下链接交易合同范本,明确链接主体权利义务关系;强化链接市场碳信用核发的促进机制与遵约机制,提升碳信用授权签发规则的标准化与透明度水平,创制链接碳市场碳信用供给规则;将链接法律制度纳入《碳排放权交易管理办法》等现行规范并关联司法审查,预留碳排放单位的权利类型空间但确认其资产属性,规定碳信用权属关系与权利人确权要件,建立以来源为基准的碳信用分级分类转化规则,推动“第6.2条合作方法”下双边转化条款与“第6.4条机制”下多边转化规则的达成,增强链接市场交易的正当性与体系性。     

科技合作引领气候治理的新形势与战略探索

《巴黎协定》的达成预示着全球正在积极向低碳转型。依靠技术创新与合作应对气候变化业已成为国际共识。欧盟近年来在气候变化领域的领导力式微,美国特朗普政府直接宣布退出《巴黎协定》,全球气候治理一度失去领导力和方向感。中国是全球气候治理进程的积极维护者,引导气候变化多边进程,并以实际行动切实履行应对气候变化的承诺。近年来,中国已经从低碳技术输入国和受援国,逐步转变为技术输入和输出并举。在"后巴黎"时期的全球气候治理中,中国应当做好战略性谋划和布局,以应对气候变化领域国际科技合作为切入点,以"践行人类命运共同体利益,开展科技合作应对气候变化,主动引领全球气候治理新方向"为指导思想,以实现中国生态文明建设目标和应对气候变化软实力和科技竞争力提升为内在动力,全面、积极、主动引领全球气候治理走向依靠国际科技合作应对气候变化新方向。     

新气候经济学的研究任务和方向探讨

全球应对气候变化合作进程面临新转折,当前德班平台谈判将建立2020年后国际新减排制度框架。国际学术界出现"新气候经济学"的研究热点。全球应对气候变化的紧迫进程将促进经济社会发展方式和能源体系的根本变革,人类社会文明形态也将由工业文明向生态文明过渡。新气候经济学将探索支撑生态文明建设的发展理念和相应的经济学理论与分析方法,寻求经济社会持续发展与减排CO2保护全球气候的双赢路径。新气候经济学不仅关注国别之间减排责任和义务的分担,更重视各国在共同目标下创造和扩展合作共赢的空间和机会,探索各国合作共赢的机制和运作方式,分享低碳发展的经验、技术和机会。同时更加关注新国际机制对各国低碳转型的激励和促进作用,使之成为各国提升国际竞争力,促进可持续发展的内在需求和内在动力。实现控制温升不超过2℃目标,世界各国的经济社会发展都面临排放空间不足的挑战,碳排放空间成为越来越紧缺的资源和生产要素,大幅度提升碳生产率,即成为协调经济社会发展与减排CO2双赢的根本途径。新气候经济学将关注不同发展阶段国家碳生产率变化的规律以及提升碳生产率的方法和手段,研究新兴发展中国家CO2排放尽早达到峰值,实现跨越式发展的条件和途径。以新能源和可再生能源替代化石能源的新型能源体系变革是应对气候变化的根本战略选择,并已成为世界趋势,新气候经济学关注碳价对新能源技术创新和产业化的激励作用,关注能源体系变革对各国节约资源、保护环境、保障能源安全与减缓气候变化的协同效应,关注碳价机制对国际技术合作与技术转移中利益扩展和共赢的促进作用。另一方面,社会和公众消费方式的转变是实现社会低碳转型的关键,因此,新气候经济学也关注生态文明下的财富观、福利观、消费观和生活方式的理论支撑,关注发展中国家城市化进程中低碳化城市建设的发展理念和实施方式,关注消费方式的转变对社会发展目标、发展方式、物质生产方式和城市基础设施建设的影响和引导作用。     

气候正义视域下的气候变化损失与损害救济路径分析

气候变化对生态环境和人类健康造成的影响一直受科学家和国际组织的广泛关注。在现有的科学技术无法确切论证气候变化对环境的总体影响及对小岛和低地国家带来损害情况下,该议题自提出至今的进展都举步维艰。本文对议题谈判进展及各方立场进行梳理,提出未来谈判和规则的制定应以全球气候正义为价值衡量标准,树立整体观上的气候正义理念。并对气候正义内涵进行具体解读:一是以人权保护为维度,指出保护小岛和低地国家的基本人权是实现气候正义的逻辑前提;二是指出应当基于分配正义与矫正正义的传统分析视角,将共同但有区别责任原则作为设定权利与义务分配机制时的基础标准;三是气候正义要求一国在行使权利时应遵循领土无害使用原则,负有不污染和破坏他国环境和生态的义务,如违反便可能引发国家责任或惩戒。本文进而以气候正义为价值指引提出三种救济路径:一是国家责任路径,以国际人权法、国际环境法的规则或原则为法律依据,根据一定的规则,来判断当事国的损害行为或结果是否构成国际法上的国家责任;二是国际环境规制路径,即在《联合国气候变化框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)所确立的遵约与履约机制下解决问题,利用市场机制和激励手段如基金和保险支持制度来救济或补偿损失与损害;三是国际环境争端解决路径,主要以磋商、协商、和解、谈判等非强制性方式及国际仲裁、国际司法的法律手段解决气候争端。在救济路径上,应以全球规制路径为主,以国家责任路径为补充,以环境争端解决方式为程序性保障。中国基于全球气候治理的积极推动者,应表明立场,以共同但有区别责任原则为谈判基础,加强南南合作,履行国际气候承诺,发展低碳经济,积极推进该议题的国际谈判。     

Consideration of some key issues of carbon market development in China

The global carbon market has developed rapidly with two significant trends of globalization and financialization.Deriving economic interest is a nation driven-force behind the international climate negotiation and carbon market.According to deeply analyzed relationships between the carbon market and the key subjects of the climate negotiation,this article reveals that promoting the development of the global carbon market is one of the core interests of developed nations.Based on the background of international carbon market development and domestic carbon market pilots,four suggestions to the key issues of China’s carbon market are provided.The first is that the goal of China’s carbon market should be in line with and contribute to the national objectives and policies addressing climate change.The second is that the Chinese carbon market should mainly target the emission reduction of production-sectors,and contribute to their upgradation and transformation.The third is mat the development of the nation-wide carbon market in China should first take the principle of unbalanced regional development into consideration.The fourth is that linking China’s carbon market to the international market should keep steps in line with international opening-up of China’s financing system.     

Establishing a measurement,reporting, and verification system for climate finance in post-Paris agreement period

The measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of climate finance was originated from discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It has been one of the key issues of global climate negotiations since 2009 and will continue to be of significant importance in addressing climate change and strengthening international trust. This paper analyses the concept, the objective, and the progress of the MRV of climate finance based on reviews of the latest literature and think-tank reports regarding climate finance regime and MRV. Following the analysis, challenges faced with the MRV of climate finance are illustrated. This paper presents that the comparability of climate finance data needs to be improved due to the variety of methodologies used for disaggregating climate finance. In addition, the integrality of the MRV system of climate finance has been impaired by the lack of feedback mechanism from the recipients to the contributors in reporting system. Furthermore, although accounting system of climate finance has been developing and improving, it remains incapacity in providing accurate data on disbursed climate finance. Responding to the above challenges, this paper proposes the key tasks in establishing a comprehensive MRV system for climate finance at international level. The tasks involve developing a measurement system with consistent data basis and accounting basis, a reporting system with more detailed guidance and standardized formats, as well as a verification mechanism balancing top-down and bottom-up review processes. In the last section, this paper concludes that the establishment of an improved MRV of climate finance requires concerted cooperation and negotiations between developed and developing country Parties under the UNFCCC. As one of the few developing country donors to the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), China is suggested to clarify its propositions as a developing country in aspects such as concept, coverage, and architecture of climate finance and MRV system, and gain bargaining power in improving operating and technical rules of international climate finance regime.     

Global progress in climate change adaptation policies and its implication for China

This paper reviews the progress in climate change adaptation (CCA) policies both under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and in major regions and countries, including the EU and its major member countries, the influential developed countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the emerging economies and the least developed countries (LDCs). The progress made in China in CCA policies is also reviewed and compared with that in other countries. Finally, good international practices are proposed for China’s policy development. It is found that adaptation has been given the same priority as mitigation since the twenty-first century with regard to climate change-related actions. The topics related to adaptation in the international climate change negotiations under the UNFCCC have evolved from mechanisms for finance and technology development and transfer exclusively in the early stages to implementation of practical adaptation programs and actions. Since 2006, major developed and developing countries have frequently set forward specific CCA policies or general climate change policies involving adaptation in the form of laws, frameworks, strategies, and plans. The LDCs have also been working on National Adaptation Programmes of Action and subsequent National Adaptation Plans with the support from the financial mechanisms under the UNFCCC. Therefore, globally, it has become a common practice to develop national or regional policies to plan and guide CCA actions. China has established climate change policies involving adaptation at the national, regional, and sectorial levels since 2007. However, these policies have strong limitations in their knowledge base, strategic positioning, contents, and implementation mechanisms, e.g. lack of a sound knowledge base, an international perspective, clear responsibilities for policy implementation, and appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. It is recommended that China should further strengthen its technical capabilities in climate change projections as well as impact, vulnerability, and risk assessment, and develop methodologies and techniques for the preparation, impact assessment and implementation of CCA policies. Furthermore, future CCA strategies or plans should be developed with an emphasis on China’s vision and strategic position on the world stage.     

发达国家碳捕集、利用与封存技术及其启示

碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)被认为是进行温室气体深度减排最重要的技术路径之一。文章总结了当前欧美等发达国家CCUS技术发展特点,包括加强国家层面技术政策的指导和宏观协调;加大政府投入以引导私有投资开展全流程CCUS项目示范;建立跨行业、跨领域的CCUS合作平台,加速技术成果的转化和知识、经验的共享;重视法律法规、管理制度和规范、技术标准、公众接受度等技术应用"软环境"的建设等。通过对比中国CCUS技术发展现状,指出我国存在的主要不足,并提出应加强国家层面的技术政策指导和宏观协调,推动建设行业间技术合作平台,适时启动全流程示范项目计划,重视技术应用软环境建设和加强国际合作等有针对性的政策建议。     

Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations. However, we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today’s science and technology. The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present. In this paper, the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators. The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value. Also, the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established. Generally, three aspects of climate justice can be derived. First, the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice. Second, the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change. Third, climate justice requires that any state follow the “no-harm principle,” which is regarded as an international customary rule. According to the principle, the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility, which incurs international punishment. Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice, including the approach of State Responsibility (SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law. Based on clear rules, the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility. The International Environmental Regulation (IEB), which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change, takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage. International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism (IEDSM), which includes the means such as consultations, negotiations, nonmandatory ways and international arbitration, international judicial ways to solve these disputes, functions as a procedural safeguard. As an active promoter of global climate governance, China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations, actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation, fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation, vigorously develop a low-carbon economy, and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.     

应对气候变化需以生态文明理念构建全球技术合作体系

气候变化是人类发展过程中遇到的最大全球性环境问题,也是最大的外部性问题。IPCC报告显示,实现本世纪末温度升高不超过2度的目标,需要全球经济和能源系统深度的低碳转型,并在本世纪下半叶达到温室气体的净零排放。应对气候变化因此面临着前所未有的技术创新与合作需求。2015年底达成的《巴黎协定》提出了落实技术开发与转让的长期愿景,主张对气候变化领域的技术创新给予政策和资金支持,使发展中国家在技术周期的早期阶段就能够获取必要的技术,从而为实现全球应对气候变化提供保障。然而,基于工业文明的传统技术创新与合作模式难以满足保护全球气候的技术需求。减缓与适应技术是气候变化挑战下全球命运共同体的公共财富。为保证其足够的供应,必须超越追求私人利益最大化的狭隘,基于生态文明理念构建全球应对气候变化的新型技术合作体系。其核心是:实现多赢的合作目标,遵循"生态人"的合作原则,体现协同的合作内容,基于互信的合作形式,鼓励多元主体的参与,促进合作成果的分享。中国作为新兴发展中大国,对应对气候变化技术国际合作有多元的利益需求。为有效落实《巴黎协定》,亟需以加速国际合作为契机,积极谋划中国应对气候变化技术对外合作的总体方略和具体行动,有针对性地制定与发达国家、其他发展中国家及欠发达国家间优势互补的合作计划,探索并引导"南-北-南"三方技术合作等新形式。     

The Status Quo and Developing Trend Analysis of Global Carbon Finance

Abstract

This paper gives a systematic view of the new trends of global carbon finance innovation under the challenge of global climate change and in the process of transition to achieve economic growth from “high carbon” to ‘low carbon”, covering the following aspects: the structure, status quo and developing trend of global carbon market. The paper discusses the innovation in financial organization and service systems and governments’ overall guidance and policy support, and draws the conclusion that the world is undergoing massive changes with governments actively responding to carbon finance to embrace the tremendous opportunities for clean energy and climate change in financial industry. To seize the opportunity, a complete and overall carbon finance system of China should be put in the top of the agenda. Given the current tasks of energy conservation and pollution reduction and the growing demand for capital input, China needs to construct an clear of policy guidance, a diversified financia service system, and a multi-approach carbon finance system to intensify and widen the participation of financial industry, to expand financing channels for sustainable economy and spread risks, and finally, work out an inexpensive solution to the realization of China’s low carbon target.     

Towards a new climate economics:research areas and prospects

International cooperation to address climate change now stands at a crossroads.With a new international regime for emissions reduction established by the Durban Platform, "New Climate Economics(NCE)" has become a research hotspot.The need for urgent action to combat climate change has prompted discussion on reforms of economic growth patterns and the energy system.The industrial civilization,therefore,now faces a transition towards a new pathway for ecological sustainability.NCE explores new economic concepts,theories,and analytical methods to design a balanced pathway for sustainable growth and emission reduction.Instead of getting trapped in discussions on allocation of emission reduction responsibilities and obligations among countries,NCE pays more attention to developing win-win multilateral cooperation mechanisms that facilitate collaborative RD and knowledge sharing.In addition,NCE studies incentives for low-carbon transition,turning carbon emission reduction into a domestic need for countries to increase their international competitiveness.To achieve the 2°C target,most countries around the world face challenges of insufficient emission allowances to cover expected emissions associated with their projected economic growth.As carbon emissions rights becomes an increasingly scarce resource,increasing the carbon productivity of the economy turns to be the critical path to address the dilemma of green or growth.NCE studies the historical evolution of carbon productivity for countries at different development stages as well as ways to enhance such carbon productivity.This type of study provides invaluable lessons for emerging economies to reach their own emission peaks without losing the momentum of growth.Replacing fossil fuels with new and renewable energy has proven to be an inevitable choice for reshaping the energy system and addressing climate change- it has already become a global trend.NCE studies incentives for new energy technology innovation and deployment provided by carbon pricing,and sheds light on the co-benefits of climate change mitigation,such as resource conservation,environmental protection,and energy security.The role of carbon pricing in promoting intemational RD cooperation and technical transfer will also be studied.The shift in consumption patterns is another key factor enabling a low-carbon transformation.Therefore,NCE also explores the theoretical work on new values of wealth,welfare and consumption,new lifestyles in the context of ecological civilization,concepts and implementation of low-carbon urban planning in developing countries,and the impacts of consumption pattern changes on social development,material production,and urban infrastructure construction.