物理“反常”实验的创新思维教育

物理学史上许多重大的发明或创造是科学家们在"反常"实验中发现的,教师通过列举"反常"实验进行教学的做法是一种新事物.在课堂上教师应抓住机会向学生讲授这些科学探索过程中的"反常"实验现象,让学生感知"反常"实验过程,提高学生的认知水平,培养学生的创新能力.同时,结合物理"反常"实验的教学功能,让学生亲身经历并探究这些从反常现象中总结出物理规律的实验过程,激发学生学习物理的兴趣,达到创新思维教育和科学方法启迪目的.     

远看物理之美——北京大学非物理学科物理教学体会

作者在北京大学讲授非物理学科学生的课程《今日物理》的6年中,慢慢体会到讲授的特点,那就是从高处和远处看物理.对学生讲清楚物理学的基本轮廓、基本要点和发展脉络.从重要物理事件的发展看科学家如何处理问题,从科学家的言行看如何做研究.通过这些,让学生明白什么才是科学上重要的东西,培养学生创造性思维的方式.作者谨以文中的这些浅...     

物理教学中如何培养学员的科技素质

 培养学员的科技素质,应加强以下几个方面能力的培养和教育。１创造能力的培养大学物理不仅要培养学生的基本科技素质,给学生以知识和获取知识的方法,培养学生的创造能力尤其是不能忽视的一个问题。物理规律是科学家长期研究的结果,是经几代人艰苦探索才得出来的,讲述物理规律时要结合物理学史适当介绍科学家们不怕失败,勇于探索的献身精神,讲述他们在实验事实或科学矛盾的基本上开拓想象,勇于创新的思路和科学方法,有目的地启迪学生的思维与智慧。     

例说物理概念教学与思维品质培养

物理概念是物理知识结构的基础.物理概念教学是培养学生思维能力的基础.中学生在短时间的学习过程中,要正确有效地掌握科学家在长期探索中所经历思维活动的产物--物理概念,就必须使概念的认知过程与物理概念建立过程联系起来,并适应学生认知的心理规律.     

渗透物理方法教育,提高学生科学素质

 注重培养学生科学素质、提高基础物理教学质量是继物理课程现代化之后我国基础物理教学改革的又一重要课题.基础物理课是理工科各学科的必修课,是培养和提高学生科学素质、科学思维方法和科学研究能力的重要基础     

物理教学与求异思维之我见

物理学是一门富于思想性的科学,它记录了人类伟大的创造精神和探求知识的过程.但在一些中学物理的课堂上,它的灵魂--创造性思维被抽出,剩下的只是知识的外壳.这种状态使学生在物理思维能力、创造能力等方面得不到应有的培养.我们在培养学生观察、思维、实验和自学能力之外,更要注重培养学生的创新精神,其核心就是培养创造性思维.而求异思维正是创造性思维的一个显著特点.     

物理研究方法在初中教材中的实施和运用

物理研究方法是过程与方法中的基本要素,是能力培养的具体要求.掌握研究方法是从物理到生活的深化,是学生可持续发展的源动力.初中物理研究方法主要有控制变量法、转换法、累积放大法、理想模型法、科学推理法、类比法、比较法、比值定义法、逆向思维法等九种方法.各种方法在教材中的实施与运用,是教学过程中的重点目标.     

一步一重天 百步上云端——赏析人教版新教材“原子结构和波粒二象性”中科学思维的渗透

通过解读新教材中科学思维的渗透，让学生体会到模型建构、科学推理、科学论证、质疑创新是构成科学思维的主要成分，从而培养学生的学科素养；通过体味教材中科学家研究过程的艰辛和快乐，激发学生献身科学、造福人类的热情.     

物理解题中的科学思维方法

中学物理大纲指出:在习题教学中,要启发学生认真分析题意,明确物理过程,教会学生运用科学的思维方法去解决实际问题.近年来,高考非常重视能力的考查,而解题中科学思维方法的学习与训练,就是提高学生能力水平的一种重要而有效的手段.下面我们结合具体的例子,谈几种常见的科学思维方法在解题中的运用.     

强化科学思维方法的培养,提高大学物理教学水平

本文从高等教育发展要求和大学物理的课程特点出发,指出在大学物理的教学过程中科学思维方法的培养是提高学生学习能力和科学素质的重要前提.结合具体教学实例,就教学过程中如何以物理知识为载体潜移默化地进行思维方法的培养和训练,努力实现学生知识、能力、素质的协调发展做了详细的探讨与研究.     

试论居里夫人的科研艺术

居里夫人关于放射性元素,特别是镭的发现与研究为原子物理学、放射化学和放射医学的发展奠定了基础,为此她先后获得了诺贝尔物理学奖和诺贝尔化学奖.居里夫人在科研过程中所运用的科学方法,如选题方法、实验方法、假说方法、逻辑思维方法等对现代的科技工作者仍具有重要的借鉴意义.     

示波器在物理实验教学中的应用

以示波器使用为中心,对传统的教学内容进行了改革与创新。实验中用不同的方法对学生自制信号源进行了频率校准,锻炼了学生的发散思维能力;通过让学生观察稳压源各工作端口信号经过整流和滤波后的变化,培养了他们学以致用的思想。通过实验内容的合理编排与设计,学生的实际操作及解决问题的能力得到了提高,该实验收到较好的教学效果且受到了学生的欢迎。     

蜜蜂中磁铁矿纳米粒子的合成

磁铁矿在自然界中包括在生物体中分布广泛且极其重要,磁铁矿纳米粒子的制备是研究者关注的热点。生物合成磁铁矿纳米粒子具有人工合成磁铁矿纳米粒子所没有的特性和优势,本文就以蜜蜂为例,简要描述了蜜蜂体内超顺磁磁铁矿纳米颗粒的磁学特性及合成过程,以对磁铁矿纳米粒子在自然界中的合成提供参考和借鉴。     

基于TRIZ理论的医学物理学实验教学方法研究探索

医学物理学实验担负着对学生的基本操作技能、科学实验能力培养的重任,同时也促进了对学生的探索精神、科学思维、实践能力、创新能力的培养和提高.根据实验独立设课的新大纲要求,实验室进行了基于"发明问题解决理论"(即TRIZ理论)的医学物理学实验教学方法研究探索.通过发明问题解决理论这一系统化方法学,将它解决技术难题过程中所遵循的科学原理和法则用于实验教学,优化了实验教学内容的设置,指导实验教学的开展和实施,对考核办法也进行了改变,并利用该理论在促进学生创新思维的培养方面也进行了研究和探索.     

Designing the mechanical properties of peptide-based supramolecular hydrogels for biomedical applications

Hydrogels are a class of special materials that contain a large amount of water and behave like rubber.These materials have found broad applications in tissue engineering,cell culturing,regenerative medicine etc.Recently,the exploration of peptide-based supramolecular hydrogels has greatly expanded the repertoire of hydrogels suitable for biomedical applications.However,the mechanical properties of peptide-based hydrogels are intrinsically weak.Therefore,it is crucial to develop methods that can improve the mechanical stability of such peptide-based hydrogels.In this review,we explore the factors that determine or influence the mechanical stability of peptide-based hydrogels and summarize several key elements that may guide scientists to achieve mechanically improved hydrogels.In addition,we exemplified several methods that have been successfully developed to prepare hydrogels with enhanced mechanical stability.These mechanically strong peptide-based hydrogels may find broad applications as novel biomaterials.It is still challenging to engineer hydrogels in order to mimic the mechanical properties of biological tissues.More hydrogel materials with optimal mechanical properties suitable for various types of biological applications will be available in the near future.     

多原子体系X和甲烷反应动力学的标杆性研究

最近随着精细实验技术和先进理论计算方法的发展,化学反应动力学领域己达到可以在理论-实验上对A+BC经典体系进行定量比较的程度.而随着反应体系变得越来越大,自由度的增加导致实验计算复杂程度呈几何性增长.不过,多原子反应体系的多面性也为观察许多新的化学机理和新现象提供了可能性,这是一片充满机遇之地,在过去的15年里,本人在原子与分子科学研究所的实验室深入研究了甲烷+X(X:F,Cl,O(~3P)和OH)等的反应动力学.这些努力使甲烷+X所示复杂反应体系成为反应动力学领域的新参照体系.本文将揭示之前介绍的一些关键概念和方法背后的研究思路,以及如何从某些意外发现引到了其他未知领域的研究过程.这些发现不仅丰富了在最基础的水平上对特定反应的理解,启迪了理论发展,也塑造了思考方式,为未来探索多原子反应性多方面性质的不同方面奠定了基础.     

Evaluation of the scientific impact,productivity and biological age based upon the h‐index in three Latin American countries: the materials science case

We discuss the scientific impact of Latin American scientists in the field of materials science. The analysis is based on the h‐index as the scientometric index used to quantify the scientific productivity of an individual. In particular, we focus our analysis in México, Chile and Colombia. We compare the level of productivity between all these countries. We also analyzed the h‐index as function of the biological age, by using the first year of publication of a given scientists as a reference and discussed the general distribution of its quantification. We do not find a clear relationship between these two quantities. Based in our results we propose some political measures that these countries could implement to improve productivity as well as scientific development in this field.     

Cheminformatics analysis and learning in a data pipelining environment

Summary Workflow technology is being increasingly applied in discovery information to organize and analyze data. SciTegic's Pipeline Pilot is a chemically intelligent implementation of a workflow technology known as data pipelining. It allows scientists to construct and execute workflows using components that encapsulate many cheminformatics based algorithms. In this paper we review SciTegic's methodology for molecular fingerprints, molecular similarity, molecular clustering, maximal common subgraph search and Bayesian learning. Case studies are described showing the application of these methods to the analysis of discovery data such as chemical series and high throughput screening results. The paper demonstrates that the methods are well suited to a wide variety of tasks such as building and applying predictive models of screening data, identifying molecules for lead optimization and the organization of molecules into families with structural commonality.     

‘You caught me off guard’: Probing the futures of complex engineered nanomaterials

This paper applies principles and methods from the framework of anticipatory governance to the case of what the National Research Council calls “complex engineered nanomaterials” (CENM). This framework does not aim to generate crystal ball visions or definitive answers, but rather provides guidance for uncovering, understanding, and addressing social, ethical, environmental, and policy issues that stem from emerging technologies. Thus, in anticipation of increased CENM research, CENM products, and their different governance challenges, we aim to lay the groundwork for the anticipatory governance of CENMs by mapping out what—according to the engineers and scientists, we interviewed who are working at the research level of these CENMs—will be the main issues and themes that we need to pay attention to in the near future. The structured interviews focused on three groups of questions: (1) potential and/or actual applications and/or products from the participant’s research; (2) environmental health and safety issues pertaining to both the participant’s research and CENMs generally; and (3) the future of CENMs. Without a foundational understanding to build on, social scientists, policymakers, and regulatory agencies will be at a loss about how to govern CENMs before they are widely implemented in society.     

Review of graphene-based strain sensors

In this paper, we review various types of graphene-based strain sensors. Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms, which exhibits prominent electrical and mechanical properties and can be a good candidate in compact strain sensor applications. However, a perfect graphene is robust and has a low piezoresistive sensitivity. So scientists have been driven to increase the sensitivity using different kinds of methods since the first graphene-based strain sensor was reported. We give a comprehensive review of graphene-based strain sensors with different structures and mechanisms. It is obvious that graphene offers some advantages and has potential for the strain sensor application in the near future.