高庙子膨润土膨胀力时效性试验研究

针对高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同干密度条件下膨胀力时效性进行了试验研究。首先采用静力压实法将3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末压实为两种不同密实状态的试样,随后在保持压实试样的体积和含水率不变的条件下,分别静置0,1,7,15,30和90 d,最后采用膨胀仪对完成静置试样的膨胀力进行量测;同时结合静置过程,完成了部分试样的扫描电镜（SEM）试验。试验结果表明：高庙子膨润土的膨胀力随静置时间的增长不断减小,且前期减小明显,后期逐渐趋于稳定;膨胀力的时效性与试样初始条件有关,试样含水率和干密度越大,膨胀力随静置时间的衰减越明显,即时效性越强。SEM试验结果表明,静置90 d后,高庙子膨润土内的蒙脱石发生了水化,集合体分解,颗粒相互黏结,微观孔隙结构趋于均质化,呈现点阵式的絮状结构;试样静置过程中不同微观结构层次之间的水分重分布导致的蒙脱石水化是高庙子膨润土静置过程中膨胀力降低的主要内在原因。     

高庙子膨润土的土水特征曲线

近年来，用于高放废物深地质处置工程屏障的高压密膨润土越来越受到关注。经过全国范围内的比较和筛选，内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土矿床被确定为我国高放废物处置库缓冲材料的首选矿床。采用渗析法和水汽平衡法来控制吸力技术，通过上水特征曲线测定试验、环境扫描电镜和乐汞试验，研究高庙子高压密膨润土在不同吸力下的持水特性及其微观结构特征。利用压汞试验结果推算膨润土在恒体积条件下的土水特征曲线，并与实测数据进行比较。研究结果表明：在不同吸力作用下，膨润土的持水特性与其微观结构之间有着密切关系。     

高庙子膨润土热膨胀特性试验研究

采用DIL806热膨胀仪,通过室内试验系统研究了不同影响因素对高庙子压实膨润土样品热膨胀性能的影响,获得了膨润土样品热膨胀系数随干密度、升温速率、含水率和环境气氛等条件的变化规律.试验结果表明:膨润土样品的热膨胀系数随着干密度的增大而增大;样品热膨胀系数随初始含水率的升高而降低;高含水率的膨润土样品,其热膨胀系数随升温...     

混凝土渗透性与微观结构关系的研究

根据混凝土的渗透性大小与其孔结构参数直接相关的观点，采用压汞试验测定了水化60d的水泥浆体孔结构和孔分布情况，并采用扫描电镜研究了混凝土的微观结构与形貌。结果表明，水胶比对混凝土的总孔隙率和孔径分布的影响都很大；掺入20％的粉煤灰的混凝土的累积孔隙体积率有所减少，孔径分布偏向于凝胶孔，且其微观结构均匀密实，Ca(OH)２的晶粒含量较少。混凝土微观结构的改善有效地降低了其渗透性。     

膨润土对土体微观孔隙结构特征影响的试验研究

土体的微观孔隙结构特征 对其渗透性有着显著的影响,膨润土具有很强的防渗性能,在土中加入膨润土可改变其 孔隙尺度分布和结构特征 而降低土的渗透性。采用压汞仪法 (MIP) 试验研究了掺加不同比例的膨润土的细颗粒土的微观孔隙结构特征。试验结果表明：只要加入少量的膨润土便可使土体的大孔隙的数量急剧减少;随着膨润土的含量的增多,孔隙尺度分布逐渐发生变化,中孔隙的数量逐渐减少,小孔隙、微孔隙和超微孔隙的数量逐渐增多,孔隙分布密度函数由三峰态转变为双峰态,峰值所对应的孔隙直径减小。实验结果也证明了同一孔隙比的土样的孔隙特征的多样性,因此工程中采用的表达土的孔隙含量的宏观参数孔隙比并不能完整描述土体的孔隙特征,需要引入其他微观参数对土的孔隙特征进行描述。文中的研究对防渗工程设计与施工具有参考价值。     

侧限状态下高压实高庙子膨润土非饱和渗透性的试验研究

高放废弃物深地质处置库中,由高压实膨润土形成的人工屏障,起着阻障围岩中地下水渗入内库并引起核素迁移以及库内高放废物的辐射扩散的作用。因此,有必要研究侧限状态下高压实膨润土的非饱和渗透性能。采用瞬时截面法试验研究了侧限状态下高压实高庙子膨润土的非饱和渗透特性。结果表明:侧限状态下,干密度为1.7g/cm3的高压实高庙子膨润土的非饱和渗透系数,数值为1.13×10-13～8.41×10-15m/s,且与土中吸力呈非单一增减关系。当土中吸力约为68MPa时,非饱和渗透系数最小;吸力大于68MPa时,其非饱和渗透系数随着吸力的增加而增加;而当吸力小于68MPa时,非饱和渗透系数随着土中吸力的增加而减小。     

高庙子膨润土在高温高压下的强度特性研究

高庙子膨润土是中国高放废物地质库的首选缓冲/回填材料,将长期在高温(100℃左右)高压(数十兆帕)条件下工作。为了探讨高庙子膨润土在高温高压条件下的强度特性,使用高温高压土工三轴仪,共做了81个三轴不排水剪切试验,系统研究了干密度、围压、温度和含水率对其强度特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)围压和干密度对高庙子膨润土的破坏形态的影响很大;(2)高庙子膨润土的强度随含水率增大而减小;温度和干密度对其强度的影响比较复杂,干密度较低时,偏应力–轴向应变曲线的位置随温度升高而上移;但干密度较高时的情况则完全相反;(3)分别建立了高庙子膨润土的黏聚力和内摩擦角随干密度、含水率和温度变化的公式。本文的研究成果为分析缓冲材料的热–水–力耦合性状提供了科学依据。     

约束状态对高庙子膨润土的水力学特性的影响

在我国核废料深地质处置中,高庙子膨润土作为首选缓冲回填材料,起着阻隔核素迁移的作用。高压密膨润土填充于核废料包装罐与围岩之间,在水化初期和水化后期分别处于自由膨胀和侧限状态。因此,认识其在这两种约束状态下的水力学特性是十分重要的。为了加深对高庙子膨润土水力学特性的认识,对其分别进行了自由膨胀和侧限状态下的土水特征测定试验、微观结构测定试验和非饱和渗透系数测定试验。最后在以上试验结果的基础上,分析了约束状态的不同对高庙子膨润土水力学特性的影响。     

高庙子膨润土及其混合材料导热性能研究

导热性能是高放废物地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的重要性能之一。采用瞬变平面热源法,研究了我国高放废物地质处置首选缓冲/回填材料高庙子膨润土,及以其为主料,添加不同含量石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑组成的混合材料的导热性能。分析了添加剂种类和含量、干密度、饱和度等因素对导热系数的影响。研究结果表明:高庙子膨润土及其混合材料的导热系数、热扩散系数都随干密度和含水量的增大而增大;石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑能够不同程度提高膨润土的导热系数,石英砂的作用优于北山花岗岩碎屑;饱和度对添加剂发挥其提高缓冲/回填材料导热性能的作用影响明显,饱和度越高,添加剂的作用越显著。     

压实膨润土膨胀应变时效性试验及模型研究

本文对高庙子膨润土试样竖向膨胀应变时效性进行了试验和理论研究。首先,3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末被压实到2种不同干密度,然后保持试样含水率不变分别静置0、1、7、15、30和90天,最后利用膨胀变形仪对静置完成后的试样的水化膨胀变形进行了测量,试验结果表明:试样的水化膨胀曲线呈双曲线型,水化初期膨胀明显,之后逐渐稳定;竖向膨胀应变随初始干密度的增加而增大,与初始含水率关系不明显;最大竖向膨胀应变随静置时间的增长不断衰减,且静置前期衰减明显,后期趋于稳定;基于试验成果,通过类比,建立了压实膨润土的膨胀应变时效性经验模型,拟合结果表明该模型能够较好地反映静置时间对高庙子膨润土膨胀应变的影响。     

Effect of synthetic Beishan site water and cement solutions on the mineralogy and microstructure of compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite

The mineral alteration and microstructure evolution of compacted GMZ bentonite was investigated during the long-term in the Beishan area, a candidate for a high-level radioactive waste repository in China. The compacted GMZ bentonite samples at initial dry densities of 1.5 and 1.7 Mg/m³ were infiltrated by synthetic Beishan Site Water (BSW) and two synthetic cement solutions (Young Cement Water -YCW and Evolved Cement Water - ECW) under constant volume conditions for about 2 months in this study. X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) tests were carried out to observe the mineralogy and microstructure of the specimens after experiencing the three types of pore solutions.There is evidence of cation exchange reactions, some zeolites and C-S-H in the GMZ bentonite after the infiltration of alkaline solutions. The hydration of alkaline solutions and mineralogy alteration result in changes to the microstructure of compacted GMZ bentonite. The generated secondary mineral on the surface of montmorillonite leads to the clogging of inter-aggregate pores. In the case of high dry density, this resulted in pore occlusion.     

干湿循环条件下高压实膨润土的微观结构特征

采用温度、吸力控制方法,试验研究了在不同温度、不同侧限约束条件下的高压实高庙子膨润土微观结构在干湿循环作用下的变化规律。结果表明,特定温度下、高吸力（＞ 5 MPa ）范围内,干湿循环路径对无侧限、高压实膨润土集合体内孔隙与集合间孔隙的影响存在明显差异。吸湿过程中,试样内部不同孔径的孔隙均发生了不同程度的膨胀;脱湿过程中,孔隙出现分化,部分较大孔径（＞ 3000 nm ）的孔隙收缩,而集合体内孔隙基本不受吸力增加的影响。相同侧限条件下,温度对干湿循环路径对高压实膨润土微结构的影响效果具有明显的放大作用,即温度越高、干湿循环路径对高压实膨润土微结构的影响作用越明显。     

Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01

Gaomiaozi bentonite (GMZ01) has been decided upon as the first option for use as buffer/backfill materials in the deep disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China. The basic functions of the materials used in the waste repositories request among others a sufficient swelling pressure and low hydraulic conductivity in order to provide long-term stability to the barrier system under environmental pressure and behavior of the waste loads. As such, it is necessary to investigate the influence of initial dry density on the swelling properties of Gaomiaozi bentonite (GMZ01) in order to achieve better design of buffer/backfill materials. In this study the swelling pressure of GMZ01 has been studied and analyzed by multi and one-step wetting constant volume tests with five different dry densities (1.15, 1.35, 1.50, 1.60 and 1.75 mg/m³). Results show that swelling pressure changes with time nonlinearly, while there is a linear relationship between time/swelling pressure and time. Curves of swelling pressure and the amount of absorbed water varying with time can be classified into typical phases. For the GMZ01 tested here, the initial dry density is an important factor influencing the swelling pressure. The results show that there is an exponential relationship between swelling pressure and dry density. Moreover, comparison was done between the experimental swelling pressure results of used GMZ bentonite in this study and other bentonites cited in literature: (i) other GMZ׳s and (ii) different types of bentonites proposed as buffer/backfill materials (i.e., MX80, Kunigel, Montigel, and Calcigel). The effect on the microstructure of the density and the wetting under the constant volume condition (after the swelling pressure test) has been investigated by studying the results of pore size distribution for GMZ01 by using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) photos. Finally, two different theoretical concepts were used to estimate the swelling pressure (the modified DDL and thermodynamics approaches). The results of the two methods show that the swelling pressure results compare relatively well with the experimental data for the GMZ bentonite.     

Coupled effects of saline solutions and temperature on the swelling deformation property of GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures

Based on the results of one-dimensional free swelling tests, the coupled effects of NaCl-Na₂SO₄ solutions and temperature on the swelling deformation property of compacted GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures were analyzed. The concentrations of the NaCl-Na₂SO₄ solutions were 0, 0.008, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 mol/L, the temperatures were 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C and the sand contents were 0, 30 and 50%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were also performed to find the influences of the temperature, solution concentration and sand content on the mineral composition and microstructure. The results showed that the maximum swelling strain of the specimens increased with an elevated temperature, while it decreased with increases in the solution concentration and sand content. The swelling process was accelerated by the rising temperature. The XRD tests indicated that the combined effect of a high temperature and a high solution concentration may have caused more Na⁺ from the saline solutions to enter the interlayer, partly displacing the divalent cations. The MIP tests demonstrated that adding sand to the bentonite could reduce the amount of inter-granular pores and increase the intra-aggregate pores. These findings are advantageous to the transfer of heat and pour fluid in the specimens; and thus, the swelling deformation capacity of the bentonite-sand mixtures was higher than that of pure bentonite under the same conditions.     

圆饼状高压实膨润土膨胀力各向异性特征研究

针对作为我国缓冲/回填材料的高压实高庙子膨润土,采用自主研制的膨胀力-渗透性一体化测试仪器开展膨胀力试验,分别测定圆饼状试样的轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力发展规律,研究试样初始干密度、初始吸力和尺寸效应对其膨胀力各向异性特征的影响。试验结果显示,轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力均随着试样初始干密度的增加呈指数增大,膨胀力各向异性特征愈加显著。轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力均随着试样初始吸力的增加而呈减小趋势;相同初始吸力条件下,径向膨胀力均大于轴向膨胀力,但是膨胀力各向异性系数随着初始吸力增大而不断减小。试样尺寸对膨胀力有显著影响,增加试样高度,轴向膨胀力不断增加,径向膨胀力增加到某一数值后不再随高度增加,膨胀力各向异性系数随着试样高度的增加逐渐减小。最后,基于膨润土膨胀机理、压实效应和尺寸效应,分析了膨胀力各向异性特征的形成机理。     

非饱和膨润土失水收缩与冻结体变关系研究

与饱和膨润土呈现冻胀现象不同,非饱和膨润土在冻结过程中体缩现象显著,其体缩可能与其失水收缩和冰水相变后产生的冰晶胶结作用有关。为探究非饱和膨润土的冻结体变特征,进行了不同初始孔隙比、饱和度下的三维等温体变试验、常温风干试验。试验结果表明:非饱和膨润土冻结温度低于粉质黏土,和其初始含水率正相关;非饱和膨润土在冻融循环中存在低密度土体被压密,高密度土体密度减小的现象。非饱和膨润土在冻结过程中,低饱和度土样存在明显的体缩现象,随着饱和度的提高,其体缩现象逐步消失直至出现明显冻胀;这种现象说明:冻结过程中,不仅存在冰水相变引起的冻胀作用,而且还存在着由于冰水胶结而产生的体缩作用;通过进一步的数据分析,得到了冰水相变导致的体变与土体体积含冰量之间的关系,它综合反映了饱和度、孔隙比、温度等因素对非饱和膨润土冻结体变特性的影响。