钢箱梁面板与U肋焊接残余应力的分布特性

为研究残余应力场对钢箱梁疲劳性能影响效应,以港珠澳大桥正交异性钢桥面板为例,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了正交异性钢桥面板焊接全过程及残余应力分布特性,分析了板件参数对残余应力的影响效应,得到钢箱梁确定正交异性钢桥面板焊接残余应力分布的经验公式.研究结果表明:采用ANSYS热-结构弱耦合数值模拟方法可反映实际焊接过程中残余应力场的分布;焊缝区域残余应力峰值受板件参数影响较小,横向最大残余应力约为300 MPa;沿板厚方向焊接残余应力符合正弦分布,表明采用正弦函数作为其经验分布模型是可行的.      

X射线衍射法测试高速列车车体铝合金残余应力

为了准确、无损、快速地检测高速列车铝合金的表面残余应力,采用等强杆拉伸试验方法,用X射线衍射法对测试结果进行标定,并用X射线衍射法、盲孔法以及有限元法对测得的车体铝合金焊接接头残余应力进行了对比.结果表明:等强杆拉伸试验标定过程中,在10～70 MPa范围内,随着拉伸载荷的增加,X射线法测得的应力与载荷应力具有一致性,可采用X射线衍射法对车体关键部位应力状态进行测试分析,X射线衍射法残余应力的数值略大于理论计算值和电测法计算值;车顶铝合金焊接接头最大残余应力可达146.3 MPa;X射线衍射法与等强杆标定方法、盲孔法、有限元计算模拟方法的残余应力结果保持了较好的一致性.     

锂电池复合热管理系统的散热性能优化设计

针对锂电池组散热问题,提出了一种将分岔液冷通道与复合相变材料相结合的复合液冷系统,并对其散热性能进行了数值研究。首先,通过单体电池充放电实验,得到电池的产热量;其次,建立三维电池组模型,以冷却通道各级数量和复合相变材料的厚度为设计变量,采用最优拉丁方方法构建44个试验样本点;然后,基于响应面法建立近似模型,并采用了多目标粒子群算法,进行优化设计;最后,讨论冷却液质量流量的影响。结果表明：当分岔液冷通道各级数量为5、5、7,复合相变材料厚度为5.659 9 mm时,可获得更好的冷却性能,其最高温度、最大温差和压降分别减少了3.40%、35.36%和46.50%。     

6061-T6铝合金构件焊接残余应力分布

针对国产TIG焊接成型的6061-T6铝合金箱形构件的残余应力分布,采用ABAQUS有限元软件,研究其残余应力的分布规律.选用温度-位移耦合C3D8T单元,建立残余应力分析的有限元模型,获得6061-T6铝合金TIG焊接成型的箱形构件的残余应力值,经盲孔法实测验证有限元方法的可靠性.有限元模拟结果表明,TIG焊接成型的6061-T6铝合金方形构件的残余应力总体呈U型分布,应力峰值位于构件角部,谷值位于板件中部;残余应力影响范围及峰值与板厚有关.     

考虑相变作用的冻土路基应力与变形分析模型

基于冻土路基温度场的控制方程,考虑水分转化为冰的相变作用对土体瞬时变形和蠕变变形的影响,建立路基应力和变形的二维数值方程,并通过1月份的路基冻胀力学模型,分析冻胀带内水分相变引起的路基应力和变形的分布规律.研究发现,在冻胀区域一定的情况下,冻胀率的大小决定了路基表面应力和变形的极值大小;竖向位移的最大值在坡脚处产生,并向路基中部和左侧边界逐渐递减;随着冻胀率的增加,路基表面裂缝有从坡脚向路中发展的趋势;路基表面产生最大拉应力的位置与最大竖向位移的位置基本吻合;路中所承受的拉应力主要发生在水分集聚的相变带范围内.结果表明,相变作用是引起路基发生冻胀病害的直接因素,分析路基应力与变形的分布规律是研究多年冻土路基破坏机理的有效方法.     

考虑残余应力释放的疲劳寿命预测方法研究

基于断裂力学理论,考虑残余应力及加载过程中的应力释放对接头疲劳性能的影响,探索不等厚对接接头疲劳寿命的预测方法.采用三维有限元理论研究不等厚板接头的残余应力分布规律,并通过残余应力释放模型和Forman公式计算加载过程各瞬态的有效应力强度因子和有效应力强度因子比,得到不等厚对接接头的疲劳寿命,将预测值与疲劳试验结果进行...     

车轴表面应力分析

为了提高车轴寿命,使车轴表面产生较大压应力,分析了50钢车轴表面残余应力变化规律,采用X射线法检测了车轴表层经过低温淬火和滚压后的轴向、周向和径向应力。测试结果表明,采用此方法后,车轴表面的残余应力大幅提高,最大增幅为556MPa,且应力分布均匀,说明此方法能够有效提高车轴的疲劳寿命。     

焊接残余应力对动车组铝合金车体疲劳强度的影响

采用热-弹塑性法和固有应变法计算了动车组铝合金车体对接接头的残余应力, 并进行了对比, 以验证采用固有应变法计算残余应力的合理性; 建立了车体的板壳有限元模型, 参照标准《铁路应用—铁路车辆车体的结构要求》 (EN 12663), 确定车体服役状态的疲劳载荷工况, 采用惯性释放法计算了车体有无残余应力的疲劳强度; 根据最大主应力原则, 将车体多轴应力转化为单轴应力, 得到焊缝和母材关注点的平均应力和应力幅值; 结合铝合金车体材料性能参数绘制了Goodman疲劳曲线, 计算了每个关注点的可靠性安全系数, 分析了残余应力对车体疲劳强度的影响。分析结果表明: 焊接残余应力对母材关注点影响不大, 其可靠性安全系数降幅小于5%;焊缝关注点的平均应力增加量可达25 MPa, 其可靠性安全系数降幅超过50%, 最大为54%, 使得车体容易疲劳失效; 残余应力对焊缝关注点最大主应力的方向有明显的改变。      

负载下CFRP约束混凝土应力-应变关系分析型模型

为研究负载水平对FRP(纤维增强复合材料)约束混凝土柱峰值应力和峰值应变的影响,根据32个CFRP(碳纤维增强复合材料)约束混凝土圆柱构件和16个CFRP约束混凝土方柱构件的试验结果,引入负载影响因子,对J G Teng提出的CFRP约束混凝土柱峰值应力和峰值应变计算公式进行修正.在此基础上分析了CFRP约束混凝土柱构件轴向-侧向应变关系,以J G Teng本构模型为主动约束关系,建立了负载下CFRP约束混凝土应力-应变分析型模型.研究结果表明:模型理论曲线与试验曲线接近,修正后的峰值应力和峰值应变与试验结果较吻合,圆柱构件的误差约10%,方柱构件的误差在15%左右.      

单向压力对Ni-Mn-Ga磁形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响

采用电阻和应变测量的方法,研究了单向压力对Heusler合金Ni56.3Mn19.3Ga22.8C1.6马氏体相变的影响.结果表明:在压力小于4.44 MPa时相变温度随压力值的升高而降低,(dT)/(dσ)=0.648 K/MPa,说明了一定的压力阻碍马氏体相变的发生,当压力大于点升高,其原因可能是压力超过了临界值而引发了另一种相变.实验结果符合Clausius-Claperon 方程.     

热障涂层应力场的微拉曼光谱技术测试研究

采用等离子体喷涂工艺制备了热障涂层实验样品,在不同高温下进行热循环氧化实验。再应用微拉曼光谱法测量了热障涂层样品内残余应力场大小,并分析了试样尺寸、热处理温度和陶瓷涂层厚度对残余应力的影响。经历20次热循环氧化实验后,测得陶瓷涂层内残余应力由初始压缩应力值(-30~-20 MPa)逐渐变化到(-15~15 MPa),与文献[3~7]结果比较一致。最后,用扫描电镜观察了试样截面形貌的变化。     

Prediction of Welding Residual Stress in 2. 25Cr-1Mo Steel Pipe

Introduction2.25Cr-1Mo-steel is widely used in thepetroleum industry and in steam power generatingof both nuclear and conventional power plants be-cause of its excellent high-temperature strength,corrosion resistibility,and resistance to high-tem-perature hydrogen attack.Because several alloy el-ements are added into2.25Cr-1Mo-steel,marten-site is prone to form after welding.It has been rec-ognized that phase transformation can radically af-fect the development of residual stresses[1-2].Inor…     

Computer modeling and validations of steel gear heat treatment processes using commercial software DANTE

The heat treatment process of a gear made of AISI 9310 carburized steel is modeled using the commercial heat treatment simulation software DANTE. Both carburization and quenching processes affect the residual stress distribution and distortion of heat-treated parts, which are important to service quality and fatigue life. DANTE/VCARB is used to design the boost/diffuse schedule of a vacuum carburization process. Oil quenching is modeled following the vacuum carburization process. Thermal gradient and phase transformation are two main sources of distortion and residual stresses in quenched parts. The relation of the carbon distribution, thermal gradient, and phase transformations during quenching is studied through the gear modeling example. Because of geometry, the residual stress distribution after quenching is non-uniform along the gear surface. In general, the root fillet has higher residual compression than either the root or tooth face locations after traditional oil quenching of carburized gears. The predicted residual stresses from the oil quenching model are imported into a single tooth fatigue bending model. The gear stresses under bending load indicate the possible cracking locations during the bending fatigue test. The importance of heat treatment residual stresses during gear design is pointed out, and it is commonly ignored in the gear design and manufacturing industry.     

Numerical Study of the Plastic Behaviour of a Low Alloy Steel during Phase Transformation

IntroductionItiswellknownthaphasetrapsformationsplayanimPortantroleontheresidualstressesandstrainsinducedbythermalprocessessuchasweldingandquenching.lnthispaPer,wefocusourattentiononthebehaviourofsteelsduringphasetransformations.AtheoreticalaPproachhasbeenachievedbyLeblondetal[1]andhasledtOamacroscopicmodelinthecaseofideal-plasticphases[2][3].Thenthemodelhasbeengeneralizedtotakestrainhardeningphenomenaintoaccount[4].ThetheoreticalaPproachhasbeenassessedandcompletedusingflniteelementsimulati…     

Performance research of a micro-CCHP system with adsorption chiller

This paper describes a new micro-combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP) system,which is especially suitable for domestic and light commercial applications. It mainly consists of a natural gas-fired internal combustion engine,a silica gel-water adsorption chiller and other heat recovery units. In order to study the energy effciency and economic feasibility,an experimental investigation has been carried out. The experimental system has a rated electricity power of 12 kW,a rated cooling capacity of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Evaluation and analysis of the system are discussed in detail. The testing results show that the energy effciency of the overall system depends on different modes. The overall thermal and electrical effciency is over 70%. Higher heat load supplied causes higher effciency of the system. Economic evaluation shows that the micro-CCHP system enjoys a small capital cost and short payback period,which is easily accepted by customers. At current natural gas price of 1.9 RMB/m3(nominal condition) and electric price of 0.754 RMB/(kW·h) ,the total capital cost is only 90 000 RMB with a payback period of 3.21 years.     

Calculation of Temperature Field During Laser Transformation Hardening of Cylindrical Bodies

IntroductionLaserTransformationhardeningtechniquehasbeensuccessfullyusedinindustryformanyyears.AlotsoftheoreticalworkshasbeendoneforheatflowduringthelasertfansformationhardeningofflatworkPieces["].Cyindricalbodiesarewidelyusedinindustrysuchaslocomotivecrankshaft,steelrollervalyeseat,enginecyinder.IftheschcesoftheseworkPiecesaretreatedbylasertheirwearresistancewiIIimProvealot.UptillnowmanyexPerimentalworkshasbeendoneforlasertransformationhardeningofcyindricalbodies,butfewtheoreticalworkshav…     

Transformation Plasticity─The Effect on Metallo-Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Carburized Quenching Process

IntroductionInelashcorhaersiblestrainaccompaniedbyslidingofcrystalsduetothermalandphasetransformationdilatationiswellknowntointensivelythethedistonionofworkpieceunderqUopching,andsomanynumericalsimulatonsll-7]havebeencAnedoutintheframeworkofmotallochermo-mechwhcsl1].Transformationplasticity(TP),anothekindofbeversiblestrain,isalsorecognizedasoneofdominantparwtersthechngthestr6ssanddistorton,andsomenumcricalcalculationaremadebytakingtheeffectintoconsideration.Figurelschematicallyillustraresthe…     

钢轨三维弹塑性滚动接触应力

用有限元法建立了钢轨三维弹塑性滚动接触计算模型，分析钢轨材料屈服强度对钢轨残余应力和应变的影响．模型中考虑了钢轨的几何形状和边界条件，通过在钢轨表面反复施加移动赫兹法向压力和切向力模拟车轮的反复滚动作用．结果表明：最大等效塑性应变和剪应变均发生在钢轨接触表面，此处易萌生裂纹；钢轨接触表面附近材料塑性变形流线趋势与现场观测到的裂纹方向一致；钢轨材料屈服强度越高，材料的累积塑性变形越小，钢轨的最大残余应力越接近于表面．     

Numerical Analysis of Thermal Distortion and Residual Stresses in H13 Steel Due to Vacuum Gas Quenching

IntroductionVacuumgasquenchinginvolvinghighpressuregasasacoolingmedium,is.anincreasinglypoPularheattreatffienttechniquefor1argesteeldieblocks,forexamPleHl3die.ItisconsideredessefltialtounderstandthentheeofthegasflowandtheinfiuencethishasontemPeratureprofilesandresultaflresidualstresseswithintheheattTeatedcomPonent.SimulatingthisprocessinvolvesthesimulationofgasflowinthefurnaceaswellasthesimulationofthethermalbehaviourofthecomPoneni.However,thereisnosinglecomPatersoftwarepackageavailabletot…     

High temperature indentation test to improve constitutive model for welding simulation

The high temperature gradients experienced during fusion welding lead to a local dilatation and metallurgical transformations that generate inhomogeneous plastic deformation, residual stresses and distortions in the welded parts which can affect the service life of the structures. To predict such residual stresses and distortions, finite element analysis is nowadays widely used. This work reports a 3D finite element model for welding simulation. The proposed model is based on semi coupled thermo-mechanical analysis using a double ellipsoidal model of heat source. Firstly, a disk heated in its central zone is investigated. Secondly the validation concerns the simulation of a fully 3D two pass butt weld. The idea in this work concerns the calibration of the heat source parameters with the help of the inverse analysis to improve the heat flow predictions. For the stress analysis, an annealing temperature is introduced to force the material to lose its hardening memory above a given temperature. The predicted residual stresses as well as the predicted distortions are found to be sensitive to the annealing temperature.