不结球白菜游离小孢子培养及植株再生研究

为进一步优化不结球白菜游离小孢子培养技术体系,本研究以20个不同基因型的不结球白菜为试验材料,研究不同基因型、4℃低温胁迫处理时间和头孢噻胯浓度对游离小孢子胚胎发生的影响,并对小孢子胚胎发育和再生过程进行观察和倍性鉴定。结果表明,当花瓣/花药(P/A)长度比值为0.85～1.10时,不结球白菜小孢子主要处于单核晚期;共有10个基因型不结球白菜出胚,其中出胚率最大的为H20,平均出胚率为7.75胚·10蕾^-1;4℃低温胁迫处理1 d时不结球白菜出胚率最高;头孢噻胯对不结球白菜出胚率的影响与基因型密切相关;从胚状体到再生幼苗阶段,不结球白菜基因型不同,其胚胎再生频率也不同;倍性鉴定共检测出21个双单倍体和2个单倍体,自然加倍率为91.3%,不结球白菜植株形态表现出明显的多样性。本研究结果为不结球白菜游离小孢子高效培养体系的优化提供了一定的技术支撑。     

抗生素在甘蓝类蔬菜小孢子胚胎发生中的双重作用

为克服甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢子培养中的细菌污染,以1个青花菜纯合系和2个结球甘蓝纯合系为试验材料,研究培养基中分别添加2种抗生素——头孢噻胯和羧苄青霉素对小孢子培养中细菌污染、胚胎发生和胚植株再生的影响。结果表明,2种抗生素的添加(25、50、100、200 mg·L~(-1))能够显著降低小孢子培养中的细菌污染;50 mg·L~(-1)头孢噻胯和羧苄青霉素的添加显著促进了结球甘蓝、青花菜胚胎发生和植株再生频率;抗生素处理高于50 mg·L~(-1)时,小孢子死亡率升高,同时小孢子的发育受到抑制。本研究报道了抗生素在小孢子培养中的双重作用,尤其是对于胚胎发生的促进作用,这对加快单倍体育种进程具有重要意义。     

甘蓝类植物小孢子培养及植株再生研究

对3个甘蓝类植物(甘蓝、青花菜、羽衣甘蓝)19个品种小孢子胚胎发生和植株再生的影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,基因型不仅影响供试材料的小孢子胚状体发生频率,也影响胚状体的质量;4℃低温预处理0 ～2d结合32.5℃热激1d,能显著提高供试基因型小孢子出胚率.胚状体先在NLN-13液体培养基中培养25d,有利于胚状体分化成苗;后在B5固体分化培养基中添加1％ ～1.2％琼脂,可有效促进胚状体萌发和植株再生.小孢子再生植株先使用流式细胞仪在生长初期鉴定倍性,后对单倍体植株采用200mg·L-1秋水仙碱浸根处理20h,并用流式细胞仪鉴定,此方法可快速、有效地获得双单倍体植株.     

小孢子培养有效获得松花型花椰菜DH再生植株

对5个松花型花椰菜杂种一代的小孢子培养研究表明，小孢子胎胚发生主要依赖于基因型，庆农65天的每花蕾胚状体产量最高，平均达15.5个。松花菜的胚状体萌发率一般在30%左右，并有效获得了大量的DH再生植株。冷击预处理能显著影响花椰菜小孢子的胚胎发生，但供体材料间存在不同的结果。结球期和开花结角期再生植株的生育期与育性出现较大分离，可育且能正常结角的比例约占全部小孢子再生植株的50%以上，因而不再需要加倍处理。     

红花小孢子培养与胚状体诱导研究

小孢子培养是创造单倍体和双单倍体的重要途径,对提高红花的育种效率具有重要意义。为了研究红花游离小孢子的高效培养体系,用20份红花材料研究花药及小孢子培养中影响愈伤组织生长和胚发生的关键因素。结果表明,小孢子发育时期、红花品种、基本培养基和激素浓度是影响红花诱导愈伤组织的关键因素。花药培养的愈伤及胚诱导率高于游离小孢子,且受基因型影响。单核靠边期管状花长度为 0.45～0.50 cm时,诱导成功率达到68.32%。供试的20份红花材料中,有11份诱导出了愈伤组织,有1份分化出了胚状愈伤,诱导成功率为15.79%。分化培养最适培养基组合为1/2 MS+B5+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 1.0 mg/L;小孢子悬浮培养最适培养基激素浓度以添加6-BA 4.0 mg/L 和NAA 0.5 mg/L效果最好,诱导愈伤率为22.5%。     

小孢子培养获得松花型花椰菜DH再生植株

对5个松花型花椰菜(Brassica oleraceavar.botrytisL.)杂种一代的小孢子培养研究表明,小孢子胎胚发生主要依赖于基因型,庆农65天的每花蕾胚状体产量最高,平均达15.5个。松花菜的胚状体萌发率一般在30%左右,并有效地获得了大量的DH再生植株。冷激预处理能显著地影响花椰菜小孢子的胚胎发生,但供体材料间存在不同的结果。结球期和开花结角期再生植株的生育期与育性出现较大分离,可育且能正常结角的比例约占全部小孢子再生植株的50%以上,因而不再需要加倍处理。     

四倍体青花菜小孢子培养及胚胎发育途径研究

以同源四倍体青花菜为试材,进行了游离小孢子培养的胚胎诱导条件及胚胎发育途径的研究。结果表明:基因型是影响四倍体青花菜小孢子胚胎诱导率的重要因子,基因型A36的出胚率最高,达到28.5个·蕾-1;热激胁迫(32.5℃)诱导小孢子从配子体发育途径向胚胎发生途径转换,其小孢子胚胎发育途径为典型的单核期小孢子经对称分裂产生胚胎的途径(B途径);4℃低温预处理1d或2d结合32.5℃热激1 d后,对称分裂和多细胞团增加,供试基因型小孢子出胚率显著提高。本研究将有助于游离小孢子胚胎发生机理的研究,以及其他芸薹属小孢子胚胎体系的建立及优化。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子离体诱变——紫外线对小孢子胚状体再生的影响

用紫外线对3个甘蓝型油菜品系的离体小孢子进行照射0-60s。未经照射的对照和已照射的小孢子于NLN培养基进行培养,诱导胚状体。结果表明,照射20s和60s对胚状体的再生没有影响,照射40s则有促进作用。     

玉米小孢子胚胎发生的细胞形态学观察

通过观察玉米小孢子胚胎发生的细胞形态学特征,发现：离体培养条件下单核后期的花粉可以通过均等分裂和不均等分裂两条途径形成胚状体,与前人的研究结果一致。淀粉的积累,多核小孢子的液泡化以及花药壁的衰退都可影响雄核发育。将诱导培养3周的花药转移到降低蔗糖浓度、去除TZBA并附加KT的分化培养基上,有利于球形胚和梨形胚的极性分化和成熟,而发育较迟的胚状体则停止发育,趋向退化。因此胚状体之间出现明显的两极分化。     

培养基水分状况对大白菜小孢子胚成苗的影响

为提高大白菜小孢子胚成苗率，对影响胚发育成苗的培养基水分状况进行了研究。在诱导胚 生的ＮＬＮ１３培养基中、培养－３周形成的子叶期胚质量好，成苗率高，随着培养时间的延长，胚质量和成苗率逐渐降低。诱导胚发育成苗的ＭＳ０培养基的琼脂含量，对于小孢子胚的成苗率有重要的影响。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.