香蕉和大蕉果实在不同温度下催熟后的色泽变化

 香蕉和大蕉在20℃和30℃条件下果实催熟期间果皮色泽及几种色素含量的变化结果表明: 在20℃下香蕉、大蕉具有正常的呼吸和乙烯释放高峰, 果皮色泽由绿转黄, 叶绿素含量逐渐降低, 类胡萝卜素含量逐渐上升; 但在30℃下, 香蕉果实虽然出现了正常的呼吸和乙烯释放的高峰, 但叶绿素的降解受到了一定的抑制, 果皮不能正常褪绿, 出现了青皮熟现象, 而大蕉却能正常褪绿转黄。     

Genome composition and genetic diversity of Musa germplasm from China revealed by PCR-RFLP and SSR markers

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important crops in the world. In this study, 216 banana accessions, 184 from the National Banana Germplasm Collection of China (NBGCC) and 32 from the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP), were used to determine the genome composition of banana plants in these collections and to estimate their genetic diversity. The genome composition was examined using PCR-RFLP markers. The molecular data for all but one accession (ITC 1231) from INIBAP were in agreement with the initial records based on phenotypic characteristics. Microsatellite (SSR) markers were used to investigate the genetic variability and relationships among these banana accessions. Ten of the 47 primer pairs tested consistently produced reproducible and discrete fragments. We identified a total of 92 alleles, ranging from 5 to 15 per locus. The genetic similarity between the accessions ranged between 0.1 and 1, when estimated using Jaccard's coefficient. The UPGMA method based on genetic similarities, grouped the NBGCC accessions according to those containing the ‘A’ and ‘B’ genomes. However, this analysis could not separate all the accessions, especially the somatic mutations, using the primers in this study. These data indicated that limited genetic variation exists within these accessions and the collections of NBGCC should include a much wider range of banana plant material.     

几种香蕉废弃物清除DPPH自由基的作用

测定了几种香蕉废弃物不同溶剂提取物及不同生长期香蕉果实(果皮及果肉)的DPPH自由基清除作用;此外,还对不同材料、不同蕉类品种废弃物的DPPH自由基清除效果进行了比较,以期研究香蕉废弃物的抗氧化活性。结果表明:大部分材料的80%甲醇、80%乙醇、80%丙酮提取物均具有很强的DPPH自由基清除作用,其中80%丙酮提取物的自由基清除作用稍强;所有材料中,嫩苞片及花显示了很强的DPPH自由基清除能力,其IC50值分别为0.6834和0.6853mg/mL,不同材料的80%乙醇提取物的DPPH自由基清除作用强弱顺序依次为:嫩苞片花青色果皮(未成熟)黄色果皮(成熟)老苞片果轴;在整个生长期间,香蕉果皮的自由基清除作用由强变弱,而果肉则与之相反;不同蕉类品种的各种废弃物自由基清除作用强弱顺序依次为:香蕉(威廉斯B6,Williams B6)红蕉大蕉粉蕉。     

香蕉两种主要病毒多重PCR检测方法的建立

 根据香蕉束顶病(Banana bunchy top virus, BBTV) 和香蕉花叶心腐病(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV) 的复制酶基因、外壳蛋白基因序列分别设计特异性引物对, 在BBTV单一PCR和CMV RT-PCR优化体系的基础上, 建立了可同时检测BBTV、CMV的多重PCR检测方法。此方法可以特异地从感染BBTV和CMV的样品中扩增出2条带, BBTV (748 bp) 和CMV (557 bp) 。扩增产物序列测定结果表明, BBTV扩增产物与GenBank中其他分离物的核苷酸序列同源性为91% ～99% , CMV扩增产物与GenBank中其他分离物的核苷酸序列同源性为93%～98%。     

OziExplorer软件在香蕉平衡施肥上的应用初探

通过应用OziExplorer地图软件系统,建立了漳州市香蕉平衡施肥数据库,并编制漳州市香蕉平衡施肥点位图,指导蕉农进行香蕉平衡施肥。应用结果表明,高产蕉园667?增产14%,低产蕉园增产16.8%;肥料利用率提高3%;每667?少用纯N 13.9 kg、P2O527.7 kg,增加K2O 22.1 kg,节约用肥19.5 kg,降低成本10%以上;高产蕉园节本增收552.7元,低产蕉园节本增收624.8元;产投比2.98∶1,经济效益明显。     

香蕉新品种‘南天红’

香蕉新品种‘南天红’由‘南天黄’的自然突变选育而成。假茎平均高度2.59 m，幼树假茎外表面暗红色，抽蕾后转绿。雄花苞片外表面常为深红色，花苞卷曲，常不脱落；从种植到收获11 ~ 13个月，单株产量25 kg，品质好。中高抗香蕉枯萎病4号小种，采用配套的栽培技术可在所有香蕉种植区推广。     

Water requirement,crop coefficient and water-use efficiency of ‘Robusta’ banana under different soil covers and soil moisture regimes

Provision and soil covers in a ‘Robusta’ banana plantation considerably reduced consumptive use of water and number of irrigations needed throughout the period of crop growth. Consumptive use ranged from 1024 mm under 800-gauge thick black polyethylene cover at 60% depletion of available soil moisture to 1560 mm under no cover treatment at 20% depletion. There was a perceptible increase in water-use efficiency under soil covers at low available soil moisture depletion levels. Soil covers reduced the periodic crop coefficient values compared with bare soil, indicating the reduced (23–33%) water requirement of banana plants under soil covers. High crop coefficient values recorded up to 5 months after planting indicated high consumptive use of water during that period. Using the crop coefficient values and corresponding period reference crop evapotranspiration, periodic water requirement of ‘Robusta’ banana for profitable production could be estimated.     

香蕉束顶病毒实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

根据香蕉束顶病毒（Banana bunchy top virus,BBTV）复制酶基因保守序列设计特异性探针及引物,建立了BBTV实时荧光PCR（TaqMan real-time PCR）检测方法。结果显示,所建立的检测方法在检测质粒DNA标准品和发病香蕉植株总DNA时,其灵敏度均比普通PCR高,且与黄瓜花叶病毒（Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV）和香蕉线条病毒（Banana streak virus,BSV）无交叉反应。同浓度样品进行7次重复性试验,各重复扩增结果所得Ct值的变异系数为0.93%,表明建立的荧光定量PCR检测方法重复性好,Ct值保持稳定。利用所建立的方法检测带毒香蕉吸芽繁殖的组培苗中的BBTV,发现BBTV含量随着继代数的增加而增加,并且组培苗顶部叶片中的含量高于其他部位的叶片。     

Changes during the respiratory climacteric in ripening plantain fruits

Fruits of a Ghanaian plantain (Musa, AAB group) of the “French” type, cultivar ‘Apem’, were used to study changes before and after commencement of the climacteric at 25°C. Fruits exhibited an extended preclimacteric period during which C₂H₄ production was undetectable, then a well defined maximum in C₂H₄ production prior to a 10-fold increase in CO₂ production. Maximum C₂H₄ production was much higher than in dessert banana cultivars (Musa, AAA and AAAA groups). During ripening, the high initial content of alcohol-insoluble solids was almost completely converted to sugars, accompanied by rapid peel colouration and pulp softening.     

延长黄熟香蕉货架期的研究

实验研究了热水处理、包装自发气调(MAP)、乙烯吸收剂、1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)、贮藏温度、多菌灵等对黄熟香蕉货架期的影响。对香蕉的有机酸和总可溶性固形物含量、色差值、包装袋内的CO2浓度进行了测定。结果显示:在(28±2)℃贮藏条件下,黄熟香蕉的货架期只有1d。1-MCP延长黄熟香蕉货架期效果最好,可以延长4d;10%CO2和2%O2的MAP气调和乙烯吸收剂可延长货架期1d;500mg/kg多菌灵48℃热处理浸泡香蕉30s,延长货架期1d。50℃以上高温预处理15min,引起黄熟香蕉热害;pH4.5酸性溶液48℃浸15min,也有明显伤害。48℃高温预处理15min,没有引起伤害。黄熟香蕉对冷害敏感。应用500mg/kg多菌灵浸果30s,晾干后放入0.04mm厚聚乙烯袋内,放入0.8%乙烯吸收剂,换气后初始CO2为10%,O2为2%,袋内注射1-MCP,使最终浓度达0.13mmol/L,可使黄熟香蕉货架期由原来的1d延长到6d。     

Estimating leaf area of plantain

The area of leaves of plantain (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana) was traced on graph paper. Then the length (L) and the maximum width (W) were measured. A known leaf area from each leaf was taken and both the sample and the remaining leaf blades were dried and weighed. Using known leaf area and their dry weights, the leaf area of each whole leaf was determined. From the regression equation, a coefficient for estimating the true leaf area from the L × W measurements was determined to be 0.8 (approx.) which was statistically significant (P = 0.05).Using a mathematical method (independent of the first method), the coefficient for estimating the true leaf area of plantain was found to be 0.7854. A significant correlation (r, 0.001 = 0.73) was also found between the area traced on graph paper and that determined using the coefficient 0.8 (L × W).     

应用AFLP进行香牙蕉品种(系)的鉴别与分类

采用AFLP技术,对35个香牙蕉品种(系)进行了鉴别与分类。从AFLP试剂盒所提供的64对引物组合中选取两对引物组合EcoR I ACC+Msc I CAT和EcoR IACC+Msc I CAG对35份香牙蕉材料进行了AFLP分析,共得到扩增位点107个,其中多态性位点84个,多态性位点比例达到78.5%,对35个品种的区分率达到100%。各品种(系)多态性带数存在差别,多态性带数最多为海南红蕉(56条),多态性比例最高为0.666 7,可见其杂合程度较高;多态性带最少的为大丰1-1号(33条),其多态性比例为0.392 9。各品种(系)相互之间的相似系数介于0.71~1.00,表明香牙蕉品种(系)之间遗传关系相对较近。依相似系数0.88的水平,可以将供试的35个香牙蕉品种(单株)分为6个品种群。鉴别了3个引自不同国家的品种,几内亚、苹果以及阳江矮实际上为同一个香牙蕉品种。该研究结果基于AFLP分子标记,能从分子水平上反映香牙蕉地方品种之间的亲缘关系,可以作为香牙蕉品种(系)分类的依据。     

优化香蕉离体培养药物消毒技术的探讨

在香蕉离体培养过程中,进行了对外植体不经表面药物消毒与传统消毒的对比试验,结果表明:两种处理的外植体萌芽诱导率分别为77.30%和76.88%,污染率分别为22.70%和23.13%,差异不显著。由此认为,以香蕉吸芽作外植体在离体培养中所产生的污染与是否进行表面药物消毒关系不大。从而可以优化香蕉离体培养的操作程序。     

香蕉胚性细胞悬浮系玻璃化法超低温保存及再生植株遗传稳定性分析

采用玻璃化法对3个香蕉栽培品种（Musa spp. AAA）的胚性细胞悬浮系（ECS）进行超低温保存。对超低温保存程序进行优化,冻存后进行ECS重建并通过体细胞胚发生途径进行植株再生,最后对再生植株进行遗传稳定性分析。用建立的ECS玻璃化法超低温保存程序对 ‘巴西蕉’、‘北大矮蕉’和‘粤优抗1号’的ECS进行超低温保存,获得的细胞相对存活率分别为89.6%、90.9%和89.9%,并重建了‘北大矮蕉’的ECS;在冻存后体细胞胚发生途径植株再生过程中,3个品种的相对植株再生率分别为64.4%、0.9% 和14.0%。从冻存后‘巴西蕉’ECS获得的细胞胚发生途径再生植株的遗传稳定性分析结果表明：再生植株与对照在形态学方面无明显区别;简单序列重复区间（ISSR）分子标记也显示与对照相比基本无差异带出现,这初步表明超低温保存后的香蕉ECS保持了遗传稳定性。     

不同肥料配比对香蕉的施用效果

采用L16（44）正交试验研究香蕉有机质肥、钾肥、镁肥、硼肥不同水平间的配施效果。结果表明,在土壤有机质含量适宜、钾素和镁素含量丰富、硼素较缺乏的香蕉园,以氮（年株N 0.4 kg）、磷（P2O50.16 kg）施用量固定的条件下,香蕉年株施氯化钾1.335 kg＋硫酸镁75 g＋硼砂0.2%溶液喷1遍（不施有机肥）产量最高,其N∶P2O5∶K2O为1.0∶0.4∶2.0;年株施氯化钾1.0 kg（不施有机肥、镁肥和不喷硼）肥效最好,667 m2净利润2 559.6元,投入产出比1∶1.89,其N∶P2O5∶K2O为1.0∶0.4∶1.5。有机质肥对增产作用不大,但可改善果肉品质。在土壤镁素含量丰富的香蕉园,不宜盲目增施镁肥;在土壤硼素较缺乏的香蕉园,每年喷1遍硼砂0.2%溶液。     

改性石灰氮防治香蕉枯萎病及其恢复香蕉生产的效果

针对我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤退化引起的土地生产力疲劳、毁灭性土传病害(香蕉枯萎病)泛滥、养分不均衡等问题,通过田间试验研究了改性石灰氮综合措施防治香蕉枯萎病的效果。结果表明,对照区的枯萎病发病率为67.58%,应用综合措施可以使发病率降低到13.75%,切断病原菌传播途径的灌溉水消毒措施对防治枯萎病有十分明显的效果;综合措施的实施使收获面积由对照的32.42%增加到86.25%,单株产量由24.4kg增加到26.9kg,单株实收增产10%以上,并改善了香蕉果实外观、营养和食用品质,增加了蕉农的产值和经济效益。由此可以认为,以改性石灰氮综合调控为主要内容的蕉园土壤质量保育措施可以有效的用于香蕉枯萎病的防治。     

香蕉新品种‘东蕉1号’

‘东蕉1号’是从‘巴西蕉’种植群体芽变单株中筛选出的香蕉新品种。植株高大粗壮,长势旺盛,平均假茎高261.5 cm,假茎粗55.4 cm,总叶片数41片。果穗呈长圆柱状,质量24.1 kg,果指长度21.6 cm。果肉黄白色,肉质软滑,风味香甜,可溶性固形物含量18.8%。新植蕉全生育期约405 d,产量42.32 t · hm-2。田间枯萎病发病率较低,适宜在热带和南亚热带非香蕉枯萎病区种植。     

Apfel oder Acai: Brasiliens Obstbau im ökonomischen und klimatischen Wandel

In times of recession with a 7–10% inflation rate, drop in consumption and loss in value of the Real currency, Brazil as the third largest fruit producer with 46 mil t fruit on 2.2 mil ha (2013), exports ca. 3% of its production worth ca. 765 mil (2013) – 807 (2014) US $, of which 80% is destined for Europe – the fruit export target for the future is 1 bil US $. Apple (cv. ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’) production under Southern hemisphere conditions (26–31°S) in Brazil rose from 0.6 mil t in 2002, peaked at 1.4 million t on 39,600?ha in 2011/12, declining in 2012/13 to 1.05 mil t due to orchard reductions in Fraiburgo as a result of lack of chilling, 1.16 mil t in both 20131/4 and 2014/15 and then 0.8 mil t in 2015/16 on 36,090?ha, resembling average apple yields in Germany on 31,400?ha.Apple orchards are essentially free of fire blight and codling moth, but with 1700?mm annual precipitation, they are affected by the scab and Glomorella fungi. Climate change affects apple production: Lack of chilling, caused by cold winters, induces vertical vegetative branches, flat speckled fruit with long pedicels (fruit stalks; cv. ‘Gala’), sunburn (cv. ‘Fuji’). Warm autumns result in a lack of fruit colouration in both varieties and prevent the cultivation of high chill apples, pears and plums.Three major fruit, orange (7.5?kg), banana (6.8?kg) and apple (cvs ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’; 4.2?kg apples/head/year; 2014) dominate the overall fruit consumption of 31.4?kg fruit/head/year compared with 36?kg beef, 34?kg pork and ca. 10?kg poultry resulting in ca. 80?kg meat/head/year in Brazil.In the last three years, a new range of storable apple varieties like ‘Venice’ and ’Daiane’ as well as ‘M 58/07’ and ‘M 10/09 – these latter two, still without a variety name – have been, like ’Eva’ added to the existing new breeds from EMBRAPA as very early variety (harvest in January; low chill; 150 CH) and to the summer varieties ‘Condessa’, ’Monalisa’ and ’Princesa’ (all 300–450 CH) without storability; red mutants of ‘Gala‘ (‘Gala, Maxi’ from RASIP) and of cv. ‘Fuji’ (‘Fuji Suprema’) both with 500–600 CH have been bred for growing in Brazil’s higher altitudes. The new cultivars provide medium-sized fruit, bright red peel colour and sweet taste with little acid and a sugar: acid ratio of 25–55:1, as required by Brazil’s domestic market, but so far lack market acceptance and a marketing concept.     

Energy Analysis and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases of Pomegranate Production in Antalya Province of Turkey

In this study, energy use patterns and the functional relationship between energy inputs and output for pomegranate production were investigated in Antalya province in Turkey. It further objective to identify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in pomegranate production. Data were obtained from 75 farms using face-to-face interview method. The results indicated that 50,605.5?MJ ? ha^?1 of total energy input was required for 76,252.3?MG ? ha^?1 pomegranate energy output. 1.51 unit energy output was provided by using 1 unit energy input. 1 unit energy output and 1?kg pomegranate require 0.66 unit and 2.57?MJ energy input, respectively. The average CO₂ emission amounts were also calculated to be 1.73?t CO₂ per hectare and 88.1?kg CO₂ per 1000?kg pomegranate production. Electricity, fertilizers and pesticides were the highest contributors to GHG emissions. Both total energy input usage and GHG emission amounts have been found to be decreasing as the farm size increases. Increasing scale of pomegranates orchards will not only increase energy efficiency and productivity but also decrease environmental pollution and damages. The regression analysis revealed that, excessive use of machinery and fuel inputs results in a decline in energy production in pomegranate.     

蓬莪术新品种‘川蓬1号’

蓬莪术‘川蓬1号’是经系统选育而成的新品种。主根茎卵圆形或纺锤形,平均单株4个,长3~8 cm,直径1.8~4.0 cm,侧生根茎圆柱状分枝;根细长,末端膨大成肉质纺锤形块根,平均单株25个,长1.6~3.8 cm,直径1.0~1.4 cm。根茎(干品)产量5 311.8 kg·hm-2,块根(干品)产量1 941.5kg·hm-2;根茎浸出物含量15.41%、挥发油含量2.82%;块根总姜黄素含量为0.0035%、吉马酮含量为0.0386%。适应性强,产量高,品质优,适宜在四川金马河流域栽培。