醛化鹅血球用于血凝抑制试验在肾综合征出血热病…

经戊二醛醛化的鹅血球做肾综合征出血热病毒的血凝抑制试验，对ＨＦＲＳ病人血清进行分型，与新鲜鹅血球相比较，符合率为９８．４％；其醛化血球反复冰融后，血球完整不裂解；在４１或－３０℃保存１年与ＨＦＲＳＶ的血凝素凝集效价未下降，适于制成试剂盒应用。     

醛化鹅血球用于血凝抑制试验在肾综合征出血热病人血清分型中的应用

经戊二醛醛化的鹅血球做肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）的血凝抑制试验（ＨＩ），对ＨＦＲＳ病人血清进行分型，与新鲜鹅血球相比较，符合率为９８．４％；其醛化血球反复冰融后，血球完整不裂解；在４℃或－３０℃保存１年与ＨＦＲＳＶ的血凝素凝集效价未下降，适于制成试剂盒应用。     

应用单克隆抗体研究日本乙型脑炎病毒的抗原结构

应用抗中山-RFVL株单克隆抗体(NARMA)进行血球凝集抑制试验(HI)和中和试验(NT)分析日本乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)11株的抗原关系。除中山-RFVL株单克隆抗体与显示同质性毒株中和试验反应外,14株对JEV有特异性血凝抑制抗体,但这些血凝抑制试验和中和试验抗体的滴度是不平行的,该14株抗体包括下列特性:NARMA3是抗JEV HI和NT反应     

禽流感病毒血凝素H5特异性单克隆抗体的制备及ELISA捕获法的建立

目的 制备和鉴定禽流感病毒(H5N1)血凝素(H5)特异性单克隆抗体(mAb),建立H5抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA捕获法.方法 以H5血凝素和携带H5全长基因的质粒免疫Balb/c小鼠制备mAb,利用血凝抑制(HI)实验筛选和鉴定,通过竞争抑制试验分析抗体识别表位,并采用抗体配对试验筛选捕获抗体和检测抗体,建立测定H5抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA捕获法.结果 获得16株特异性针对H5的单克隆抗体,与A型流感病毒H1、H3、H7、H9和B型流感病毒的血凝素无HI交叉反应,对H5血凝素的血凝抑制效价为1:100～1:51 200;通过配对实验,建立以单克隆抗体H5M9为捕获抗体,辣根过氧化物酶标记单克隆抗体H5M11为检测抗体的双抗体夹心ELISA;检测多株H5N1病毒和H5血凝素的最低检出值为1/32血凝单位,检测A型流感病毒H1N1、H3N2、B型流感病毒以及H7、H9血凝素均为阴性.结论 建立了一种灵敏度高、特异性强的测定H5抗原的ELISA捕获法,可应用于禽流感病毒H5N1感染的实验室早期诊断.     

应用McAb·ELISA法快速诊断麻疹

以往麻疹的血清学诊断都是应用血凝抑制试验(HI)测定患者急性期和恢复期双份血清的IgGAb的四倍增长而定论。在病愈后才能出结果,实验需要新鲜猴血球,其最     

人禽流感酶联免疫诊断方法的建立及其初步应用

目的建立人禽流感H5抗体的酶联免疫检测方法（ELISA）。方法用ELISA法检测疑似高致病性禽流感患者及正常人群血清标本中H5IgG抗体。结果23例疑似高致病性禽流感患者血清样品中有4例H5IsG抗体阳性，阳性率为17．40％，与血凝抑制试验（HI）和微量中和试验（NI）相比较，三者符和率为100％。234例正常人群血清H5 IgG抗体检测均为阴性。结论建立的ELISA方法可用于高致病性人禽流感的血清样品初步筛查。     

利用RV-IgG标准品对风疹疫苗免疫后血清血凝抑制抗体保护浓度的测定

目的 利用风疹病毒的IgG标准品(RV-IgG)进行定量ELISA试验和血凝抑制试验,以测定风疹疫苗免疫后血清血凝抑制(HI)抗体的保护浓度,并验证试剂盒的准确性.方法 RV-IgG标准品和10对风疹疫苗免疫前后血清的定量ELISA试验;风疹病毒血凝素的粗提以及血凝试验;RV-IgG标准品的血凝抑制试验测定其血凝完全被抑制时RV-IgG浓度.结果 将RV-IgG标准品稀释为8个不同浓度梯度做定量ELISA,所测得的浓度值与已知浓度相比无统计学意义(P ＞0.05);10对风疹疫苗免疫前后人血清抗体浓度进行比较,免疫后血清抗体浓度显著升高(t =2.151,P＜0.05);风疹病毒血凝素的凝集效价为1∶128,RV-IgG标准品血凝抑制效价为1∶32,对应的HI抗体浓度为25 IU/ml.结论 实验结果证实血清中风疹病毒HI抗体保护浓度为25 IU/ml;风疹疫苗初次免疫后血清抗体保护性阳转率可达到80％.     

斑点ELISA测定麻疹IgG抗体

<正> 血凝抑制试验(HIT)是检测麻疹抗体水平的常规方法,但因猴血球来源困难,基层无法开展。1986年郭可謇等用ELISA测定麻疹IgG抗体获得成功。该法特异、稳定、操作简便,其灵敏度比HI法约高150倍。但因成本高,使其广泛应用受到限制。斑点ELISA法(Dot ELISA)是近年在ELISA法基础上发展起来的一种检测技术,特异、敏感、简便快速,国内外已用于病毒和寄生虫等的抗原抗体检测。我们试用该法测定血清中麻疹IgG抗体水平,并与ELISA进行比较,获得了满意的结果。     

2011-2012年肇庆市禽流感职业暴露人群及外环境病毒分布监测分析

目的了解肇庆市禽类职业暴露人群禽流感病毒感染状况以及外环境禽流感病毒的分布情况。方法采集禽类职业暴露人员血清样本,用红细胞血凝抑制试验（HI）检测H5N1流感抗体;采集外环境样本,用荧光定量PCR法检测禽流感病毒FluA、H5、H7和H9核酸。结果2011-2012年共采集职业暴露人员血清样本400份,检测H5N1抗体均为阴性;共采集外环境有效样本202份,检出FluA阳性25份,阳性率为12．38％,其中AH9亚型阳性14份（56．00％）。AH7亚型阳性1份（4．00％）,A未分型10份（40．00％）,未检出AH5亚型。结论肇庆市职业暴露人群尚未发现感染高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒．夕h环境存在禽流感病毒的污染,H9亚型是主要的病原体。     

酶联免疫吸附试验捕捉IgM抗体诊断圣路易脑炎

圣路易脑炎病毒分离培养比较困难,常用血凝抑制试验(HI)、中和试验(N)、补体结合试验(CF)作诊断;由于中和抗体和HI抗体在发病早期出现,维持时间较长,单份血清不能确定是近期还是以往感染,而检查双份血清却拖延诊断时间,若检出CF抗体虽可认为是近期感染,但该抗体出现较晚(发病后2～4周)无早期诊断价值,且15％病人测不出     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.