奶牛繁殖障碍与繁殖疾病的营养调理

奶牛的营养状况是影响奶牛繁殖力的重要因素。理想的奶牛管理应做到整个泌乳期始终监测奶牛的体况和奶牛日粮中微量元素和维生素的含量,避免营养素的不平衡而引发的奶牛繁殖障碍,同时应避免奶牛过肥或过瘦,防止由肥胖母牛综合症而引发其他的繁殖疾病;日粮中缺乏蛋白质会使繁殖力下降,但蛋白含量过高对繁殖功能也有负面影响;大多数矿物质缺乏症或矿物质失衡对奶牛繁殖有极大的负作用,适当补充某些维生素和矿物质十分重要。     

奶牛繁殖疾病的诊疗

本文分析了引起奶牛繁殖疾病的主要因素,其中包括营养因素、子宫疾病、卵巢功能异常等3个方面,并针对性提出了奶牛繁殖疾病的具体诊疗方法。同时对于常见的奶牛繁殖疾病,需要采用科学的方法进行治疗,才能取得更加有效的防治效果。     

奶牛繁殖疾病及其防治

对奶牛的先天性和后天性繁殖疾病及其防治进行了阐述,以期为广大奶牛养殖户提供技术参考。     

奶牛产后常见繁殖疾病防控

随着奶牛行业发展,牧场走规模化、集约化道路,追求高产量同时,都关注奶牛产后是否能尽快配种并受孕,从而缩短产犊间隔,减少饲养成本。新产牛护理中子宫保健是指奶牛产后子宫恢复到未孕时形态和功能的生理过程。产后子宫保健的过程和子宫恢复的状态决定奶牛产后第1次发情的受胎率,即首配受胎率。奶牛产后如果子宫复旧不全,会多发繁殖疾病,严重影响奶牛首配受胎率。由于产后发情配种未怀孕则导致受孕时间推迟,产犊间隔增加,意味着空怀饲养天数增加和牧场经济效益降低,所以牧场应时刻关注奶牛产后子宫护理工作及常见繁殖疾病的防控。     

奶牛营养与繁殖疾病的关系

奶牛营养与繁殖疾病的关系云南省西畴县畜牧站（６６３５００）刘学剑本文就奶牛日粮中能量、蛋白质、矿物质和维生素的含量水平对奶牛繁殖疾病的影响作一简述，供参考。营养对种牛的发情、性欲、配种、受胎和利用年限及犊牛的成活起决定性作用。适宜的营养是保证中最大繁...     

奶牛繁殖疾病的防治

1子宫疾病引起子宫疾病的主要原因是产后子宫感染。助产、输精、剥离胎衣消毒不严或操作不当等引起病因微生物、细菌的感染。1.1病因分析1.1.1冲冼次数过多据统计,一个牛患子宫疾病的奶牛,在治疗过程中由于消毒不严格,子宫冲洗频繁,损伤子宫粘膜,造成生殖器感染而影响受胎。1.1.2输精技术方法不当部分奶牛在发情时宫颈开张不全(特别是初产母牛),输精较难较大,输精方法不当,将输精枪强行插入,造成宫颈损伤,引起子宫感染,使奶牛难以受孕。1.1.3产后胎衣不下奶牛产后胎衣在子宫内停留的时间过长,造成胎衣腐败,感染子宫。1.2子宫疾病的正确判断…     

奶牛常见繁殖疾病的治疗

在奶牛的生产实践中,其生产性能主要取决于两个方面,一是品种特性,二是繁殖性能。对于品种特性来说,奶牛品种的优劣主要取决于它的遗传基础,遗传基础的改善和提高,又必须依赖于其遗传与改良理论和技术的进步。而繁殖性能的提高与否,是决定一个优良奶牛品种能否发挥其最大生产性能的首要因素。所以,必须首先提高其繁殖性能,而一些繁殖疾病常影响奶牛生产性能的提高。本人通过多年的生产实践,对影响奶牛生产性能的几种常见繁殖疾病的治疗做如下阐述。     

奶牛常见繁殖疾病的治疗

在奶牛的生产实践中,其生产性能主要取决于两个方面,一是品种特性,二是繁殖性能。对于品种特性来说,奶牛品种的优劣主要取决于它的遗传基础,遗传基础的改善和提高,又必须依赖于其遗传与改良理论和技术的进步。而繁殖性能的提高与否,是决定一个优良奶牛品种能否发挥其最大生产性能的首要因素。所以,必须首先提高其繁殖性能,而一些繁殖疾病常影响奶牛生产性能的提高。本人通过多年的生产实践,对影响奶牛生产性能的几种常见繁殖疾病的治疗做如下阐述。1不孕症1.1排卵障碍主要原因是母牛卵巢机能不全及减退,按病情采用不同的方法治疗。对卵泡发…     

奶牛繁殖障碍与繁殖疾病的营养调理(下)

2奶牛繁殖障碍与繁殖疾病的营养调理2.1日粮能量水平的营养调理措施2.1.1通过饲养措施克服奶牛能量负平衡的调理提高饲料的干物质随意采食量(DMI)。NRC中DMI已提高到占乳牛体重的5.4%,我国乳牛饲养标准对乳牛DMI也作了相应调整,高产奶牛,DMI占体重的3.6%以上;中产牛,DMI占体重的2.8%。一般情况下,奶牛日粮中的粗脂肪含量应控制在7%。在奶牛日粮中不直接添加液态脂肪。液态脂肪比重小,在瘤胃中它会漂浮在瘤胃液的表面,粘在粗饲料表面,从而减少了瘤胃微生物和消化酶对粗饲料的消化。如果添加液态脂肪过量,严重的会造成奶牛腹泻。所以…     

奶牛繁殖障碍及其防制

奶牛繁殖障碍主要以妊娠奶牛发生流产,产死胎、木乃伊胎、无活力的弱仔、畸形胎儿和奶牛不育症为特征,该病在奶牛场中普遍存在,严重影响和制约奶牛业的发展。笔者从发病原因、临床症状、治疗及预防等方面,对奶牛长期不发情或隐性发情、屡配不孕和生殖器官疾病等奶牛繁殖障碍疾病作了论述,为临床该类疾病的防制提供参考。     

奶牛产酸乳诊治

由于营养供给不合理,导致的泌乳奶牛发生瘤胃酸中毒,而出现产酸乳现象。本研究通过营养调整,结合药物治疗法,有效地防止了奶牛产酸乳的现象。     

胡萝卜对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

试验通过在产奶牛日粮中添加胡萝卜,研究胡萝卜不同饲喂量对舍饲奶牛的奶产量和乳成分的影响。试验牛选用中国荷斯坦奶牛,体重500~600 kg,胎次为头胎、泌乳100 d左右的健康荷斯坦奶牛30头,采用完全随机区组设计,分为3个处理组,试验1组为对照组(基础日粮),试验2组(基础日粮+5 kg胡萝卜)、试验3组(基础日粮+7.5 kg胡萝卜)为试验组,基础日粮由全株青贮玉米、羊草和精料组成。研究结果显示,奶牛在添加胡萝卜后能够显著提高产奶量,90 d后试验2组的产奶量比对照组提高了11.94%(P<0.05),试验3组的产奶量比对照组提高了16.17%(P<0.05),牛奶的风味也得到很大的改善。     

多种药物治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的疗效比较试验

对患有卡他性和脓性子宫内膜炎的病牛采用多种药物进行治疗,对治疗效果进行比较分析。结果表明:治疗卡他性子宫内膜炎时,乳宫安的治愈率为80%,金乳康的治愈率为93%,洁尔阴的治愈率为87%,青链霉素的治愈率为73%。在治疗脓性子宫内膜炎的试验中,乳宫安的治愈率为75%,金乳康的治愈率为88%,洁尔阴的治愈率为75%,青链霉素的治愈率为67%。乳宫安、金乳康和洁尔阴的总受胎率均为100%,而青链霉素的总受胎率为75%。露它净和宫得康配合应用,对卡他性子宫内膜炎的治愈率达100%,对脓性子宫内膜炎的治愈率达90%,并且对愈后奶牛的一次输精受胎率达100%。     

Examination of the microbiota of normal cow milk using MinIONTM nanopore sequencing

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiota of normal milk in dairy cows and their relationship with host factors, such as the age of the cow (Age), somatic cell counts in milk (SCCs), and days in milk (DIM). We investigated 48 milk samples from 22 cows with no systemic or local clinical signs using MinION^TM nanopore sequencing for a 16S rRNA gene amplicon. Bacterial richness was positively correlated with the DIM (P=0.043), and both the Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson’s Index, which are metrics of alpha-diversity, were also significantly positively correlated with the SCC (P<0.001). The composition ratios of both Actinobacteria at the phylum level and Kocuria spp. at the genus level in the milk microbiota were significantly correlated with the SCC (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). In the beta-diversity test, the one-way analysis of similarities test showed a significant difference (P=0.0051) between the low- and high-SCC groups. This study clarified that the composition of the normal milk microbiota in this herd was related to the SCC. It also raised the possibility of variations in bacterial genera in the normal milk microbiota between the low- and high-SCC groups. However, to clarify the actual condition of the milk microbiota and to elucidate the relationship with the SCC, it is necessary to perform further analyses taking into account not only the relative abundance, but also the absolute abundance of microbes.     

复合草颗粒生产及饲喂奶牛试验

通过刈割-干燥-粉碎-配制-制粒程序将紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)鲜草加工成理想的高附加值商品--复合草颗粒,同时采用随机编号、分组试验法,替代2.5、2.0 kg精饲料饲喂奶牛,测定替代量与产奶量、草料消耗成本之间的关系.结果表明,复合草颗粒是一种体积小,便于运输、贮藏,使用方便,适口性好,营养价值高的...     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅱ: Reproductive Diseases

With the rapid development of dairy breeding and the scale feeding level,the average individual milk yield of dairy herds in China has been greatly improved over the last few decades.However,the reproductive performance of dairy cows,especially in high-producing dairy cows,has declined continuously and affected severely dairy farm profitability.Reproductive performance of dairy cows was influenced by many factors including environment,herd management,genetics and various diseases.It has become more evident that genital tract diseases(also known as reproductive diseases) decreased reproductive performance of dairy cows during the last 10 years.The effect of reproductive diseases on reproduction of dairy cows has received more attention.This paper briefly described the incidence of reproductive diseases such as metritis,various types of endometritis and retained fetal membrane and ovarian diseases such as ovarian cyst,persistent corpus luteum in China and abroad.This paper highlighted the effects of reproductive diseases on reproductive performance such as days open,calving interval,pregnancy rate,estrus detection,days to first breeding and breeding index.Moreover,we analyzed in more detail the possible mechanisms by disrupting endocrine signaling,damaging intrauterine environment and causing ovarian dysregulation.Lastly,we looked forward to the future research direction of reproductive diseases of dairy cows that provided data reference and theoretical support for improving the management measures of scale feeding,reducing the incidence of reproductive diseases,improving the production and reproductive capacity of dairy herds in China.     

奶牛产乳热的发生及阴离子盐的应用

本文就影响产乳热的发生因素、防治措施及阴离子盐在预防奶牛产乳热中的应用作一介绍。     

Effect of feed restriction on dairy cow milk production: a review

In the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk production is thus essential. Feed restriction (FR) experiments attempting to reproduce negative energy balance by reducing the quantity or quality of the diet were conducted in order to better describe the animal physiology changes. The study of FR is also of interest since with climate change issues, cows may be increasingly faced with periods of drought leading to a shortage of forages. The aim of this article is to review the effects of FR during lactation in dairy cows to obtain a better understanding of metabolism changes and how it affects mammary gland activity and milk production and composition. A total of 41 papers studying FR in lactating cows were used to investigate physiological changes induced by these protocols. FR protocols affect the entire animal metabolism as indicated by changes in blood metabolites such as a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; hormonal regulations such as a decrease in insulin and insulin-like growth factor I or an increase in growth hormone concentrations. These variations indicated a mobilization of body reserve in most studies. FR also affects mammary gland activity through changes in gene expression and could affect mammary cell turnover through cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and exfoliation of mammary epithelial cells into milk. Because of modifications of the mammary gland and general metabolism, FR decreases milk production and can affect milk composition with decreased lactose and protein concentrations and increased fat concentration. These effects, however, can vary widely depending on the type of restriction, its duration and intensity, or the stage of lactation in which it takes place. Finally, to avoid yield loss and metabolic disorders, it is important to identify reliable biomarkers to monitor energy balance.     

饲喂霉菌毒素吸附剂对牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M1残留量的影响

根据年龄、胎次、泌乳阶段和产奶量相近的原则选择15头荷斯坦牛,随机分为对照组、试验1组、试验2组,分别在精料补充料中添加0、1000 g/t和2000 g/t霉菌毒素吸附剂。结果表明,添加霉菌毒素吸附剂对降低奶牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M1有一定的作用,并能够提高奶牛产奶量(P<0.05),对乳成分和其他相关指标无显著影响。