电磁感应加热技术解除凝析气井近井堵塞的可行性研究

井下电磁感应加热技术是一种针对凝析气井近井地层的新型处理工艺,其解堵增产机理主要是利用近井地层温度的升高来减轻近井积液对产能的影响。依据凝析气藏渗流规律和开采特点以及油气水三相渗流运动方程、能量守恒和物质守恒原理,建立了凝析气藏电磁加热数学模型并运用到实际气藏中进行数值模拟研究,和分析了电磁加热生产条件下气藏近井带压力、凝析油饱和度及气相相对渗透率的变化规律。认为电磁感应加热技术可以有效减轻或解除气井近井堵塞问题和提高气井采收率。     

电磁感应加热技术解除凝析气井近井堵塞的可行性研究

井下电磁感应加热技术是一种针对凝析气井近井地层的新型处理工艺,其解堵增产机理主要是利用近井地层温度的升高来减轻近井积液对产能的影响。依据凝析气藏渗流规律和开采特点以及油气水三相渗流运动方程、能量守恒和物质守恒原理,建立了凝析气藏电磁加热数学模型并运用到实际气藏中进行数值模拟研究,和分析了电磁加热生产条件下气藏近井带压力、凝析油饱和度及气相相对渗透率的变化规律。认为电磁感应加热技术可以有效减轻或解除气井近井堵塞问题和提高气井采收率。     

不同压力下确定凝析气井二项式产能方程的一种新方法

凝析气藏在低于露点压力的情况下，地层中的流体将由单一的气相变成气液两相。这种相态变化对凝析气井产能存在两方面的影响：一是气相流体相对密度降低，其粘度、偏差因子等也随之发生变化；二是重烃液化后吸附于岩石表面并在近井地层中富集，降低了含气饱和度及气相相对渗透率，严重影响了气井产能。从气井二项式产能方程的主要影响因素出发，利用初期凝析气井测试资料获得的二项式产能方程，依据凝析气藏气相流体组成、相对密度、粘度及偏差因子随压力的变化情况，结合凝析气藏油、气相渗实验结果，提出了对初期二项式产能方程系数的修正，便可获得在不同压力下符合凝析气井实际的二项式产能方程，实例验证该方法具有良好的预测效果。     

凝析气田N2吞吐解除近井污染可行性研究——以QDX井为例

凝析气藏开发过程中,地层压力降低到露点压力以后,不可避免发生反凝析现象。凝析液在井筒附近聚集,增加地层中液相的饱和度,降低气相渗透率,造成反凝析污染,导致气井产能降低。为了有效解除近井地带反凝析污染,提高单井产能,模拟N2吞吐作业下气井的产能敏感因素,分析评价了减轻反凝析污染的可行性。在QDX井开展了N2吞吐试验,结果表明:实施N2吞吐后,气井油气产量上升,增产效果明显。     

凝析气藏的液相伤害与防治

液相伤害是凝析气藏产能下降的一个重要原因。它包括反凝析伤害和外来液、地层水的伤害。凝析气井开采过程中,当地层压力小于露点压力时,将在地层中发生反凝析现象,导致产气量下降,同时。外来液、地层水造成的“水锁”现象也致使气相渗透率明显降低。通过文献调研介绍了凝析气藏的反凝析和水锁现象对地层的污染．其伤害机理主要包括多孔介质吸附作用、多孔介质毛细凝聚作用、气体滑脱作用、液阻效应和毛管数效应等：并阐述了各种反凝析污染的评价方法及具体的防治措施,如对于单一的油相伤害可采用注气、注溶剂和注溶剂＋气的复合段塞,对于反凝析和水锁双重伤害,可用注甲醇和注CO2混相来解除。     

凝析液析出对凝析气藏产能的影响

凝析气藏的开发过程中,当凝析气并并筒压力降低到露点压力以下,会出现凝析液的析出,进而影响到凝析气井的产能.探讨了凝析液析出液膜厚度对多孔介质孔隙度、渗透率的影响,建立了耦合产能方程,就各参数对产能的影响进行了分析.研究发现三区渗流模型较单区模型或双区模型更合理,能准确描述不同渗流区的流动特征,更加适用于凝析气藏试井分析;两相流动区流动半径和气相渗透率等因素对凝析气井产能有重要影响.     

确定凝析气井合理产能的新方法

在凝析气藏开发过程中，随着地层压力下降，反凝析油会在井底周围聚集，形成反凝析油污染，伤害地层渗透率。凝析气井合理产能是保障高效开发凝析气藏的重要参数。基于凝析油气体系在恒温条件下的反凝析渗流理论，考虑“地层——井筒——井口——地面定点”连续流动，研究了凝析气井在不同配产条件、不同生产时间下凝析油饱和度分布特征和多项渗流特征的计算分析方法。在综合分析凝析气井各种约束条件的基础上，建立了考虑凝析油污染条件下凝析气井动态优化配产理论与方法。大港油田某凝析气藏实例计算表明，采用考虑凝析油污染条件下凝析气井动态优化配产理论与方法确定出的凝析气井合理产量与实际气井产能基本一致，说明该方法具有可靠性和实用性。图3参7     

凝析油气藏开采方式的选择及影响采收率的因素

凝析油气藏是介于油藏和气藏之间的一种既产天然气又产凝析油的复杂油气藏,其井流物组分随地层压力而变化．在这类油气藏的开采过程中,当地层压力低于露点压力时,凝析油从气相中析出,产生层内反凝析,在近井和井筒形成积液,堵塞油气通道,从而影响采收率。因此,必须选择衰竭式开采或保持压力式开采的开采方式,使地层压力始终高于露点压力。此外,该类储层对地层伤害极为敏感,应采取储层保护措施,同时还要防止水合物的形成。     

雅克拉凝析气藏生产气油比异常因素分析

在凝析气藏的衰竭式开发过程中,当井底压力降至露点压力后,地层中流体发生反凝析现象,部分凝析油会滞留于地层中,导致采出物的组分变轻,生产气油比增大.但在雅克拉凝析气藏的开发中,当井底压力下降至露点压力以下时,大部分气井的生产气油比并没有上升,甚至部分气井的生产气油比大幅度下降.针对这一异常现象,通过动态分析、室内实验和数...     

考虑相变的凝析气井产能方程

凝析气井生产过程中,出现反凝析后储层表现为油气多相渗流特征,单相气井的产能方程已不适应凝析气井。在凝析气藏稳态理论基础上,建立了考虑相态变化的凝析气井多相流产能方程,在产能方程中引入油气两相拟压力函数,并可以计算凝析气藏中压力剖面,从而计算随压力分布的合理储层参数。结果表明,随地层压力的不断降低,由于凝析油的析出,降低了气相渗透率。考虑相变的凝析气井产能方程的计算结果小于单相气井的产能方程,并且差值不断增大。     

Long-Term Performance of Hydraulically Fractured Layered Rich Gas Condensate Reservoir

Compositional simulator has been used to investigate the effect of hydraulic fracture on the performance of a layered rich gas condensate reservoir in Saudi Arabia. The reservoir consists of five layers having permeabilities ranging from 0.08 to 115 md with about 68% of the gas reserve located in the lowest permeability layer. The fracture is assumed to penetrate all layers. The results of this investigation showed that hydraulic fracturing of such a reservoir is effective in improving the productivity of the gas condensate wells. The productivity index (PI) of the cases investigated was found to increase by as much as 3.6 folds. Hydraulic fractures were also found to delay the onset of the dew point pressure and consequently extend the production plateau above the dew point pressure. The production plateau above the dew point pressure was found to increase with increasing the dimensionless fracture conductivity. The results of this study also showed that once the dew point pressure is reached, the flowing bottom hole pressure was found to drop sharply to the specified minimum flowing bottom hole pressure in the fractured and nonfractured cases. However, the drop is less severe in the fractured case. This sharp drop in the flowing bottom hole pressure results in dropping the productivity of the gas condensate wells. Condensate build up along the fracture faces was found to be more significant in the high permeability layers. At early times after reaching the dew point pressure, the highest condensate saturation was found to be in the highest permeability layer. However, at late times (after reaching pseudo steady state) it decreased to a certain level above the critical condensate saturation. Finally, formation cross-flow is found to improve the productivity of the fractured and the nonfractured gas condensate wells. However, the improvement is more pronounced in the fractured cases.     

Long-Term Performance of Hydraulically Fractured Layered Rich Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Compositional simulator has been used to investigate the effect of hydraulic fracture on the performance of a layered rich gas condensate reservoir in Saudi Arabia. The reservoir consists of five layers having permeabilities ranging from 0.08 to 115 md with about 68% of the gas reserve located in the lowest permeability layer. The fracture is assumed to penetrate all layers. The results of this investigation showed that hydraulic fracturing of such a reservoir is effective in improving the productivity of the gas condensate wells. The productivity index (PI) of the cases investigated was found to increase by as much as 3.6 folds. Hydraulic fractures were also found to delay the onset of the dew point pressure and consequently extend the production plateau above the dew point pressure. The production plateau above the dew point pressure was found to increase with increasing the dimensionless fracture conductivity. The results of this study also showed that once the dew point pressure is reached, the flowing bottom hole pressure was found to drop sharply to the specified minimum flowing bottom hole pressure in the fractured and nonfractured cases. However, the drop is less severe in the fractured case. This sharp drop in the flowing bottom hole pressure results in dropping the productivity of the gas condensate wells. Condensate build up along the fracture faces was found to be more significant in the high permeability layers. At early times after reaching the dew point pressure, the highest condensate saturation was found to be in the highest permeability layer. However, at late times (after reaching pseudo steady state) it decreased to a certain level above the critical condensate saturation. Finally, formation cross-flow is found to improve the productivity of the fractured and the nonfractured gas condensate wells. However, the improvement is more pronounced in the fractured cases.     

考虑反凝析影响的凝析气井产能试井问题

大量的理论分析和现场应用表明,反凝析液析出会急剧降低近井区气相相对渗透率,从而使凝析气井流入动态发生较大改变。而在产能试井中很容易出现井底流压低于露点压力的情况,因此反凝析现象不可避免。目前的产能试井工艺很少关注反凝析现象对气井流入动态的影响,结果常造成二项式指示曲线斜率为负,所建立的产能方程也不能有效地用于生产动态分析。在充分考虑反凝析影响的基础上,详细分析了工作制度变化对渗透率的影响,论证了工作制度的合理选择对于产能分析的重要性。首次提出利用拟稳态形式产能方程系数与井底流压的关系曲线可以便捷和正确分析凝析气井流入动态。实例分析证明,利用提出的方法,能正确建立流入动态方程。     

How to Evaluate and Predict the Deliverability Change of Gas Condensate Wells

Condensate liquids retrograde below the dew point pressure and diminish gas relative permeability and thus reduce the deliverability of gas condensate wells. The deliverability varies due to the changes of gas effective permeability and other parameters; however, the present deliverability testing methods were not applicable to gas condensate wells because those methods were all based on the assumption that the formation properties such as permeability and fluid properties were constant. A new testing method for gas condensate wells is proposed in this work, by which the variable coefficient deliverability equation can be obtained. Case study shows that the variable coefficient deliverability equation obtained from the proposed deliverability testing method can represent changes of formation properties and fluid properties, thus the deliverability of gas condensate wells can be accurately evaluated and predicted by this testing method.     

The Effect of Hydraulic Fracturing on the Performance of Gas Condensate Systems

Gas condensate reservoirs usually exhibit complex flow behaviors due to the buildup of condensate bank around the wellbore when the bottom-hole pressure falls below the dew point. Hydraulic fracturing improves well productivity by delaying the onset of dew point pressure and also reducing the condensate saturation near the wellbore area. The authors present the results of a study that compared the near wellbore behaviors and productivities of a vertical nonfractured well and a vertical hydraulically fractured well in a low permeability lean gas condensate reservoir. Results show that there is no indication of capillary number effects in this low permeability reservoir because of low production rates.     

凝析气藏开采中的几个问题

指出传统凝析气藏油气分布模型存在的问题,推荐三区渗流模型,并提出凝析气藏多区多相油气分布的概念。分析了不同开采阶段气藏露点压力和油气相渗变化特征,并将油气相渗进行性变化的思想引入凝析气藏的试井分析中,提出基于多区多相油气分布模型的凝析气藏不稳定试井和产能试井分析方法。指出目前凝析气藏生产压差确定存在的问题,强调了合理确定生产压差的原则与方法。     

凝析油气藏开发后期合理开采方式的选择

凝析油气藏到了开发后期,由于地层压力低于露点压力,在近井地带形成积液,影响了油气的采收率。处于此阶段的凝析油气井因各自生产状况、地层压力等影响因素有所不同,选择不同的开采方式必然效果有所不同。因此选择合理的开采方式（如缩小油管内径生产;放大生产压差;间歇开井生产;投加发泡剂生产;下泵生产等）,可以提高开发效果,从而提高油气的最终采收率。     

Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

Comparison of Simulation Methods in Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Formation of condensate bank around a gas condensate well due to reduction in bottom-hole pressure below its dew point will impose a significant reduction on the well productivity owing to a sharp fall in the gas effective permeability. Hence a better understanding and modeling of this behavior will lead to a more precise prediction of reservoir performance. Therefore the objective of this work was to make a comparison between different simulation methods of gas condensate reservoirs in order to check the validity of them respect to the most accurate one (i.e., fine grid) fully compositional model. This study shows that the modified black oil model would be adequate to simulate depletion cases above and below gas condensate dew point. However, the two phase pseudo-pressure method is not always applicable in simulating gas condensate reservoirs especially in the presence of high velocity flow effects.     

气液两相状态下的凝析气井产能评价新方法

凝析气藏地层中产生油气两相渗流后,对气井的产能测试数据进行分析时,常出现二项式产能方程的系数B为负数的异常情况,难以有效评价气井的产能,进而影响对气井生产动态的准确预测。为此,基于拟单相渗流方程和油气两相渗流方程,在气井的流动达到拟稳定阶段后,建立了拟单相稳定点产能评价方法(以下简称为拟单相法)和气液两相稳定点产能评价方法(以下简称为气液两相法);采用塔里木盆地牙哈气田的基础参数,应用新建立的产能评价方法计算气井在生产气油比相同、地层压力在露点压力以上及以下时的无阻流量;针对牙哈、塔中Ⅰ号、千米桥潜山、迪那2等4个凝析气田,应用新建立的产能评价方法计算凝析气井在不同生产气油比情形下的无阻流量,并选取典型井进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)采用新建立的产能评价方法可以避免因地层中油气两相流的产生导致经典产能评价方法无法计算凝析气井无阻流量的情况;(2)当地层压力高于露点压力时,地层流体以单相流体为主,可以采用拟单相法;(3)当地层压力低于露点压力,地层中出现油气两相流动时,应采用气液两相法;(4)随着生产气油比增大,采用拟单相法和气液两相法计算的无阻流量的差异逐渐减小;(5)对于凝析油含量较高、生产气油比较低的凝析气井而言,采用气液两相法计算的无阻流量更加可靠。