An ultrasonic motor using bending vibrations of a short cylinder

An ultrasonic motor using bending vibrations of a short cylinder with free-free ends is proposed, and its performance and efficiency are discussed. The motor is small in size and realizes a high mechanical output of more than 1 W. The general principle of the motor, which uses traveling waves, is as follows. When a traveling wave propagates along an elastic object, particles at the surface move elliptically. A movable object (a slider or a rotor) pressed to the elastic object may be caused to move due to the frictional forces between it and the surface. A motor based on this principal has been constructed and studied. The vibration mode used is found to have an undesirable radial component, which restricts the efficiency of the motor to about 10% at best. A large amount of the energy supplied is lost by the slippage owing to the existence of the undesirable component. It is concluded that to derive larger output power, the frictional material needs to be carefully chosen.     

双十字压电振子同型弯振模态驱动的平面超声电机

为了丰富平面超声电机的型式,提出一种双十字压电振子同型弯振模态驱动的平面超声电机。利用双十字压电振子的纵杆面内、面外弯振耦合以及横杆面内、面外弯振耦合,分别在两杆的驱动足上合成沿xoz、yoz面行进的两相椭圆轨迹,以交替地推动动子沿x、y向移动。分析了该平面超声电机的驱动机理,并推导出两相椭圆轨迹方程。建立了双十字压电振子机电耦合模型,对其三相工作模态的振型进行仿真分析,并在结构优化的基础上实现了三相工作模态频率一致,使它们分别为43 468,43 552和43 569 Hz。仿真了双十字压电振子的频响特性并实现了干扰模态分离,当驱动电压为250 V时,驱动足x、y、z向振幅分别为1.3,0.8和0.9 μm,满足电机驱动要求。模拟得到定频激励下双十字压电振子驱动足的两相椭圆运动轨迹,验证了所设计平面超声电机驱动机理的有效性。该平面超声电机可输出较大速度与动力,具有广阔的应用前景。     

A piezoelectric motor using flexural vibration of a thin piezoelectric membrane

This paper describes a new implementation of a disk-type piezoelectric motor, whose stator is a commercial available piezomembrane composed of a nickel alloy disk to which a piezoceramic disk is bonded. The two disks are concentric, and the total thickness is very small. Ultrasonic motors are based on the concept of driving a rotor by mechanical vibration excited on a stator, via the piezoelectric effect. The rotor is in contact with the stator, and the driving force is the frictional force between rotor and stator. To transform the mechanical vibration of the stator in the rotor rotation, a traveling wave must be excited on the stator surface. The proposed motor can be regarded as a disk-type, single wavelength motor in which the traveling wave is due to the natural flexural vibration of the piezomembrane at low frequency. The behavior of the stator is analyzed both theoretically, by using the theory of isotropic and homogeneous vibrating plates, and by means of a commercial finite element computer code, finding a good agreement with the experimental results. The main features of the motor are very small thickness, appreciable torque, and high speed, obtained with low input power at low voltage; the intended application is to substitute the moving-coil in analogic instrumentation.     

Same phase drive-type ultrasonic motors using two degenerate bending vibration modes of a disk

Same-phase drive-type ultrasonic motors, using two degenerate bending vibration modes of a disk, are presented. The distinctive feature of the motor is in using the standing wave modes. The motor is not driven by two input signals with different phases, but by input signals with the same phase. Therefore, only one amplifier is sufficient to drive the motor. The experimental results have proved that the motor can yield stable operational characteristics at low speed and high torque.     

Developments of piezoelectric ultrasonic actuators operating under bending hybrid vibration modes

The exciting methods for the sandwich type piezoelectric ultrasonic actuators used bending hybrid modes are investigated. Five exciting methods are discussed and compared in detail, in which the polarizations and the partitions of the ceramic rings are different. Harmonic analyses are developed to obtain the effects of the exciting methods on the electromechanical coupling factors and the vibration amplitudes. At last, five prototypes are manufactured to verify their differences. Both the simulation and experiment results prove that the exciting method using ceramic rings with four separated partitions achieves great improvements on the efficiency, velocity and force, synchronously.     

A rotary ultrasonic motor using bending vibration transducers

A rotary ultrasonic motor using bending vibration transducers is proposed. In each transducer, two orthogonal bending vibrations are superimposed and an elliptical trajectory is generated at the driving foot. Typical output of the prototype is a no-load speed of 58 rpm and maximum torque of 9·5 Nm under an exciting voltage of 200 V(rms).     

A smooth impact rotation motor using a multi-layered torsional piezoelectric actuator

A smooth impact rotation motor was fabricated and successfully operated using a torsional piezo actuator. Yoshida et al. reported a linear type smooth impact motor in 1997. This linear motor demonstrated a high output force and a long stroke. A superior feature of the smooth impact drive is a high positioning resolution compared with an impact drive. The positioning resolution of SIDM (smooth impact drive mechanism) is equal to the piezo displacement. The reported positioning resolution of the linear type was 5 nm. Our rotation motor utilized a torsional actuator containing multi-layered piezoelectric material. The torsional actuator was cylindrical in shape with an outer diameter of 15 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm, and a length of 11 mm. Torsional vibration performance was measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer. The obtained torsional displacement agreed with the calculated values and was sufficient to drive a rotor. The rotor was operated with a saw-shaped input voltage (180 V; 8 kHz). The revolution direction was reversible. The maximum revolution speed was 27 rpm, and the maximum output torque was 56 gfcm. In general, smooth-impact drives do not show high efficiency; however, the level of efficiency of our results (max., 0.045%) could be increased by improving the contact surface material. In addition, we are studying quantitative consideration, for example, about the optimum pre-load or frictional force.     

径向极化压电陶瓷管的径向振动研究

结合平面应变和三维压电弹性力学理论,对径向极化厚壁压电陶瓷细长管的径向振动进行了研究,得出位移函数、电势函数的精确解。利用振子静电电荷方程导出电位移及电场强度函数,解决了电压与电场强度非线性关系问题,进而辅助maple软件首次对厚壁管形振子等效电导纳进行研究,推出了精确的谐振反谐振频率方程。利用数值法得出了不同尺寸管形振子的谐振反谐振频率,并通过有限元分析,结果表明了本文理论的准确性与精确性,为压电陶瓷厚壁振子的理论研究及设计提供了依据。     

Analytical solution for the axisymmetric plane strain electroelastic dynamics of a special non-homogeneous piezoelectric hollow cylinder

By virtue of the introduction of a dependent variable and the separation of variables technique, the axisymmetric plane strain electroelastic dynamic problem of a special non-homogeneous piezoelectric hollow cylinder is transformed to a Volterra integral equation of the second kind about a function with respect to time, which can be solved successfully by means of the interpolation method. Then the solutions of displacements, stresses, electric displacements and electric potential are obtained. The present method is suitable for a piezoelectric hollow cylinder with an arbitrary thickness subjected to arbitrary mechanical and electrical loads. Numerical results are finally presented.     

A plane dynamic axisymmetric problem for a hollow cylinder

A dynamic problem for an elastic hollow cylinder whose surfaces are subjected to the action of arbitrary forces is solved by a new method based on the use of finite differences only with respect to time [12]. The numerical analyses of the time dependences of stress concentration are carried out for hollow cylinders of different thickness under impact loading. The proposed method is tested by solving a problem of circular hole in an infinite body subjected to the action of impact loads over the entire surface. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 7–13, January–February, 2008.     

Analysis of a disk-type piezoelectric ultrasonic motor using impedance matrices

The dynamic behavior and the performance characteristics of the disk-type traveling wave piezoelectric ultrasonic motors (USM) are analyzed using impedance matrices. The stator is divided into three coupled subsystems: an inner metal disk, a piezoelectric annular actuator with segmented electrodes, and an outer metal disk with teeth. The effects of both shear deformation and rotary inertia are taken into account in deriving an impedance matrix for the piezoelectric actuator. The impedance matrices for each subsystem then are combined into a global impedance matrix using continuity conditions at the interfaces. A comparison is made between the impedance matrix model and the three-dimensional finite element model of the piezoelectric stator, obtaining the resonance and antiresonance frequencies and the effective electromechanical coupling factors versus circumferential mode numbers. Using the calculated resonance frequency and the vibration modes for the stator and a brush model with the Coulomb friction for the stator and rotor contact, stall torque, and no-load speed versus excitation frequencies are calculated at different preloads. Performance characteristics such as speed-torque curve and the output efficiency of the USM also are estimated using the current impedance matrix and the contact model. The present impedance model can be shown to be very effective in the design of the USM.     

A conjugate problem of thermal explosion of a hollow cylinder

A conjugated problem of heat conduction for two hollow cylinders that are in close contact, with one consisting of a reagent, has been solved analytically. The problem has been solved by the backward method under boundary conditions of the first kind. The critical conditions of thermal explosion were investigated as functions of the parameters of a reagent and of an inert body. An engineering method for determining the critical conditions of a thermal explosion is suggested. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 110–113, July–August, 2006.     

Natural frequencies of a poroelastic hollow cylinder

Summary Employing Biot's theory for wave propagation in a porous solid, the frequency equation for radial vibrations of a poroelastic cylinder is obtained. The frequency equation has been derived in the form of a determinant involving Bessel functions. The roots of the frequency equation give the values of the characteristic circular frequency parameters of the first four modes for various geometries. These roots, which correspond to various modes, are numerically calculated and presented graphically. The results indicate that the effects of porosity are very pronounced.     

Flexural vibration of a pyrocomposite hollow cylinder

Flexural vibration of an infinite pyrocomposite circular hollow cylinder composed of an inner and outer pyroelectric layer of class 6 bonded together by a linear elastic material with voids (LEMV) is studied. The exact frequency equation is obtained for traction-free surfaces with continuity conditions at the interfaces. Numerical results in the form of data and dispersion curves for the first and second modes of the flexural vibration of the cylinder ceramic-1/Adhesive/ceramic-2 by taking the adherents as BaTio₃ and the adhesive as an existing carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) or as a hypothetical LEMV layer with and without voids are compared with that of a single-layered pyroelectric hollow cylinder. The damping is analyzed through the imaginary parts of the complex frequencies.     

一种弯曲型压电堆作动器的设计及在振动控制中的应用

提出了一种弯曲型压电堆作动器并将其应用于悬臂梁主动振动控制中。新型作动器由一个压电堆和一个 型金属底座和一个预压螺钉组成。该作动器的通过底座对压电堆纵向变形的约束而使底座弯曲变形产生作动弯矩。推导了新型作动器的输出作动弯矩计算公式,并将其应用于悬臂梁振动控制中,采用热弹比拟方法结合状态空间理论建立了带新型压电作动器的悬臂梁振动控制系统状态空间方程。分别应用正位置反馈（Positive position feedback,PPF）和神经网络预测（Neural network predictive,NNP）控制方法设计了主动振动控制系统。闭环仿真结果表明,采用本文提出的新型压电堆作动器控制悬臂梁的一弯模态位移响应,应用PPF控制其幅值可降低57%,应用NNP控制其幅值可降低92%。     

Coupled tangential-axial resonant modes of piezoelectric hollow cylinders and their application in ultrasonic motors

This paper describes a tangential-axial eigen-mode of a piezoelectric hollow cylinder. A new type of piezoelectric ultrasonic motor using this oscillation mode has been developed. The motor is a traveling-wave-type motor. The stator of such a motor consists of a solid piezoelectric hollow cylinder, which, excited in the tangential-axial resonant mode by a three-phase electrical signal, will exhibit elliptical displacement and transfer rotation to the rotor. The behavior of the stator has been simulated with finite element method (FEM) software. The simulation results have been checked with single-point contact measurements on the surface of the ultrasonic motors. The paper closes with the introduction of new ultrasonic motors based on this oscillation mode.     

A periodic problem of heat conduction in a hollow infinite cylinder

The problem of radial distribution of temperature in an infinite hollow cylinder is solved in the presence of heat exchange with the surrounding medium in the case in which the heat exchange coefficients are periodic functions of time.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 880–891, November, 1969.