热带气旋集合预报研究进展

集合预报是减小各种不确定性影响数值预报结果的有效方法,将该方法应用于热带气旋（TC）数值预报的研究开始于1990年代中期,已经取得了很多令人鼓舞的成果。对TC集合预报的研究进展做简要概述,主要包括:（1） TC集合预报技术包括基于单一模式的TC集合预报技术与TC多模式超级集合预报技术,前者包含初值扰动技术和模式扰动技术,后者在大部分情况下预报效果较好。（2） 基于全球中期集合预报系统的TC集合预报,是近年来TC集合预报发展的一个新趋势。（3）将集合预报应用于TC生成与发展的研究是近年来TC集合预报应用的拓展。未来TC集合预报的发展将与数值预报其他技术的发展更紧密地结合,集合预报技术在TC研究中将发挥越来越重要的作用。      

基于多模式短期集合预报技术的热带气旋降水预报试验

利用中尺度AREM和WRF模式为试验模式,由对降水预报结果影响颇大的积云和边界层参数化方案构成的10个集合预报成员,开展有限区域多模式短期集合预报在热带气旋降水预报中的应用与研究.分别研究了单个模式集合预报和多模式集合预报在热带气旋"天鹅"(0907)降水预报中的应用.试验结果表明:(1) WRF模式集合预报效果整体上...     

热带气旋路径集合预报方法研究Ⅰ——正压模式结果的初步分析

选择1979～1993年间的热带气旋为试验个例,通过扰动热带气旋初始位置和初始结构,构造集合成员, 用正压原始方程模式,进行路径集合预报试验, 并初步探讨预报成员的集合方法。试验结果表明:热带气旋定位误差影响路径预报,但扰动初始位置的集合平均预报与控制试验的预报水平相接近。扰动热带气旋初始结构的集合预报试验表明,约有60 %～70 %个例的集合路径预报得到改进。此外,试验结果还表明,当环境引导气流较弱时,进行扰动热带气旋初始结构的集合预报,预报结果的改善较明显。     

THE ENSEMBLE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION I：USING A PRIMITIVE EQUATION BAROTROPIC MODEL

1INTRODUCTIONErrorsofnumericalforecastingcomprisethoseintheinitialvalue,modelandcomputationandthefirstkindoferrorbecomesmoreandmoreoutstandingwiththeon-goingdevelopmentofcomputersandnumericalmodels.Subjecttoavailableobservationmeans,therealatmosphereisanythingbutapproximatelymeasured.Meanwhile,oneshouldpayattentiontothepossibility,assuggestedbyLorenz[1],thatanyslightdifferencesduringtheinitialstatemayleadtoresultsthatturnouttobetotallydissimilarfromwhatwouldbeexpectedotherwise,asfarasdefi…     

南海热带气旋路径集合预报试验

利用3种不同模式的初始资料,通过它们生成得到16个不同的初始场,分别对2004年南海及其周边地区9个热带气旋个例进行集合预报试验,最后筛选得到了7个南海热带气旋初值集合成员,由此初步探讨了南海热带气旋初值集合成员的生成方法。结果表明,采用不同模式的初始资料生成得到初值集合成员的方法用于集合预报,对南海热带气旋路径预报有一些明显的改进。     

热带气旋月预测的相空间投影技术

利用非线性理论,同时考虑影响海南省热带气旋（TC）的内部和外部因素,建立了海南省汛期月TC影响频数的相空间投影预测模型,经2000～2005年6年汛期的预测检验表明,总准确率达到88.9%,预测效果明显高于目前短期气候预测业务水平。     

台风远距离暴雨的研究进展

台风是最强的暴雨天气系统，针对台风暴雨的研究由来已久，并把台风暴雨分为台风环流本身的暴雨和台风远距离暴雨。近几十年来，有关台风远距离暴雨的研究有了一些新的进展和成果。2007年的第十四届全国热带气旋研讨会上还给出了最新的台风远距离暴雨定义。谨从此定义出发，简要总结国内外在台风远距离暴雨方面的研究成果，并在分析归纳的基础上提出存在的问题和可能的研究方向。     

滞后平均法（LAF）在热带气旋路径集合预报中的应用

本文用-正压模式，采用滞后平均法(LAF)对2000年热带气旋进行路径集合预报试验，并与基于热带气旋初始结构扰动的集合预报方法进行了比较分析，结果表明LAF方法对热带气旋路径预报具有较好的改进作用。但LAF的集合预报效果受模式本身误差的影响，在完美模式的假设下，LAF集合预报相对于控制试验的技巧水平20～40％。     

CONDITIONAL NONLINEAR OPTIMAL PERTURBATIONS: APPLICATION IN TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECASTS

Considering the feature of tropical cyclones (TCs) that strong positive vorticity exists in the lower layers of troposphere, this study proposed to use vorticity at 850 hPa as cost function to find the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP), which was largely different from those previous studies using total energy of perturbed forecast variables. The CNOP was obtained by an ensemble-based approach. All of the sensitive areas determined by CNOP with vorticity at 850 hPa as cost function for the three cases were located over the TC core region and its vicinity. The impact of the CNOP-based adaptive observations on TC forecasts was evaluated with three cases via observational system simulation experiments (OSSEs). Results showed obvious improvements in TC intensity or track forecasts due to the CNOP-based adaptive observations, which were related to the main error source of the verification area, i.e., intensity error or location error.     

A STUDY ON THE VARIATIONS OF ANNUAL FREQUENCY FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE IN NORTHWEST PACIFIC DURING THE LAST HUNDRED YEARS

In this paper, a study on the variation of annual frequency of tropical cyclone (TC) and its relation with SST, Southern Oscillation index, sunspot relative number and number of days for specific circulation patterns was made by using 1884-1988 data of annual frequency for Northwest Pacific TC occurrence, which had been corrected to tendencies.Preliminary results indicated that in the variation of annual TC frequency there exist obvious p.6riods of 21, 31, 15 and 6 years and sustaining periods lasting 12 years in average.Well-defined processes of inflexion were observed in 1931, 1959 and 1977 over the past hundred years.The results also suggested insignificant statistic tendency of annual TC frequency increasing (decreasing) in winter/spring (summer/autumn )in the El Nino years.When the stratosphere was in the zonally westerly phase, the northern zonal circulation would abnormally develop and solar activity would enhance to favour the generation and development of TC.     

热带气旋的体积及与强度关系的研究

热带气旋(TC)的结构(含形态)与强度及其变化关系密切,著名的Dvorak定强技术即为TC形态(水平)变化与强度关系的生动描述,近年来水平尺度与强度变化的关系也渐受关注。然而,至今未涉及整体形态(即体积)与TC强度变化的关系。利用欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)0.25 °的ERA-Interim再分析资料,统计并初步分析了2006—2015年西北太平洋TC的外围水平尺度和“体积”的特征及其与强度的可能关系:水平尺度与TC强度的相关性总体较弱;而TC“体积”与强度的相关性更显著,且TC“体积”随强度增强而增大的关系适用于所有强度级别;此外,TC垂直尺度(正涡度区伸展高度)与强度也有一定的正相关,且在TC较弱时(台风强度以下)更显著。伴随较弱TC增强的主要是垂直尺度的增大,当TC达到台风强度后,与TC强度继续增强相伴随的主要是水平尺度的增大。TC“体积”能较好地综合表征水平尺度和垂直尺度与TC强度变化的关系,借助TC“体积”对TC强度预报有一定的参考价值。      

K-MEANS CLUSTERING FOR CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS

Based on the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) best-track dataset between 1965 and 2009 and the characteristic parameters including tropical cyclone (TC) position, intensity, path length and direction, a method for objective classification of the Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone tracks is established by using K-means Clustering. The TC lifespan, energy, active season and landfall probability of seven clusters of tropical cyclone tracks are comparatively analyzed. The characteristics of these parameters are quite different among different tropical cyclone track clusters. From the trend of the past two decades, the frequency of the western recurving cluster (accounting for 21.3% of the total) increased, and the lifespan elongated slightly, which differs from the other clusters. The annual variation of the Power Dissipation Index (PDI) of most clusters mainly depended on the TC intensity and frequency. However, the annual variation of the PDI in the northwestern moving then recurving cluster and the pelagic west-northwest moving cluster mainly depended on the frequency.     

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF INHERENT CAUSES FOR DEVIATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS

To have a clearer picture of mechanisms responsible for the deviation of tropical cyclone (to be simplified as TC hereafter) tracks, the current work assumes the TC as a circular vortex with a radius of R. A general motion equation of TC is then determined by averaging its horizontal motion equation over the sentire region of TC. In the meantime, with the moving track of TC assumed as a characteristic arc, the curvature equation is derived for the track of movement and patterns of its deviation due to TC structure and variation are discussed. The result shows that the scale, size, maximum wind speed and radius are factors causing the deviation of TC tracks. In addition, asymmetric structure of TC is also important for the deviation of tracks. The results, achieved with hypothesis, agree with facts in some cases but disagree with them in others, which are to be verified with more observations or numerical simulations.     

基于观测路径的集合预报样本优选对热带气旋的模拟研究

集合预报是从一定误差范围内的一组初值出发,这组初值(样本)代表了大气状态的概率分布,集合预报中集合样本的好坏严重影响分析质量。质量较差样本进入集合预报中难免会降低集合预报的整体质量。由于集合样本是模拟大气可能状态的概率分布,因此样本的优选是提高分析质量的关键。通过对集合样本优胜劣汰来分析样本优选对模拟效果的影响。由于台风预报中台风路径的模拟至关重要,因此样本优选的方案为将样本模拟的路径信息与观测的台风报文路径相比较后,保留误差较低的样本,剔除误差较高的样本,从而提升样本的整体质量。但过多的样本被替换将导致集合离散度的大幅下降,因此替换样本的数量要适度。研究结果表明样本优选极可能有利于热带气旋路径和强度模拟的改进,其中对“妮妲”路径误差的改进为4% ~13%,对“鲇鱼”路径误差的改进为11%~28%,对“妮妲”的强度误差改进为5%~37%,“鲇鱼”的强度误差改进为1%~27%。      

热带气旋登陆华东的客观预报方案

热带所旋登陆华东属小概率事件。构造适当划分区间的阶梯函数能较好地反映登陆事件条件概率的非线性分布。应用阶梯函数变换的因子对登陆事件概率的预报性能优于线性相关的标准化因子。预报方案应用阶梯函数变换因子，通过非线性相关比筛选和REEP分析构造热带气旋登陆华东的预报模式。应用初始场资料与数值预报产品分别构造了统计－天气学、统计－气候学和统计－动力学的分类预报模式。应用分类预报模式的预报结果进行综合的预报集成提高了预报技巧。预报检验与试验表明本方案对热带气旋登陆华东具有一定的预报能力。     

EFFECT OF INITIAL PERTURBATION OF LAND SURFACE PROCESSES ON TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST

Many studies have explored the importance and influence of planetary boundary layer processes on tropical cyclones (TCs). However, few studies have focused on the influence of land surface processes on the activity of TCs. To test the effect of initial perturbations of land surface processes on TCs, a land surface process perturbation module is built in a global ensemble prediction system. Ensemble experiments for the TCs that occurred from 12 UTC 22 August to 18 UTC 24 November, 2006 show that consideration of the uncertainties within the land surface process could increase the predictability of the global ensemble prediction system. Detailed analysis on TC Xangsane (2006) indicates that the perturbation of land surface processes may increase the variation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. Meanwhile, the effect from land surface perturbation can be transferred to the upper atmosphere, which leads to better TC forecasts.     

K-均值聚类法用于西北太平洋热带气旋路径分类

热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,简称TC)路径分类是获得TC特征和影响评估的重要途径。采用联合台风警报中心(Joint Typhoon Warning Center,简称JTWC)近45年最佳台风路径资料,基于TC位置、强度、路径长度和方向等主要信息的特征参数,利用K-均值聚类法建立了西北太平洋TC路径的客观分类方法,并对分类得到的7个路径类型TC在生命史、能量、活动季节和登陆概率等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明各类TC的这些特征量具有明显的差异。从近20年的变化趋势看,西转向类(占总样本的21.3%)的频数为增加趋势,其生命史呈小幅增长趋势,和其余各类(或全部TC)的减小趋势或变化很小不一致。各类TC的年PDI(能量耗散指数)变化趋势主要取决于强度和频数的变化,多数类别的年PDI和强度的变化趋势一致,但西北行转向类和远海西-西北行类的年PDI变化趋势主要取决于频数的变化。      

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

A barotropic prirnitive equation model is used to simulate the tropical cyclone motion.Tropical cyclonemovements under different environmental flow backgrounds were examined and sensitivity of tropical cyclonetracks were discussed.Conclusions of practical significance have been obtained in this paper.     

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE CROSSING SUBTROPICAL HIGH

The barotropic primitive equations model is used in a numerical study of a tropical cyclone crossing the Subtropical high. It is revealed that apart from its own characteristics, sensitive factors having immediate effects on the motion of the tropical cyclone also include its radial distance from the center of the subtropical high, the variation in latitudinal location and intensity. A complex mechanism for nonlinear interactions among the tropical,subtropical high and β effect is also shown in the experiment, and expected to serve for the diagnosis and prediction of abnormal motion.     

基于TIGGE资料的西太平洋热带气旋多模式集成预报方法比较

基于TIGGE资料中CMA、ECMWF、JMA和NCEP四中心2010、2011和2012年3年的资料,采用集合平均（EMN）、加权集合平均（WEMN）、消除偏差集合平均（BREM）和加权消除偏差集合平均（即超级集合,SUP）四种方法,对西太平洋地区热带气旋路径与中心气压进行时效为24、48、72、96和120 h的多模式集成预报,评估了不同单中心预报结果,并分析了不同多模式集成预报方法的特点,对比了不同多模式集成方法的效果。结果表明,对于热带气旋路径和中心气压预报,各中心预报技巧不同,其中3年的CMA预报效果均较差,2010、2011年的ECMWF预报和2012年的NCEP预报效果最优;总体上几种多模式集成方法在120 h预报时效内均优于单模式预报,其中EMN作为一种最简单的集成预报方法,具有一定的局限性,而WEMN由于给不同单模式预报赋予了权重,因此相对于EMN能够得到更好的多模式集成预报结果;BREM方案由于消除了模式预报中的系统性偏差,因此集成预报效果也优于EMN;由于去除了模式预报偏差,同时给不同模式赋予了权重,SUP方案得到的集成预报效果最优。