低浓度基质下厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动及其运行性能

在低浓度基质条件下进行厌氧氨氧化反应器(ANAMMOX)的启动试验,先培养好氧硝化生物膜,然后转向厌氧环境培养厌氧氨氧化菌,经过294天成功启动反应器.在ANAMMOX稳定运行期,NH3-N的去除量:NO-2-N的去除量:NO-3-N的生成量为1:1.38:0.4.反应器的脱氮性能随着进水TN负荷的增加而提高,氮素去除负荷最高达到0.431 kg/(m3·d),并与进水TN负荷呈现良好的相关性.在上向流反应器中,NH3-N、NO-2-N浓度随水流沿滤柱高度不断降低,同时生成NO-3-N.沿水流方向至滤柱高120 cm处NH3-N和NO-2-N的去除率分别达到86.7%和近99%,TN的去除率达到85.4%.CODCr也随水流不断下降,pH则沿程上升.     

生物造粒流化床对污水的脱氮除磷效果研究

利用生物造粒流化床对城市生活污水进行了脱氮、除磷试验研究,分析了进、出水中TN、TP、NH3-N、NO3--N、NO 2--N等的变化情况。结果表明:生物造粒流化床流化柱内能形成球状颗粒污泥,底部污泥颗粒的粒径比上部的大;生物造粒流化床对TN、NH3-N、TP的平均去除率分别为39.5%、35.0%和93.9%。     

人工湿地不同水流方式对生活污水净化的比较

通过小型复合流式人工湿地实验,监测了CODcr、TN、TP、NO3--N、NH4 -N等指标,旨在通过实验,找到处理污水的最佳水流方式.结果表明,垂直流和垂直流搭配对CODCr、TN、NH4 -N去除最好;而潜流和潜流搭配对NO3--N去除最好.人工湿地基质是影响磷的处理效果的主要因素,通过合理的操作方式可以最终从污水中除磷.在复合型人工湿地中延长水力停留时间能增加污染物的去除率.     

碳氮比对分段进水多级A/O工艺脱氮效果的影响研究

以实际生活污水为处理对象,考察了进水碳氮比(C/N)为4～8时对多级A/O系统生物脱氮效果的影响,研究了多级A/O系统中COD、NH3-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、TN的沿程变化规律.结果表明,进水C/N对多级A/O系统去除COD及NH3-N影响不明显,COD去除率稳定在 85.2％～94.6％,平均去除率为89.2％,氨氮去除率始终保持在93.0％～99.4％,平均去除率为96.5％,系统具有良好的硝化能力.进水C/N对反硝化脱氮影响明显,系统的反硝化作用随C/N的增大有所增强,在C/N为8时,第一级反硝化程度达到91.1％,接近完全反硝化,硝化程度逐级降低,第三级时为39.3％ ;TN去除率在C/N为4、6、8的工况下分别为44.7％、68.9％和87.3％.     

垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物对厌氧氨氧化的影响研究

采用好氧活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥混合接种启动UBF厌氧氨氧化反应器,共耗时165d。反应器启动成功后,容积负荷达到了0.17kg总氮/(m3·d),NO2--N与NH4+-N去除率分别为100%和93%。在此基础上进行垃圾渗滤液有机物浓度梯度实验,研究其在不同有机物浓度下对厌氧氨氧化反应的影响作用。实验结果表明:NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率随有机物浓度的增加依次降低。当TOC浓度小于100mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化运行稳定,NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率分别达80%和95%以上;当TOC浓度大于200mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化反应减弱,体系中出现了明显的异氧反硝化反应;当TOC浓度大于500mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化反应几乎完全停止。由于该垃圾渗滤液有机污染物多为难降解的大分子,具有毒性、易降解,有机物的含量较少,因此认为其对厌氧氨氧化的毒性抑制远比竞争性抑制大。     

垃圾渗滤液对厌氧氨氧化混培菌活性的影响研究

采用厌氧复合床,经自养型反硝化过程转化,成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器,共耗时165d。反应器启动成功后,容积负荷达到了0.17kg总氮/(m3.d),NO2--N与NH+4-N去除率分别为100%和93%。在此基础上,研究了垃圾渗滤液的亚硝化出水对厌氧氨氧化混培菌活性的影响。研究结果表明:在低质量浓度基质(NH+4-N～60mg/L,NO2--N～60mg/L)条件下,垃圾渗滤液亚硝化出水对厌氧氨氧化反应产生了微弱的影响,氨氮的平均抑制率为10.73%,亚氮的平均抑制率为11.71%。     

SBBR反应器处理粪便污水厌氧出水脱氮效能研究

针对粪便污水厌氧出水高氨低碳(BOD/TN=1)的特点,采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理该废水,考察了负荷、NH3-N等对其处理效能的影响;并探讨了低碳源及低温条件下提高反应器脱氮效能的措施.试验结果表明:当水温≥20℃,挂膜密度为30%,有机负荷为0.8 kg CODCr/(m3·d),NH3-N负荷为0.17 kg NH3-N/(m3·d)时,在SBBR反应器中实现了高效的同步硝化反硝化脱氮,使进水CODCr为2 600 mg/L,BODs为500～600 mg/L,NH3-N为500～600 mg/L的污水,出水NH3-N为7.2 mg/L,TN为99 mg/L,NH3-N去除率＞98%,TN去除率＞80%.当反应器中NH3-N≥200 mg/L时,将对自养微生物产生明显的抑制作用.在SBBR反应器进水中接入8%的粪便污水,解决了脱氮过程碳源不足的问题.在低温条件下,通过将反应器的挂膜密度提高至45%,可使TN去除率由84.3%提高至93.4%.     

WRSIS系统中稻田田面水和地下排水中氮素的动态变化特征

在江苏高淳县WRSIS系统中进行田间试验,对不同氮肥施用量下稻田田面水和地下排水中氮素动态变化特性进行分析。结果表明:施肥1 d后田面水TN和NH4+-N质量浓度值达到最大,随着时间推移,质量浓度迅速下降,施肥7 d后TN质量浓度下降70%~76%,NH4+-N质量浓度下降83.5%~85.5%。田面水中ρ(NH4+-N)/ρ(TN)和ρ(NO3--N)/ρ(TN)具有相似变化规律,先升后降,且ρ(NH4+-N)/ρ(TN)显著大于ρ(NO3--N)/ρ(TN)。地下排水中氮素以NO3--N为主,施肥后NO3--N质量浓度在3.0~19.0 mg/L的范围内;NH4+-N质量浓度较低,整个生育期质量浓度都在1.1 mg/L以下。田面水和地下排水中氮素质量浓度均随着施肥量的增加而增加。施肥7 d内是防止氮素大量流失的关键时期,需要控制排水;同时减少氮肥施用量能显著减少氮素地表流失和地下渗漏损失量。     

ANAMMOX工艺在生活污水深度处理中的应用研究

随着水环境质量的恶化,高能低耗的污水深度处理技术成为当前研究热点,尤其是对于低C/N比的城市生活污水脱氮技术的研究。试验以城市生活污水的二级出水为研究对象,采用ANAMMOX下向流生物滤池,当二级出水NH3-N=15-35mg/L,CODCr=25-45mg/L,TOC=9-12mg/L,水温=25-28℃时,ANAMMOX下向流生物滤池脱氨率达80%-100%,不仅适用于处理高氨废水,也可用于城市生活污水深度处理中。试验发现pH可以用来指示ANAMMOX反应的进行,同时也可以用来指示ANAMMOX反应进程的快慢。试验中还发现,厌氧氨氧化反应速率与NO2--N含量有关,原水中NO2--N含量的增多有利于ANAMMOX工艺处理效果。     

以海绵为填料的厌氧氨氧化反应器对污泥脱滤液的处理效果

为了研究以海绵作填料利用半硝化(PN)-厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)联合工艺对实际废水进行脱氮处理的可行性,在一上流式厌氧固定床反应器中,利用熊本东部的某污水处理厂的污泥脱滤液进行了试验研究.运行结果表明,联合工艺运行时,控制亚硝化反应器温度为(30±1)℃、pH为7.5、溶解氧为1 mg/L时,亚硝化的活性比较稳定,出水NO_2~--N/NH_3-N为1左右.对于ANAMMOX反应阶段,在较高的总氮负荷3.6 kgN/(m~3·d)下,TN、NH_3-N 和NO_2~--N的去除率分别达到70%、72% 和91%,反应器处理效果较好.此外ANAMMOX 反应器在(17±2)℃时NO-2-N去除率低于(25±1)℃时6%;但当环境温度升高时,ANAMMOX菌的活性可以迅速地从低温操作条件下恢复(2～3 d).     

ANAMMOX and partial denitritation in anaerobic nitrogen removal from piggery waste.

The anaerobic ammonium removal from a piggery waste with high strength (56 g COD/L and 5 g T-N/L) was investigated using a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor at a mesophilic condition. Based on the nitrogen and carbon balance in the process, the contribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms was also evaluated in terms of the influent NO2-N/NH4-N ratio (1:0.8 and 1:1.2 for Phase 1 and Phase 2, respectively). The result of this research demonstrates that the anaerobic ammonium removal from the piggery waste, using the UASB reactor, can be performed successfully. Furthermore, it appears that by using granular sludge as the seed biomass, the ANAMMOX reaction can start more quickly. Average nitrogen conversion was 0.59 kg T-N/m3 reactor-day (0.06 kg T-N/kg VSS/day) and 0.66 kg T-N/m3 reactor-day (0.08 kg T-N/kg VSS/day) for Phase 1 and Phase 2. The NO2-N/NH4-N removal ratio by the ANAMMOX was 1.48 and 1.79 for Phase 1 and Phase 2. The higher nitrite contents (about 50%) in the substrate resulted in higher nitrite nitrogen removal by the partial denitritation, as well as the ANAMMOX reaction, implying higher potential of partial denitritation. However, the result reveals that the ANAMMOX reaction was influenced less by the degree of partial denitritation, and the ANAMMOX bacteria did not compete with denitritation bacteria. The colour of the biomass at the bottom of the reactor changed from dark gray to dark red, which was accompanied by an increase in cytochrome content. At the end of the experiment, red-coloured granular sludge with diameter of 1-2 mm at the lower part of the reactor was also observed.     

低负荷下厌氧氨氧化处理养殖废水的启动研究

厌氧氨氧化作为新型生物脱氮技术其关键在于如何实现厌氧氨氧化反应的启动,现有研究多以模拟废水为研究对象,本文以猪场废水为对象的研究,利用ASBR为反应器,接种反硝化污泥培养厌氧氨氧化细菌,在NH+4-N与NO-2-N浓度均为100 mg/L的条件下,运行125 d,经历启动初期、过渡期、系统稳定运行期三个阶段,厌氧氨氧化反应器中NH+4-N的去除率达91.70%,NO-2-N去除率92.0%;NH+4-N的容积负荷为36.90 mg/L.d,NO-2-N的容积负荷为37.55 mg/(L.d),成功实现了厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动。该研究成果对厌氧氨氧化技术在工程实践的应用具有重要的指导意义。     

Development and optimisation of VFA driven DEAMOX process for treatment of strong nitrogenous anaerobic effluents.

The recently proposed DEAMOX (DEnitrifying AMmonium OXidation) process combines the anammox reaction with autotrophic denitrifying conditions using sulphide as an electron donor for the production of nitrite from nitrate within an anaerobic biofilm. This paper firstly presents a feasibility study of the DEAMOX process using synthetic (ammonia + nitrate) wastewater where sulphide is replaced by volatile fatty acids (VFA) as a more widespread electron donor for partial denitrification. Under the influent N-NH+4/N-NO3(-) and COD/N-NO3(-) ratios of 1 and 2.3, respectively, the typical efficiencies of ammonia removal were around 40% (no matter whether a VFA mixture or only acetate were used) for nitrogen loading rates (NLR) up to 1236 mg N/l/d. This parameter increased to 80% by increasing the influent COD/N-NO3(-) ratio to 3.48 and decreasing the influent N-NH4 +/N-NO3(-) ratio to 0.29. As a result, the total nitrogen removal increased to 95%. The proposed process was further tested with typical strong nitrogenous effluent such as reject water (total N, 530-566 mg N/l; total COD, 1530-1780 mg/l) after thermophilic sludge anaerobic digestion. For this, the raw wastewater was split and partially ( approximately 50%) fed to a nitrifying reactor (to generate nitrate) and the remaining part ( approximately 50%) was directed to the DEAMOX reactor where this stream was mixed with the nitrified effluent. Stable process performance up to NLR of 1,243 mg N/l/d in the DEAMOX reactor was achieved resulting in 40, 100, and 66% removal of ammonia, NOx(-), and total nitrogen, respectively.     

Nitrogen removal from piggery waste using the combined SHARON and ANAMMOX process.

Nitrogen removal in piggery waste was investigated with the combined SHARON-ANAMMOX process. The piggery waste was characterized as strong nitrogenous wastewater with very low C/N ratio. For the preceding SHARON reactor, ammonium nitrogen loading and conversion rates were 0.97 kg NH4-N/m3 reactor/day and 0.73 kg NH4-N/m3 reactor/day, respectively. Alkalinity consumption for ammonium conversion was 8.5 gr bicarbonate utilized per gram ammonium nitrogen converted to NO2-N or NO3-N at steady-states operation. The successive ANAMMOX reactor was fed with the effluent from SHARON reactor. Nitrogen loading and conversion rates were 1.36 kg soluble N/m3 reactor/day and 0.72 kg soluble N/m3 reactor/day, respectively. The average NO2-N/NH4-N removal ratio by ANAMMOX reaction was 2.13. It has been observed that Candidatus "Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" were dominated in the ANAMMOX reactor based on FISH analysis.     

影响反硝化除磷与厌氧氨氧化耦合的因素

氧对厌氧氨氧化菌有毒,但在颗粒污泥和生物膜中的厌氧氨氧化菌对氧有较高的耐受能力,并且聚磷菌能消耗影响氧氨氧化菌生长的氧。厌氧氨氧化菌的生长无需有机物的参与,聚磷菌释磷需要吸收有机物,少量有机物的加入对厌氧氨氧化菌的活性影响不大。亚硝酸盐是厌氧氨氧化菌氧化氨的电子受体,较高浓度的亚硝酸盐对反硝化聚磷有抑制作用,但合适浓度的亚硝酸盐(该浓度可以通过驯化来提高)可以作为反硝化聚磷菌吸磷的电子受体。厌氧氨氧化过程中有硝酸盐生成,反硝化聚磷菌能利用这部分硝酸盐。另外,两类菌都适宜于中温略偏碱性的环境。因此,通过创造同时对厌氧氨氧化菌和反硝化聚磷菌有利的微生态环境,发挥两者在脱氮除磷方面的协同耦合作用,达到高度脱氮除磷,是极有前景的废水厌氧(缺氧)处理研究方向。     

Pilot-scale studies on biological treatment of hypersaline wastewater at low temperature.

In order to investigate the feasibility of biological treatment of hypersaline wastewater produced from toilet flushing with seawater at low temperature, pilot-scale studies were established with plug-flow activated sludge process at low temperature (5-9 degrees C) based on bench-scale experiments. The critical salinity concentration of 30 g/L, which resulted from the cooperation results of the non-halophilic bacteria and the halophilic bacteria, was drawn in bench-scale experiments. Pilot-scale studies showed that high COD removal efficiency, higher than 80%, was obtained at low temperature when 30 percent seawater was introduced. The salinity improved the settleability of activated sludge, and average sludge value dropped down from 38% to 22.5% after adding seawater. Seawater salinity had a strong negative effect on notronomonas and nitrobacter growth, but much more on the nitrobacter. The nitrification action was mainly accomplished by nitrosomonas. Bench-scale experiments using two SBRs were carried out for further investigation under different conditions of salinities, ammonia loadings and temperatures. Biological nitrogen removal via nitrite pathway from wastewater containing 30 percent seawater was achieved, but the ammonia removal efficiency was strongly related not only to the influent ammonia loading at different salinities but also to temperature. When the ratio of seawater to wastewater was 30 percent, and the ammonia loading was below the critical value of 0.15 kgNH4+-N/(kgMLSS.d), the ammonia removal efficiency via nitrite pathway was above 90%. The critical level of ammonia loading was 0.15, 0.08 and 0.03 kgNH4+-N/(kgMLSS.d) respectively at the different temperature 30 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 20 degrees C when the influent ammonia concentration was 60-80 mg/L and pH was 7.5-8.0.     

Combined partial nitritation/Anammox system for treatment of digester supernatant.

One-year (2004) comprehensive investigations in a semi-industrial pilot plant (5 m3) were carried out with the aim of assessing the influence of operational parameters on the partial nitritation/Anammox system performance. In the system designed as a moving-bed biofilm reactor, the influent nitrogen load to the Anammox reactor was progressively increased and a stable Anammox bacterial culture was obtained. Interaction between subsequent aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the partial nitritation and Anammox reactors, respectively, granted conditions to remove nitrogen through the nitrite route. It implies that the oxygen supply can be limited to a high extent. A control strategy for the partial nitritation step relied on concomitant adjustment of the air supply with a variable influent nitrogen load, which can be monitored by both pH and conductivity measurements. In the Anammox reactor, an influent nitrite-to-ammonium ratio plays a vital role in obtaining efficient nitrogen removal. During the 1-year experimental period, the Anammox reactor was operated steadily and average nitrogen removal efficiency was 84% with 97% as the maximum value.     

ABR反应器对垃圾渗滤液的处理试验研究

ABR工艺在处理垃圾渗滤液中具有其他厌氧生物反应器所达不到的优点。尤其是对B/C低、氨氮浓度高、COD浓度高的废水处理,通过调节回流比、HRT、碱度等参数后,可以取得很好的处理效果。在本次实验中,HRT控制在18h后明显提高的垃圾渗滤液的可生化性及C/N,使ABR出水CODcr去除率达到75%,C/N为6.72,对后续好氧反应起到了重要作用。在调控一定回流比后,为提供厌氧氨氧化所需的电子受体NO-3和NO-2实现脱氮。反应器在经过120d的培养驯化,氨氮进水为460mg/L,ABR对氨氮的去除率稳定在80%。不同格室的厌氧颗粒污泥都得到很好的驯化并在其合适的环境中发挥各自的功能。