Kisspeptin对热应激大鼠脑抗氧化性能和热休克蛋白70 mRNAs表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨神经肽kisspeptin对热应激大鼠脑抗氧化性能、热休克蛋白70mRNA表达及肾上腺、胸腺及脾指数的影响。本试验使用试剂盒检测大鼠脑内GSH-Px、T-SOD活力和T-AOC及MDA含量,并用荧光定量方法检测热应激休克蛋白mRNA的表达。热应激导致脑组织中MDA含量极显著升高,T-SOD、GSH-Px活力及T-AOC极显著下降,热休克蛋白mRNAs表达极显著升高,肾上腺、胸腺和脾指数降低;与热应激组相比,注射kisspeptin热应激组中脑MDA的含量显著减少,GSH-Px、T-SOD活性和T-AOC显著升高,热休克蛋白mRNAs表达显著下降,肾上腺、胸腺和脾指数上升;与对照组相比,单纯注射kisspeptin组中GSH-Px、T-SOD活力和T-AOC显著升高,MDA含量显著降低而热休克蛋白mRNAs并未发生明显变化。以上结果说明kisspeptin可缓解热应激引起的大鼠脑中应激损伤。     

活化卵白蛋白的抗应激作用试验

在冷、热两种应激情况下进行了活化卵白蛋白对淋巴器官的影响试验。冷应激 :4℃ ,4h/d ,4d。热应激 :37℃ ,4 5min。结果 ,小鼠在冷、热环境中 ,活化卵白蛋白处理组胸腺体重百分比显著高于冷、热应激组 (P <0 0 1)。说明活化卵白蛋白可以减轻冷、热应激对胸腺、脾脏的影响     

热应激对猪肠道健康、免疫系统和肉品质的影响及作用机制

在实际生产中,热应激导致猪生长性能降低、免疫力减弱以及肉品质下降,给养猪业带来严重的经济损失。因此,研究热应激对猪肠道健康、免疫系统和肉品质的影响规律对指导实际生产具有十分重要的意义。本文就热应激对猪肠道健康、免疫系统和肉品质的影响及分子机制进行综述,并对改善热应激的可行性措施进行总结,为缓解养猪业中热应激带来的猪生长性能和肉品质下降等问题提供理论基础和指导。     

热应激雏鸡免疫器官中热休克蛋白70的定位研究

通过检测热休克蛋白70（heat shock protein,HSP70）在免疫器官及细胞上的分布规律,研究热应激雏鸡免疫器官中热休克蛋白70的定位及表达。结果显示：HSP70在常温饲养雏鸡的胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊中均有明显的表达,在胸腺、脾脏的细胞中主要以胞浆表达为主,而法氏囊中则以胞核表达为主,脾脏中HSP70的表达强度最为稳定。热应激时,胸腺中HSP70的IOD值随日龄增长而逐渐降低,末期显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;脾脏中HSP70的IOD值随日龄增长逐渐降低,末期稍低于对照组（P〉0．05）;法氏囊中HSP70的IOD值与饲养日龄间无明显规律,末期高于对照组（P〉0．05）。结果表明,热应激对雏鸡胸腺的损伤明显,胸腺细胞通过自身合成HSP70抵抗热应激的能力较差,而对脾脏和法氏囊影响较小。     

热应激诱发的氧化应激对羊的影响及其作用机制

热应激会破坏机体氧化系统和抗氧化系统之间的平衡,诱发机体的氧化应激。而机体抗氧化系统与免疫系统息息相关,其中核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路是联系二者的重要途径。本文阐述了热应激如何诱导羊发生氧化应激,以及热应激诱导的氧化应激对羊肠道组织、机体免疫细胞及相关细胞因子表达分泌的影响和Nrf2信号通路的调控机制,以期系统理解热应激诱导的氧化应激对羊的影响。     

热应激对动物心肌细胞影响研究进展

热应激是动物饲养过程中经常遇到的难题,给畜牧业带来了较大的损失。由于心脏对热的敏感性较高,当动物机体遭受热应激损害时,首当其冲的器官往往是心脏。所以,如何提高心脏抵抗热应激的损伤,成为养殖业日益关注的焦点。论文从热应激对心脏的影响、心肌细胞在热应激作用下的组织形态学变化、热应激损伤心肌细胞的机制、热应激作用下心肌细胞的自我保护及如何提高心肌细胞对热应激的抵抗能力方面,结合近年来的研究做一综述。     

实验性热应激对肉仔鸡免疫器官的影响

对实验性热应激肉仔鸡的免疫器官的组织学变化、超微组织学变化进行了动态观察,对热应激造成的免疫器官的细胞凋亡及免疫反应能力进行了检测.结果表明,热应激可引起免疫器官胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊的发育分化不良,使法氏囊指数、脾脏指数明显下降,胸腺指数虽有下降,但幅度较小;热应激对免疫器官的组织结构有显著影响,尤其对法氏囊和脾脏的影响更明显,主要表现为实质细胞的萎缩、消失性病变,但无明显的实质细胞崩解坏死、炎性细胞浸润、炎性充血等病理变化,并随热应激时间的延长而逐渐加重,最后以实质细胞几乎完全消失、间质结缔组织增生而纤维化告终.热应激可显著影响试验鸡血清新城疫病毒抗体滴度,与对照相比,其抗体滴度的峰值低,维持时间短,下降速度快;通过电镜观察和细胞凋亡的原位检测,证实热应激时免疫器官的淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞有凋亡现象,这种凋亡现象在早期尤其显著.     

维生素C溶液对热应激蛋仔鸡血清及组织变化的影响

为了探究维生素C溶液对热应激蛋仔鸡血清氧化指标及肝、肾组织变化的影响。本研究选择150只30日龄伊莎褐蛋仔鸡随机分为热应激组、维生素C原粉+热应激组和维生素C溶液+热应激组,在热应激前进行为期7 d的给药期,再分别进行0 h、1 h、3 h、5 h和10 h热应激后,立即采集受试鸡的血及肝、肾组织。通过对血清中维生素C、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平的检测和肝肾组织病理学的检查,评价维生素C溶液对缓解受试鸡的肝肾组织细胞热应激损伤的保护作用。在热应激条件下,添加50μg/mL维生素C可以提高血清中维生素C含量,降低血清中MDA水平,减轻热应激导致的肝、肾组织细胞颗粒变性、空泡变性、核浓缩等损伤。维生素C溶液可能通过抗氧化能力而缓解热应激导致的肝、肾组织细胞损伤。     

HSP27在热应激致岭南黄鸡雏鸡免疫器官损伤中的作用

为了从热休克蛋白27(HSP27)基因角度揭示热应激致雏鸡免疫器官形态损伤的机制,试验将120只8日龄岭南黄鸡随机分为对照组和热应激组,并构建雏鸡热应激模型,采用组织切片和透射电镜方法对比分析其免疫器官在热应激条件下的显微结构和超微结构变化,并用Real-time PCR方法检测HSP27基因在免疫器官中mRNA的表达差异。结果表明:同日龄阶段比较,热应激组免疫器官发育不良,胸腺细胞数量减少,Hassall氏小体严重退化,胸腺细胞凋亡及坏死数量增多,染色质发生聚集,细胞器肿胀变性;脾脏组织疏松,脾小结生发中心不明显,动脉周围淋巴鞘变薄,淋巴细胞结构疏松,胞核内异染色质减少,线粒体数量增多、结构异常;法氏囊中淋巴滤泡数量减少,皮质和髓质分界模糊,淋巴细胞染色质聚集,胞浆中粗面内质网上核糖体脱落,线粒体肿胀空泡化。法氏囊中HSP27 mRNA相对表达量逐渐降低,在热应激第21天时相对表达量显著高于第28,35天;脾脏中HSP27 mRNA相对表达量逐渐升高,在第35天时相对表达量显著高于第21,28天;胸腺中HSP27mRNA相对表达量与日龄无明显关联,在第28天时相对表达量最低且显著低于第21天和第35天。说明热应激会造成岭南黄鸡雏鸡免疫器官损伤,而HSP27在这一过程中扮演着重要角色。     

杨树皮类脂对热应激SPF鸡免疫器官及红细胞免疫功能的影响

为了考察杨树皮类脂对热应激SPF鸡免疫器官及红细胞免疫功能的影响,试验测定了热应激SPF鸡脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊的脏器指数及红细胞C3b受体花环率和免疫复合物花环率。结果表明:杨树皮类脂对热应激SPF鸡脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊的脏器指数有增加作用,能提高红细胞C3b受体花环率,降低免疫复合物花环率。说明杨树皮类脂有增加热应激SPF鸡免疫器官重量的作用,对红细胞免疫功能有促进作用。     

日粮中添加铁对绵羊免疫器官组织结构和铁含量的影响

为研究日粮中不同铁水平对绵羊免疫功能的影响，探究绵羊饲养过程中铁过量的风险，试验在绵羊基础日粮中分别添加铁500、1 000、1 500 mg/kg（硫酸亚铁形式），饲养75 d后宰杀，采取绵羊免疫器官（脾脏、胸腺、肝门淋巴结、十二指肠淋巴结及腭扁桃体），应用传统病理学方法观察以上器官的组织结构变化、含铁血黄素分布，并测定组织铁含量的变化情况。结果显示，绵羊饲喂过量铁后，脾脏白髓占比减小，淋巴细胞数量减少、排列疏松，伴有肿大、空泡化现象，红髓内有大量含铁血黄素沉积；胸腺皮质区变薄，髓质区变厚且融合，胸腺小体数量减少、结构模糊；肝门淋巴结、十二指肠淋巴结皮质与髓质区变薄、界限模糊，皮质淋巴窦与髓窦间隙增大，淋巴小结结构模糊；腭扁桃体实质内淋巴小结数量减少，毛细血管后微静脉有充血现象。饲喂过量铁后，各免疫器官组织铁含量均升高，其中脾脏内铁含量最多，腭扁桃体内最少，铁低、中、高剂量组脾脏铁含量极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。结果表明，饲喂过量铁后，绵羊免疫器官组织结构均遭到不同程度破坏，且随着铁添加量越多，组织结构破坏程度越明显；各免疫器官中铁蓄积量与日粮中铁添加水平呈正相关，摄入过量铁严重影响绵羊免疫功能，因此在绵羊饲养过程中，要严格遵守美国NRC（1985）饲料标准，日粮中铁水平不要超过500 mg/kg。     

实验性肉雏维生素A缺乏对免疫器官影响的形态学研究

150只一日龄罗曼混合肉雏被随机分为四组,分别饲喂含维生素A为0、750、3000和6000IU的日粮。在20、30和45日龄时,每组剖检5只鸡,分离并称重免疫器官后,取材,石蜡包埋,切片,镜检。结果表明:维生素A缺乏和不足使免疫器官组织萎缩,间质结缔组织增生,上皮角化,腔上囊和胸腺的相对重量明显减少(P<0.01)。对免疫器官的损害程度是腔上囊>胸腺>脾脏>盲肠扁桃体。提高日粮中维生素A含量有提高肉雏增重、饲料报酬和免疫器官相对重量之趋势。     

Histochemical and histological evaluations of the effects of high incubation temperature on embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius in broiler chickens

1.?The effects of experimentally induced heat-stress on the embryonic development of bursa of Fabricius and thymus of the chicken were investigated by means of histological and enzyme histochemical methods.

2.?In the experiments, 250 fertile eggs of the Ross 308 broiler strain were divided into two groups. The control eggs were maintained under optimal conditions (37?8°C and 65 ± 2% relative humidity, RH) during the whole incubation period. Heat stressed eggs were maintained under normal conditions (37?8°C and 65 ± 2% RH) until the 10th d of incubation and then exposed continuously (24 h per d) to high temperature (38?8°C and 65 ± 2% RH). Blood and tissue samples were taken from 10 animals of each group at d 13, 15, 18 and 21 of incubation and at d 2, 4 and 7 post-hatch. Tissue samples were processed for enzyme histochemical methods in addition to routine histological techniques.

3.?The results revealed that egg temperatures were higher than incubator air temperature. Long-term heat-stress (40?1–40?6°C egg temperature) retarded development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius. Peripheral blood ACP-ase and ANAE-positive lymphocyte levels of heat-stressed animals were lower than in the controls.

4.?These results give some morphological evidence for immunosuppression induced by high temperature exposure during the embryonic development. Temperature distribution and air circulation in incubator should be questioned in the case of lower broiler flock immunity.     

Histology of some major immune system organs in Lake Van fish Alburnus tarichi (Güldenstädt, 1814) (Cyprinidae)

The teleostean immune system is variable between and within taxa in terms of morphology. Accordingly, in the current study, the histology of some immune organs (thymus, kidney and spleen) of Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi) was investigated. For this purpose, the tissues from eight mature fish were fixed and embedded in paraffin wax, and then the sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Mallory’s triple, periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue (pH of 2.5) for histologic examinations. In the thymus, no clear discrimination of the cortex and medulla was observed. Lymphoid cells within a reticulo-epithelial network were the predominant cell type in the thymus. The other components in the thymus were macrophages and myoid, mast-like, plasma-like, cystic cells, Hassall’s corpuscles, and single or multiple epithelial cystic structures. In the kidney, the head kidney, a major haematopoietic site, consisted of lymphoid and non-lymphoid zones within a reticular network. Cells exhibiting mitotic figures were also detected in the haematopoietic tissue of the head kidney. Haematopoietic tissue was also found in the trunk kidney dispersed amongst the excretory components. The spleen was composed of red and white pulp. The red pulp comprised abundant erythrocytes, whilst the white pulp contained leucocytes with a reticular network. Ellipsoids were also determined in the white pulp. Melanomacrophage centres were found in all of the examined lymphoid tissues of the fish. These findings, which were reported, herein, for the first time will provide reference knowledge for future studies of this anadromous fish.     

肉鸽法氏囊、脾脏和胸腺的形态学、组织学观察

[目的]为今后研究肉鸽免疫功能提供其免疫器官的形态学、组织学观察依据。[方法]选取40日龄的肉鸽,摘除法氏囊、脾脏和胸腺进行形态学观察;通过制作常规石蜡切片,苏木精—伊红染色,显微照相进行组织学观察。[结果]40日龄肉鸽法氏囊黏膜上皮完整,黏膜固有层腔上囊小结数量减少,体积变小,中间出现空泡,淋巴细胞减少;法氏囊小结中皮质和髓质界限不明显,小结周围有大量的结缔组织增生,导致法氏囊免疫功能降低。脾脏各组织结构发育趋于完善,细胞排列紧密。胸腺髓质中淋巴细胞较少,可见胸腺小体;皮质中淋巴细胞较多。[结论]40日龄的肉鸽法氏囊开始萎缩,免疫功能降低,而脾脏和胸腺免疫功能正常。     

Ontogeny of channel catfish lymphoid organs

Previously, we showed that catfish could not mount a detectable antibody response after bacterial exposure until 21 days post-hatch (ph). In order to evaluate the changes associated with the development of a functional humoral response, we evaluated the temporal and spatial distribution of immune cell populations in developing catfish. Cells functioning in nonspecific immunity were present in the renal hematopoietic tissue (rht) and thymus at hatch and in the spleen by day 3 ph. Immunoglobulin (Ig) positive lymphocytes were first detected on day 7, 10, and 14 in the rht, thymus and spleen, respectively. Mature thymocytes were first detected on day 10 ph. Distinct thymic regionalization and splenic lymphoid tissue organization were not observed until day 21 ph. We suggest that the reason for a lack of antibody production until day 21 ph is the poor organization of secondary lymphoid tissue until that age.     

副猪嗜血杆菌血清5型岳阳株对昆明小鼠淋巴器官损伤的研究

为探讨副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)对免疫器官的损伤,本实验将HPS血清5型岳阳株及其茵体裂解物分别接种昆明小鼠,结果显示:HPS血清5型岳阳株及其菌体裂解物,均能够引起昆明小鼠颈淋巴结细胞凋亡和坏死.组织病理学检测可见脾脏红髓扩张、白髓萎缩、淋巴细胞衰减;胸腺病变较轻,皮质部局灶性淋巴细胞坏死和散在性细胞凋亡.此外,免疫器官损伤与剂量相关,随菌量的增大病变更为明显.HPS血清5型岳阳株及其菌体裂解物对昆明小鼠淋巴器官有明显的损伤作用.     

Effects of direct immersion in antigen on immunological memory in young carp, Cyprinus carpio

The study asks whether, in fish, antigens encountered early in life can prime the immune system to yield memory responses on subsequent challenge with the same antigen and, if so, whether positive immunity or immunological tolerance is induced. The direct immersion method of vaccination was used to prime 4 week old carp, Cyprinus carpio, and was compared with priming by injection. Three different forms of antigen were used: the thymus dependent antigen, human gamma globulin (HGG) in soluble and in particulate (latex bound) form; also the putative thymus independent bacterin, formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida. The thymus dependent antigens were also used on 9 month old animals. In 4 week old carp, A. salmonicida vaccine delivered either by direct immersion or intraperitoneally (i.p.) yielded enhanced serum antibody levels and heightened proliferative responses in the lymphoid tissue of the spleen and kidney. Latex-bound HGG applied by direct immersion was found to partially suppress secondary antibody production while still eliciting enhanced proliferation. The decrease in antibody production following direct immersion priming of young fish with latex-bound HGG was not nearly as marked as the tolerance induced following priming with latex-bound HGG by the i.p. route and, unlike the tolerance induced by the injection route, may possibly still occur in older fish. When HGG was applied to young carp in soluble form by direct immersion it was ineffective and failed to influence memory induction. This is in contrast to the antibody tolerance, accompanied by an enhanced proliferative response following challenge, which resulted from administration of the soluble antigen by injection in the young fish. The status of the immune system in these antibody-tolerant fish is still far from clear. This highlights the need for further investigation of the role of cell-mediated reactions and local immunity in the immune responses of fish.