挤奶阶段对羊乳中微生物的影响

对奶山羊挤奶过程中不同挤奶阶段的乳样中微生物变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,不同挤奶阶段乳中微生物数量有明显变化,挤出的前期乳样中微生物数量最高,中期乳样次之,末期乳样最低。前期乳样的菌落总数、大肠菌群、嗜冷菌、嗜热菌、蛋白分解菌和脂肪分解菌的数量分别高达3×106、1.4×104、3.3×104、1.3×103、1.5×105和1.3×105cfu/mL,明显高于中期乳样和末期乳样（p<0.05）,尤其是前期乳样中的菌落总数已高出GB19301-2010中收购生鲜乳的微生物指标（2×106cfu/mL）。因此在挤奶过程中,应尽可能的弃去前期乳样,以提高原料羊乳的卫生质量。      

贮存温度对原料羊乳中微生物的影响

对不同贮存温度下原料羊乳中微生物变化规律进行研究,研究表明,原料羊乳在3℃下贮存36h,乳样中菌落总数、大肠菌群、嗜热菌、蛋白分解菌和脂肪分解菌变化不显著(p>0.05),嗜冷菌变化差异显著(p<0.05);在10℃下贮存24h后,乳样中菌落总数、大肠菌群、嗜冷菌变化差异显著(p<0.05),嗜热菌、蛋白分解菌和脂肪分解菌变化不显著(p>0.05);当贮存温度为37℃和25℃时,分别贮存6h和12h以后乳样中的菌落总数、大肠菌群、嗜热菌、蛋白分解菌和脂肪分解菌变化差异显著(p<0.05),而嗜冷菌变化差异不显著(p>0.05)。随着贮存温度的升高和贮存时间的延长,原料羊乳中微生物数量增加。在原料羊乳的贮存和运输过程中,应尽可能将贮存温度控制在3℃,贮存时间不应该超过36h,以提高原料羊乳的卫生质量。      

螯合剂对羊乳凝乳特性的影响

研究了磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠、EDTA二钠六种螯合剂对羊乳凝乳的影响.结果表明:在浓度为0.1～1.0g/L范围内,随着磷酸氢二钠、三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠和柠檬酸钠浓度的增大,羊乳的凝乳时间逐渐延长;随着磷酸二氢钠和EDTA二钠浓度的增大,羊乳的凝乳时间逐渐缩短.同时,磷酸氢二钠、三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠和柠檬酸钠可使羊乳的pH升高,磷酸二氢钠和EDTA二钠可使羊乳的pH降低.     

螯合剂对羊乳凝乳特性的影响

研究了磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠、EDTA二钠六种螯合剂对羊乳凝乳的影响。结果表明:在浓度为0.1～1.0g/L范围内,随着磷酸氢二钠、三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠和柠檬酸钠浓度的增大,羊乳的凝乳时间逐渐延长;随着磷酸二氢钠和EDTA二钠浓度的增大,羊乳的凝乳时间逐渐缩短。同时,磷酸氢二钠、三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠和柠檬酸钠可使羊乳的pH升高,磷酸二氢钠和EDTA二钠可使羊乳的pH降低。      

巴氏杀菌对原料羊乳卫生质量的影响

本文就巴氏杀菌条件对原料羊乳和贮存过程中巴氏杀菌羊乳的菌落总数和大肠菌群变化规律进行研究。不同污染程度的原料羊乳分别在63℃/30min、72℃/30s和85℃/15s下处理,乳样中菌落总数和大肠菌群变化差异极为显著(p<0.05)。随着巴氏杀菌强度的增大,污染程度相同乳样的巴氏杀菌效率依次增高,污染程度不同乳样的巴氏杀菌效率却依次降低。巴氏杀菌后轻度污染和中度污染的乳样在5℃贮存7d后,其菌落总数和大肠菌群变化不显著(p>0.05),均未超过巴氏杀菌乳国标GB19645-2010;重度污染的巴氏杀菌羊乳乳样在5℃贮存7d之后其菌落总数和大肠菌群已经显著超过巴氏杀菌乳国标GB19645-2010。因此原料羊乳在生产和贮存运输过程中要避免被微生物所污染,轻度和中度污染乳样的巴氏杀菌条件应选63℃/30min,贮存温度和时间应该控制在5℃/7d以内,以提高巴杀羊乳的品质和货架期。     

巴氏杀菌对原料羊乳卫生质量的影响

本文就巴氏杀菌条件对原料羊乳和贮存过程中巴氏杀菌羊乳的菌落总数和大肠菌群变化规律进行研究。不同污染程度的原料羊乳分别在63℃/30min、72℃/30s和85℃/15s下处理,乳样中菌落总数和大肠菌群变化差异极为显著（p<0.05）。随着巴氏杀菌强度的增大,污染程度相同乳样的巴氏杀菌效率依次增高,污染程度不同乳样的巴氏杀菌效率却依次降低。巴氏杀菌后轻度污染和中度污染的乳样在5℃贮存7d后,其菌落总数和大肠菌群变化不显著（p>0.05）,均未超过巴氏杀菌乳国标GB19645-2010;重度污染的巴氏杀菌羊乳乳样在5℃贮存7d之后其菌落总数和大肠菌群已经显著超过巴氏杀菌乳国标GB19645-2010。因此原料羊乳在生产和贮存运输过程中要避免被微生物所污染,轻度和中度污染乳样的巴氏杀菌条件应选63℃/30min,贮存温度和时间应该控制在5℃/7d以内,以提高巴杀羊乳的品质和货架期。      

饲养和挤奶方式对原料奶中细菌总数的影响

系统评价了昆明雪兰牛奶有限公司来自6个机械挤奶规模化奶牛场、6个机械挤奶奶牛合作社和6个手工挤奶奶站的原料奶的细菌总数。结果表明,机械挤奶规模化奶牛场、机械挤奶奶牛合作社原料奶和农户手工挤奶站原料奶细菌总数分别平均为346875mL-1,155206mL-1和2385167mL-1,农户手工挤奶站原料奶细菌总数显著高于机械挤奶规模化奶牛场和合作社(P<0.05),后两者之间无显著差异(P>0.05);     

羊乳中微量元素研究进展

羊乳中微量元素种类多,易消化吸收,并具有医学治疗价值,是不可或缺的营养物质.羊乳中含有铁、铜、锰、锌、碘、硒等元素,是人体微量元素的重要来源之一.文章从羊乳中微量元素的种类和含量、检测方法以及影响羊乳中微量元素含量的因素等方面进行了综述.研究发现,羊乳中微量元素的含量根据品种、饲料、泌乳期、环境条件以及加工等因素的不同...     

免疫学检测羊乳中掺入牛乳成分

由于营养、价格和原料等原因，市场上在羊乳中掺入牛乳的现象常有发生。针对这种乳源性掺假陆续产生了多种检测方法，本文主要综述了以ELISA为主的免疫学快速检测方法。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶浓度对搅拌型酸羊乳贮存期品质的影响

为改善搅拌型酸羊乳的品质,采用谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase,TG)(浓度为1、2、3 u/g蛋白)处理山羊乳,发酵制备搅拌型酸羊乳,研究其贮存期pH、黏度、持水性、风味物质、乳酸菌的变化,并采用SDS-PAGE电泳分析TG处理羊乳后乳中蛋白质的交联程度。结果表明,TG处理制备的搅拌型酸羊乳在贮存期的pH明显高于对照组;搅拌型酸羊乳在贮存期间的黏度和持水性明显增大,且随着TG浓度增大,效果越明显;搅拌型酸羊乳贮存期间的乙醛和丁二酮的含量逐渐降低,随着TG浓度越大,降低越明显;TG处理对搅拌型酸羊乳贮存期间嗜热链球菌有显著性的抑制作用,且随着TG浓度的增加,嗜热链球菌的含量越低,然而TG处理对保加利亚乳杆菌无明显影响;SDS-PAGE电泳显示,TG处理羊乳后,κ-酪蛋白和α-乳白蛋白发生明显交联,这有利于酸乳凝胶的稳定性。     

Effect of temporary cessation of milking on the innate immune components in goat milk

Temporary cessation of milking is widely used during the dry period of dairy cows. Temporary cessation of milking induces an increase in the somatic cell count (SCC) and level of several inflammatory components of milk, which is believed to be a local adaptation and defense mechanism of the mammary gland. In Japan, temporary cessation of milking combined with antibiotic administration is widely used to treat mastitis. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of the innate immune system during temporary cessation of milking in a goat model by investigating the concentration of several innate immune components in milk during and around the temporary cessation. In experiment 1, 6 goats were subjected to cessation of milking for 3 d in both udder halves, whereas in experiment 2, 6 other goats were subjected to cessation of milking for 3 d only in 1 udder half. In experiment 1, the milk yield was lower on d 5 and 6, whereas the mean SCC was higher on d 5 compared with d 0 before temporary milking cessation. The concentrations of goat DEFB1, S100A7, cathelicidin-2 and 7 (CATHL-2 and 7), IgA, and lactoferrin were increased after temporary cessation of milking. In experiment 2, the milk yield was lower between d 5 and 7, whereas the mean SCC was higher between d 4 and 7 compared with d 0. The concentrations of CATHL-2, IgA, and lactoferrin were increased after temporary cessation of milking only in the udder half subjected to milking cessation. These results suggest that temporary cessation of milking increase the SCC and concentration of several innate immune components in milk without infection, which may contribute to mastitis treatment.     

Influence of microorganisms on retinol isomerization in milk

In order to have a deeper insight into the retinol isomerization phenomenon, in this work different milk samples have been analysed for their content of trans retinol and its cis-isomers, by means of reliable HPLC techniques. Levels of the different isomers and the degree of retinol isomerization (13-cis/all-trans ratio, %) have been monitored during milk storage at different temperatures and after addition of specific microorganisms. In raw milk stored at 4 degrees C for 96 h the degree of retinol isomerization shifted from 1.1 to 2.3%, while in raw milk stored at 22 degrees C for 24 h it increased from 1.1 to 12.7%. Among microorganisms tested in pasteurized milk, the most active in causing an increment in the 13-cis/all-trans ratio (%), from 3.4 to 33.4% in 8 h, was Streptococcus thermophilus. The results obtained demonstrated a relationship between microbial evolution and retinol isomerization. Therefore, the determination of retinol isomers is of importance not only for a more precise evaluation of vitamin A activity but also for the evaluation of the microbiological quality of milk.     

生产贮藏条件对原料奶中微生物的影响

以手工挤奶条件下不同来源的原料奶为研究对象,在冷藏(4℃)、室温(19℃)条件下,分别贮藏0,3,6,9 h后检测原料奶中菌落总数(TBC)、芽孢总数(TSC)、耐热芽孢数、嗜冷菌总数。结果表明,随着贮藏温度增加、时间延长,原料奶中微生物增幅加快(P<0.05),冷链条件下(4℃)贮运原料奶对控制微生物生长繁殖具有重要作用。手工挤奶条件下室温(19℃)贮奶3h、冷藏(4℃)贮奶6h后原料奶中菌落总数超过5×105 mL-1的国家标准,原料奶的芽孢总数、耐热芽孢数和嗜冷菌数均超出液态奶的生产要求,特别不利于长效奶(保质期30 d以上)的生产。改善牛奶生产环境对提高原料奶品质具有重要的作用。     

An evaluation of raw milk microorganisms as markers of on-farm hygiene practices related to milking

Dairy farm hygiene audits were undertaken at 24 farms during summer and winter and the results compared with transformed bacterial indicator levels in raw milk samples collected during each audit. The bacterial indicators measured were total viable counts, Escherichia coli, coliforms, Bacillus spp., Bifidobacteria spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The results of initial comparisons using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients showed presumptive relationships between some bacterial groups and the subjective quantitative audit scores. When investigated further using linear regression, the presumptive relationships were found to be influenced by external factors. Possible reasons for the low correlations between on-farm hygiene and bacterial indicator counts in raw milk were further investigated. Measurements of the uncertainty associated with the bacteriological results were undertaken and revealed geometric relative standard deviations that ranged from 0.019 to 1.05. Toward the higher end of this scale, the uncertainty associated with the laboratory estimations of bacterial numbers may have been large enough to blur hygiene score-marker bacteria relationships. The samples obtained from on-farm raw milk storage tanks were representative of the whole tank contents and not a significant source of error. Although total bacterial counts are widely acknowledged by the milk industry as not always giving a true measure of on-farm hygiene during milking, we were unable to find any marker bacteria that showed consistently higher correlations and were thus better suited as indicators of on-farm hygiene.     

Effect of milking pipeline height on machine milking efficiency and milk quality in sheep

This experiment studied the effect of milking pipeline height (mid- vs. low-level milking system) on milking efficiency and milk composition. The experiment was of 8 wk duration: 2 wk preexperimental period and 6 wk experimental, in crossover design (2 x 2). Ewes were milked in a 2 x 12 milking parlor with 2 milking pipelines set at a milking vacuum of 36 kPa with a pulsation rate of 180 cycle/min and ratio of 50%. Height of the milkline had no effect on yield of milk at the time of milking, yield after stripping, milk composition, SCC, and number of teatcup fall-offs. Nor did milkline height have any effect on milk lipolysis or on the distribution of fatty acids. The level of free fatty acids was higher in evening than in morning milk (60.5 vs. 25.6 mg/L). Likewise, the increase in the degree of lipolysis between the receiver (40.4 mg/L) and the refrigeration tank (45.8 mg/L) underlines the importance of the milk delivery line design. The parameters (time and flow rate) that define the first peak in the milk emission kinetics were statistically different between lines, so care must be taken when comparing milk emission curves from both types of pipeline.     

乳固形物浓度对酸羊乳品质的影响

采用真空浓缩方法,获得固形物含量为12%、14%、16%、18%的羊乳,用其生产酸羊乳,探索不同乳固形物浓度对酸羊乳品质的影响。从凝乳特性、质构特性、风味物质、乳酸菌数等方面对不同固形物浓度的酸羊乳进行分析,并且采用扫描电镜对其微观结构进行比较。结果显示,随着羊乳固形物浓度的提高,酸羊乳的凝乳时间显著降低,酸度逐渐增大,持水性显著增高;酸羊乳的双乙酰浓度和乙醛浓度在乳固形物含量为16%时达到最高;随着羊乳固形物浓度的提高,酸羊乳的黏度增加了149.07%,酸羊乳的硬度、黏性、胶黏度显著增加,凝聚力显著降低;乳酸菌总数在羊乳固形物含量为16%时达到最大值6.35×10~9CFU/m L;羊乳固形物含量为16%时,酸羊乳的微观结构非常致密,空隙直径最小为2.85μm。羊乳固形物含量为16%时,酸羊乳风味最佳,凝乳质地较硬,黏度较高,乳酸菌总数最高,品质最好。     

Association of milking interval and milk production rate in an automatic milking system

The primary aim of this research was to describe the association between milking interval (MI) and milk production rate (MPR) at the quarter level in a large commercial farm using an automatic milking system. A secondary aim was to determine whether a 2-h decrease in MI would increase MPR at the cow level in midlactation multiparous cows. Six months of data from 1,280 cows were used to assess the association between MI (h) and quarter MPR (kg/h). Increasing MI was associated with decreased MPR for early, mid, and late lactation, both primiparous and multiparous cows, and all 4 quarter positions and across time. The decrease in MPR is approximately 2%/h of increasing MI for multiparous cows and 1.5%/h for primiparous cows. Regardless of quarter, multiparous cows had a greater MPR than primiparous cows, and rear quarters had greater MPR than front quarters. An experiment to test the causal relationship between changing MI and cow-level MPR was conducted using 26 animal pairs matched on MI, days in milk, and milk yield. During the 21-d treatment period, the average MI of treatment cows was decreased by 2.4 h compared with control cows. In both the 21-d treatment and 42-d posttreatment periods, no significant difference was found in cow-level MPR between the treatment and control groups. Despite the negative association between increasing MI and MPR being consistent across all assessed days in milk windows and all quarters, results from this experiment suggest that intervention to decrease MI might require an MI change greater than 2 h or be applied in early lactation to significantly increase MPR.     

Effect of teatcup removal settings on milking efficiency and milk quality in a pasture-based automatic milking system

In automatic milking systems (AMS), it is important to maximize the amount of milk harvested per day to increase profitability. One strategy to achieve this goal is to reduce the time it takes to milk each cow. Several studies in conventional milking systems have shown that milking time can be reduced by increasing the milk flow rate at which the teatcup is removed. One study analyzed the effect of increasing the milk flow switch point on milking time in a confinement AMS. No research has been conducted on teatcup removal settings in pasture-based automatic milking systems. Furthermore, not all AMS remove the teatcups based on absolute milk flow rate (kg/min); hence, it is important to study alternative strategies. The aim of this experiment was to measure the effect of 3 novel teatcup removal strategies on box time (time in the AMS), milking time, somatic cell count (SCC), and milk production rate of cows milked in a pasture-based automatic milking system. Each teatcup removal strategy in this study was applied for a period of 1 wk to 1 of 3 groups of cows and then switched to the following group until cows had transitioned through all treatments. The teatcup removal strategies consisted of removing the teatcup when the quarter flow rate fell below 20% of the quarter rolling average milk flow rate (TRS20), when quarter milk flow rate was below 30% of the rolling average milk flow rate (TRS30), and when quarter milk flow rate dropped below 50% of the rolling average milk flow rate (TRS50). A limit prevented teatcup removal if the calculated milk flow rate for teatcup removal was above 0.5 kg/min. This limit was in place for all treatments; however, it only affected the TRS50 treatment. The TRS30 strategy had 9-s shorter milking time and 11-s shorter box time than the TRS20 removal strategy. The TRS50 strategy had 8-s shorter milking time and 9-s shorter box time than the TRS20 teatcup removal strategy. There was no significant difference in milking time or box time between the TRS30 and TRS50 teatcup removal strategies, probably due to the large variability in milk flow rate at teatcup removal. The TRS20 and TRS30 strategies did not differ in SCC or milk production rate. The 0.5 kg/min limit, which affected roughly 25% of milkings in the TRS50 treatment, may have distorted the effect that this setting had on milk time, box time, milk production rate, or SCC. The difference in box time for the TRS30 and TRS50 strategies could allow for more than 3 extra milkings per day.