生活垃圾焚烧炉中二恶英的生成和计算方法

二恶英是一种剧毒物质,应当更好地加以控制.在已有关于二恶英生成研究的基础上阐明了二恶英在垃圾焚烧炉中各区域的生成机理,并给出了各区域二恶英生成的计算方程.针对计算方程中各个变量进行了分析.结果表明:炉膛内合理良好的燃烧是控制二恶英生成的关键;增加尾部烟气的温降速率和降低飞灰中前体物浓度可有效抑制低温表面催化反应区域二恶英的生成;控制飞灰中残碳含量、烟气中氧含量是控制尾部重新合成二恶英的主要途径.     

硫对垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英生成的抑制作用

二恶英是环境中的痕量剧毒有机污染物,具有强烈的致癌、致畸、致突变性,对人类健康极具危害。垃圾焚烧过程排放的二恶英是近现代环境中二恶英的重要来源,如何有效地抑制垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的生成具有着深远的意义,目前国内外学者对垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的生成、排放和控制机理进行了多方面的研究。综述分析了硫对垃圾焚烧过程二恶英生成的抑制作用,并分析了煤和垃圾混烧过程中煤中硫对二恶英生成的抑制机理,并结合我国国情,提出了采用煤和垃圾混烧可以有效抑制垃圾焚烧过程的二恶英排放的建议。     

垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的生成机理及控制研究

介绍了垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的高温合成机理、从头合成机理和前驱物生成机理,分析了影响二恶英生成的各种因素和当前采取的各种控制方法,并指出了未来二恶英控制技术的发展方向。     

垃圾焚烧过程二恶英的生成机理及相关理论模型

介绍了垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的高温气相生成机理、从头合成机理和前驱物生成机理及相关的理论模型，提出了垃圾焚烧过程中影响二恶英生成的主要因素和应采取控制方法。     

温度和气氛对PAHs由从头合成反应生成PCDD／Fs的作用

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉产生的多氯二苯并二恶英(PCDDs)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs),是一类剧毒的持久性有机污染物(POPs).多环芳烃是城市生活垃圾焚烧炉上二恶英生成的一种主要的碳源.在小型试验用固定床反应器上,研究了温度和燃烧气氛中氧对多环芳烃在模拟飞灰(MFA)的催化下,由从头合成反应生成二恶英的作用.烟气样品参照USEPA1613方法收集,并采用高分辨色谱,低分辨质谱仪进行分析.给出了反应中生成的二恶英的分布特征与温度、氧含量的关系,二恶英的分布特征包括二恶英的总排放量、毒性当量(TEQ)和PCDDs/PCDFs的比例.结果显示,PAHs反应生成的PCDFs的量要比PCDDs高出几倍,在二恶英的生成过程中存在一个最优化的温度区间和氧含量范围,二恶英的毒性当量随着氧含量的增加而增大,并讨论了温度和燃烧气氛的作用机制.     

固体废物焚烧过程中二恶英控制技术研究进展

介绍二恶英的生成与破坏机理及控制技术，提出控制二恶英生成的具体措施。     

电化学氧还原反应合成H2O2碳基催化剂研究进展

电化学氧还原反应(ORR)合成H2O2是一种低成本、无污染的绿色合成方法.但是,ORR动力学缓慢,存在四电子ORR生成H2O的竞争反应,因此需要使用催化剂提升ORR的反应活性以及二电子ORR的选择性.近年来,碳基材料因价格便宜、来源广泛、调控方法多样,被广泛应用于该领域.本文首先简要介绍了电催化ORR合成H2O2的机理,并根据机理分析了影响电化学合成H2O2催化性能的关键因素.接着阐述了提升碳基ORR催化剂活性与二电子选择性的策略,并着重介绍了非金属原子掺杂碳材料和过渡金属氮碳材料.最后,总结了碳基催化剂在电化学合成H2O2中存在的问题和面临的挑战,对碳基催化剂在电合成H2O2中应用的发展趋势进行了展望.     

运用高低差速床燃烧技术处理污泥的优越性探讨

文章深入分析了污水处理的副产物一污泥的特性和燃烧机理,并介绍了江联公司引进的德国高低差速循环流化床燃烧技术的工作原理。详细的分析了高低差速循环流化床在污泥湿法焚烧技术方面的优越性,并能在焚烧过程中有效的抑制二恶英的生成。     

生活垃圾气化—燃烧清洁转化工艺

针对生活垃圾焚烧过程中的二恶英污染问题,提出了一种新型的等离子气化—燃烧清洁转化工艺。生活垃圾由上吸式气化过程高效转化为高热值的气相产物和灰渣。气相产物通过均相转化过程完成Cl向HCl的定向转移,从源头抑制二恶英分子的生成,配合后续的分级供氧燃烧过程,实现二恶英和氮氧化物的协同控制。气化灰渣经过等离子熔融处理,形成不具污染性的玻璃体。     

不同RDF/生料比例下二恶英抑制特性研究

对不同的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)/生料比例进行了研究,通过检测RDF掺烧生料前后二恶英的生成量以确定生料对二恶英的抑制效果。结果发现,在研究的RDF/生料为1∶1、1∶5、1∶15的3种生料投放比例中,1∶5的投放比例对二恶英的抑制效果最佳,二恶英浓度从原来的2.355 ng/g RDF降低到1.497 ng/g RDF,毒性当量从原来的0.0139 ng I-TEQ/g RDF降低到0.0041 ng I-TEQ/g RDF。以1∶5的投放比例为基准,随着投放比例的增加和减少,生料对二恶英生成含量和毒性的抑制效果都出现了降低。     

An investigation of stabilization and inhibition strength of the asphaltene inhibitors by viscometric method

Using inhibitors is one of the methods to prevent asphaltene formation. In the present work, we investigated the effects of three types of inhibitors on the onset of asphaltene precipitation using the viscometric method. Also in this study, a new concept called “effective adsorption point” of the inhibitor was proposed in order to determine the stabilization (dispersion) strength, by measuring the shear effects of asphaltene aggregates. The results showed that the amount of adsorbed inhibitor on the surface of asphaltene micelles, together with stabilization strength, started to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration. The results also revealed that there is a strong agreement between the calculated volume fraction of suspended particles and the effective adsorption point.     

BTA衍生物对铜缓蚀作用的光电化学研究

研究了铜电极在含ＢＴＡ及其系列ＣＢＴＭＥ,ＣＢＴＢＥ三种缓蚀剂的硼砂缓冲溶液中的光电化学行为。当溶液中含有一定量的ＢＴ,ＣＢＴＭＥ和ＣＢＴＢＥ时,电位在正向扫描过程中,电极光响应由ｐ型转变为ｎ型。ＢＴＡ的缓蚀作用优于ＣＢＴＭＥ和ＣＢＴＢＥ。一定比例的ＢＴＡ和ＣＢＴＭＥ复配后对铜的缓蚀作用有协同效应。可以用光电化学方法评价铜缓蚀剂的效果。交流阻抗法测得的结果与光电化学方法相符。     

高温烟气急冷过程数值模拟

为解决含氯有机废液、废气焚烧时高温烟气降温过程中会产生二噁英的问题,提出了高温烟气急冷工艺.将焚烧产生的高温烟气直接通入水槽中进行冷却,通过分析不同烟气温度、不同入口速度时烟气在冷却水槽中的温度、体积以及速度分布,得到高温烟气降温所需要的冷却水液面高度和溢流堰宽度随烟气温度和入口速度的变化规律,为工程实际应用提供理论基础.计算结果表明,高温烟气的温度越高,进入水槽的速度越大,所需冷却水液面高度越大,溢流堰宽度越大.     

提高井壁稳定性的途径及水基防塌钻井液研究与应用进展

针对泥页岩地层黏土含量高,容易水化,导致钻井过程中出现严重坍塌和膨胀缩径,以及严重造浆等问题,从4个方面(合适的钻井液密度,提高钻井液的抑制性,减少钻井液滤液进入地层,强化封堵)阐述提高井壁稳定性的途径,介绍国内在钻井用化学剂方面开展的研究工作,同时介绍近年来出现的通过添加不同新型化学抑制剂形成的强抑制水基钻井液,如聚合醇钻井液、强抑制胺基钻井液、有机硅聚合物钻井液、有机盐钻井液、甲基葡萄糖苷钻井液等.提出围绕提高井壁稳定性的研究方向:提高对钻井液中低密度固相控制的认识,重点考虑固相化学控制剂的研究,通过低密度固相的控制,提高钻井液抑制性;考虑在现场钻井液检测性能中增加抑制性检测指标和方法;以低相对分子质量聚胺为代表的钻井液抑制剂是阳离子钻井液的新发展,应加强其机理研究;重视铝基化合物或络合物的研发,强化钻井液的抑制性及封堵作用.     

Stability of Ni-yttria stabilized zirconia anodes based on Ni-impregnation

Sintering of Ni is a key stability issue for Ni-YSZ anodes, and especially infiltration based electrodes. The potential of MgO, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, CeO₂ and Ce_0.90Gd_0.10O_1.95 (CGO10) as sintering inhibitors was investigated for infiltrated Ni based anode structures. The structures were prepared from tape cast porous YSZ layers that were impregnated with Ni to form an electronic percolating phase. The Ni-YSZ structure was subsequently impregnated with the inhibitor candidate, and the stability of the structure was evaluated from conductivity measurements. Lower conductivity degradation rates were observed for samples infiltrated with the inhibitor candidates, and the best inhibitor effect was seen with higher loadings of CGO10, and CeO₂ showed similar potential. The degradation in conductivity was not visibly reflected in the microstructure as Ni coarsening in any of the cases. An adverse effect of MgO, TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ was reduced conductivity, possibly due to reaction with Ni and the formation of higher resistive phases. The Ni-infiltrated anodes were shown to have better initial electrochemical performance at 650 °C than conventionally produced Ni-YSZ anodes, but still very poor stability, and further improvement of the inhibitor approach is necessary before applying the Ni-infiltrated anodes in SOFCs.     

抑制高温地热流体碳酸钙结垢的复配阻垢剂研究

地热水结垢问题严重制约着地热能作为非碳可再生清洁能源的高效开发和利用,研究高效、环保和绿色阻垢剂对解决地热能利用过程中的结垢问题具有重要现实意义。选择常见的四种绿色阻垢剂[水解聚马来酸酐（HPMA）、聚天冬氨酸（PASP）、聚环氧琥珀酸（PESA）、聚丙烯酸（PAA）]进行复配实验,并对复配阻垢剂的阻垢性能进行研究,采用钙离子络合滴定法测定阻垢率。在80℃条件下,HPMA、PASP、PAA在最佳体积比（HPMA∶PASP∶PAA=1∶1∶4）下的阻垢率可达97%,高于单组分阻垢剂;温度高于100℃时阻垢率有所下降,但在210℃高温条件下,该复配阻垢剂的阻垢率仍可达93%;可用于抑制高温地热流体的碳酸钙结垢,具有工业推广应用前景。     

Catalytic inhibition of laminar flames by transition metal compounds

Some of the most effective flame inhibitors ever found are metallic compounds. Their effectiveness, however, drops off rapidly with an increase of agent concentration, and varies widely with flame type. Iron pentacarbonyl, for example, can be up to two orders of magnitude more efficient than CF₃Br for reducing the burning velocity of premixed laminar flames when added at low volume fraction; nevertheless, it is nearly ineffective for extinction of co-flow diffusion flames. This article outlines previous research into flame inhibition by metal-containing compounds, and for more recent work, focuses on experimental and modeling studies of inhibited premixed, counterflow diffusion, and co-flow diffusion flames by the present authors. The strong flame inhibition by metal compounds when added at low volume fraction is found to occur through the gas-phase catalytic cycles leading to a highly effective radical recombination in the reaction zone. While the reactions of these cycles proceed in some cases at close to collisional rates, the agent effectiveness requires that the inhibiting species and the radicals in the flame overlap, and this can sometimes be limited by gas-phase transport rates. The metal species often lose their effectiveness above a certain volume fraction due to condensation processes. The influence of particle formation on inhibitor effectiveness depends upon the metal species concentration, particle size, residence time for particle formation, local flame temperature, and the drag and thermophoretic forces in the flame.     

Protection efficiencies of surface-active inhibitors in zinc-air batteries

Zinc (Zn) particles in alkaline electrolyte of a Zn-air battery (ZAB) are unstable and prone to corrosion. Zinc oxide (ZnO) generated on the surface of Zn particles affects the electrochemical reactions and reduces the battery efficiency. Thus, inhibiting the self-corrosion rate of Zn particles has become acritical issue for the development of these batteries. In this study, a research endeavor has been attempted by employing three types and concentrations of organic inhibitors in ZABs to constrain Zn anode corrosion. Significant analyses like polarization curve, constant current discharge, AC impedance, and dendrite growth are executed for in-depth understanding of the influences of these inhibitors. The experimental results reveal that the inhibiting efficiency of 10 wt% Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate surpassed polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG 600) and polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), with a maximum current density of 476.20 mA/cm² and voltage output of 1.4 V along with discharge capacitance of 10.31 Ah for 2 hours and 8 minutes. Zn anode surface analysis exposes significant dendrite growth and elemental Zn required for passivation suppression. Nevertheless, the results are also justified by Nyquist and Bode plots. Thus, the selected inhibitor will proficiently guarantee the enhanced performance and stability of the ZABs obtained and provide enormous opportunities for its applications.