喂养方式对婴儿睡眠的影响

【目的】　探讨喂养方式对婴儿睡眠障碍的影响。　【方法】　对 2 0 0 3年 9～ 11月来成都市儿童医院儿童保健科体检的 6～ 12个月婴儿进行问卷调查。　【结果】　 6～ 12月婴儿睡眠障碍主要表现为 :入睡困难包括睡眠时间不足 (5 2 .17% ) ,频繁夜醒 (68.11% ) ;病态睡眠包括先天性疾病 (4 .3 4% ) ,其他疾病 (10 .14 % ) ,而异态睡眠未见。在与正常小儿的比较中 ,母乳喂养、定时喂奶开始时间、断夜间奶时间较晚及与父母同睡一床、身高的发育差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　为了尽快让婴儿建立规律睡眠 ,无论采用何种方式喂养 ,开始定时喂养的时间和断夜间奶的时间不宜过晚 ,且父母与婴儿尽量分床睡。     

婴儿早期喂养方式对睡眠的影响研究

【目的】 探索婴儿早期喂养方式对其睡眠状况及相关睡眠行为的影响。 【方法】 采用家长睡眠日记方法收集524名足月婴儿出生至4月龄共8次睡眠和喂养的相关信息,并在生后第4周和第3个月时完成婴儿睡眠行为方式的调查。选择广义线性模型及χ²检验方法探索婴儿喂养与睡眠之间的相关性。 【结果】 部分母乳喂养婴儿白天和24 h睡眠时间比例分别比完全母乳和配方奶喂养婴儿少4.2%、5.2%和1.6%、2.4%,但完全母乳喂养与配方奶喂养方式婴儿上述两项指标平均水平相似;配方奶喂养婴儿夜醒次数要少于其他两种喂养方式。在睡眠养育行为上,三种喂养方式婴儿均偏向于同床睡眠及较高比例的入睡和夜醒后的安抚需求,但入睡时具体安抚方式选择存在差异。 【结论】 部分母乳喂养婴儿自我入睡能力、睡眠长度以及睡眠质量均比其他两种喂养方式婴儿差,如何改善并促进其睡眠健康值得关注。     

婴儿不同程度锌缺乏症的相关因素分析

【目的】探讨婴儿锌缺乏症的相关因素。【方法】由专人对儿保门诊392例6~12个月锌缺乏症婴儿的母亲进行问卷调查,了解不同喂养方式及辅食添加情况对锌缺乏症的影响,调查资料用SAS8.0进行统计分析。【结果】392例锌缺乏症中,纯母乳喂养占32.14%,混合喂养占32.14%,人工喂养占35.71%,纯母乳喂养婴儿的血锌值明显高于另外两组,三组的血锌值差异有显著性(P<0.01)。婴儿4~6个月添加蛋黄,其血锌值明显高于婴儿小于4个月与大于6个月添加蛋黄的血锌值(P<0.01)。婴儿6~8个月添加肉类、肝类、鱼类,其血锌值明显高于婴儿小于6个月与大于8个月添加肉类、肝类、鱼类的血锌值(P<0.01)。血锌值越低,食欲不振、反复呼吸道感染等临床症状越明显,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。【结论】加强纯母乳喂养及辅食添加指导,能积极防治锌缺乏症,减少锌缺乏症的发生。     

配方奶和母乳喂养儿第一年瘦素水平和体格发育指标的比较

【目的】研究中国婴儿配方奶喂养和母乳喂养时第一年血清瘦素水平和体格发育指标的差异。【方法】选取配方奶喂养儿45人(其中男24人,女21人),母乳喂养儿51人(其中男27人,女24人)进行对照研究,分别检查6个月和1岁时的血清瘦素浓度和体格发育指标。【结果】①配方组婴儿6个月时身高、体重和体质指数(body massindex,BMI)高于母乳组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05),瘦素浓度则明显低于母乳组(P<0.05);配方组婴儿1岁时体重和BMI较母乳组高,差异且有显著性(P<0.05);配方组身高稍高于母乳组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05),而瘦素浓度在配方组仍明显低于母乳组(P<0.05),但差别有所缩小。【结论】中国婴儿配方奶喂养和母乳喂养时第一年血清瘦素水平和体格发育指标的差异明显。     

婴儿期80例婴儿轻度营养不良喂养行为的分析

【目的】分析儿童营养门诊中婴儿轻度营养不良的喂养行为问题及原因。【方法】选择黄冈市妇幼保健院儿童营养门诊确诊为婴儿轻度营养不良的婴儿80例,排除疾病因素,通过体格检查,问卷,调查其0~12月的喂养行为。【结果】由祖父母参与儿童喂养者占80%,6月龄添加半固体食物(含糊状、泥状食物)占90%,8月龄添加固体食物占10%,12月龄没有开始自握勺训练100%,8月龄夜晚喂养次数>1次占90%,>3次占20%,婴儿每次喂食时间>60 min占40%,婴儿需多人适哄>3次占20%,或边吃边玩,边食边看电视占90%。80例婴儿都无固定的餐具和固定的餐桌椅,喂哺过程中无一例使用鼓励性语言,做示范动作。【结论】婴儿期轻度营养不良与其喂养行为有关,应着重科学育儿知识的宣教,和对婴儿进食技能的训练。     

哺乳是母亲的天职不宜哺乳仅限特殊情况 哪些产妇不宜哺乳

当今世界卫生组织及儿童基金会正在全世界范围内推广母乳喂养,母乳喂养的婴儿比各种奶粉及牛乳喂大的婴儿要健康,不易患肺炎也不易患腹泻,因为母乳内有各种抗体是任何人工奶粉内不可能含有的成分,但是也确有少数母亲,因为身体条件不许可,或患某些传染性疾患,或长期服药,而不宜哺乳。 母亲如身患心脏病,心脏的功能不能承受哺乳婴儿的劳累。又如母亲有支气管哮喘,自己生活还要别人照顾自然不能哺喂婴儿,总之哺喂婴儿,母亲要付出一定的体力和精力。母亲要能进食营养物质才能产生足够奶水以哺喂自己的婴儿,如母亲做过胃切除或肠道手术,当然不能更多进食及消化食物产奶,故而也就不宜哺喂婴儿。     

北京市流动人口婴儿喂养现况调查

【目的】了解流动人口婴儿喂养现状及婴儿喂养过程中存在的问题,并分析产生问题的原因。【方法】对152名6~12个月龄流动儿童的母亲进行问卷调查。【结果】流动儿童母亲喂养知识缺乏较严重;婴儿喂养中存在问题较多,如母乳开奶时间晚,换乳期食物品种少、频率不足、零食和饮料过多,喂养行为存在许多问题。婴儿父母文化程度和来京时间、婴儿胎次、家庭收入对婴儿喂养现况产生影响。【结论】流动儿童母亲喂养知识缺乏,导致婴儿喂养现况存在诸多不合理现象。     

母乳喂养与神经行为发育的相关研究

【目的】 通过调查儿保门诊婴儿喂养情况,探讨母乳喂养与婴儿神经行为发育相关性。 【方法】 对长沙市妇幼保健院2010年7-12月进行健康体检的274例6~12月龄婴儿进行现况调查,通过问卷调查收集婴儿喂养情况,采用Gesell发育量表对婴儿的神经行为发育进行评估。用ANOVA单因素方差分析及多元逐步回归分析等方法进行统计分析。 【结果】 出生后纯母乳喂养占67.9%,纯母乳喂养6个月以上占13.1%。婴儿发育商比较,女婴发育商高于男婴(P<0.05);纯母乳喂养组高于人工喂养组和部分母乳喂养组,在适应性、大运动能区,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多元逐步回归分析显示:纯母乳喂养时间为婴儿发育商的主要影响因素。 【结论】 纯母乳喂养时间的延长有利于婴儿的神经行为发育。     

尽早喂哺在母乳喂养中的重要性

<正> 母乳喂养在我国有着优良的传统,它直接关系到婴儿的健康成长.然而,仍有很多母亲并不重视新生儿的喂养问题,她们常在早期将葡萄糖水、牛奶及其他代乳品喂给婴儿,结果导致婴儿腹泻的发病率增高及母乳喂养率的下降. 母乳喂养成功的关键在于出生后最初几天的喂养.因此,尽早喂哺是母乳喂养得以成功地开始和坚持的重要因素. 一、尽早喂哺可使婴儿得到营养价值很高的初乳初乳中含有较成熟乳多的蛋白质(4.28g/dl),而且乳蛋白较     

家长受教育程度及喂养方式对婴儿神经心理发育的影响

【目的】探讨父母的学历和喂养方式对婴儿早期神经、心理发育的影响,提高对婴儿早期神经、心理发育的重视程度。【方法】采用Gesell发育诊断量表检测,选择2007年7月—2009年3月在本科健康中心做体检的正常婴儿,共925例,年龄在20.9~22.0周,按父母双方学历均是本科以上与否分两组;再按母乳喂养、配方奶粉喂养和混合喂养分别进行比较。【结果】父母双方均是本科及本科以上学历婴儿的测查结果明显好于父母双方一方是本科以下学历婴儿的检测结果;母乳喂养组五项检测结果与配方奶粉喂养组及混合喂养组差异无统计学意义。【结论】父母均是本科以上学历的婴儿Gesell检测结果比较好,考虑可能与家长对婴儿早期训练的重视程度比较高有关。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.