丹参酮ⅡA对骶上脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱大鼠尿动力学的影响

目的 :观察丹参酮ⅡA对骶上脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱大鼠尿动力学的影响,并探讨其可能的机制。方法:将40只SD雌性大鼠随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为对照组(Sham组)、模型组(SCI组)、丹参酮ⅡA组(TⅡA组)、甲泼尼龙组(MP组)。Sham组仅切除椎板,予尾静脉注射生理盐水1ml/d,连续7d;其他3组采用改良Allen法建立脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱动物模型(用NYU脊髓打击器选择25mm高度打击T9节段脊髓背侧),SCI组造模成功后予尾静脉注射生理盐水1ml/d,连续7d;TⅡA组造模成功后予尾静脉注射丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液20mg/kg/d,连续给药7d;MP组造模成功后予尾静脉注射甲泼尼龙30mg/kg,仅给药1次。术后2周,每组大鼠取8只行尿动力学检查,记录膀胱内压力变化曲线并行相关参数测量;心脏灌注固定后取材T9节段脊髓组织并分离双侧L6-S1背根神经节,HE染色观察脊髓组织的结构并使用Image Pro-Plus(IPP)6.0病理分析软件测量脊髓背侧出血灶的面积占正常脊髓组织的比例,分离L6-S1背根神经节(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)后用TUNEL法(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nick end labeling assay)标记凋亡细胞,用IPP 6.0测得各组大鼠DRG中凋亡细胞的累积光密度(integrated optical density,IOD)并进行统计分析。结果:(1)术后2周,各损伤组与Sham组比较膀胱基础压、最大排尿压和排尿阈均显著升高(P0.05);TⅡA组、MP组与SCI组相比膀胱内基础压力明显下降(P0.05),最大排尿压和排尿阈差异无统计学意义(P0.05);TⅡA组与MP组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。损伤各组与Sham组相比,残余尿量明显增加,排尿量明显减小,排尿效率显著降低(P0.05);TⅡA组、MP组与SCI组相比残余尿量明显减小,排尿量明显增加,排尿效率显著提高(P0.05);TⅡA组残余尿量较MP组明显下降,同时TⅡA组排尿效率较MP组显著升高(P0.05)。损伤各组与Sham组相比收缩间期明显减小,无排尿性收缩明显增加(P0.05);TⅡA组、MP组与SCI组相比,收缩间期明显增加,无排尿性收缩明显减少(P0.05);TⅡA组、MP组相比收缩间期无显著性差异(P0.05),但TⅡA组较MP组无排尿性收缩明显减少(P0.05)。(2)术后2周,损伤各组脊髓背侧出血灶面积占正常组织面积的比例分别为:SCI组0.048±0.001,TⅡA组0.006±0.003,MP组0.012±0.001,TⅡA组、MP组与SCI组比较损伤面积占比显著减小(P0.05),TⅡA组和MP组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)术后2周,Sham组凋亡细胞IOD为0.67±0.37,SCI组为2.92±0.35,TⅡA组为1.81±0.27,MP组为2.16±0.18,损伤各组IOD与Sham组相比明显升高(P0.05),TⅡA组和MP组IOD与SCI组相比显著减小(P0.05),TⅡA组和MP组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:丹参酮ⅡA可以改善脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱大鼠的尿动力学评价指标,改善膀胱功能并减少膀胱传入神经元细胞凋亡,其作用与甲泼尼龙相近,为脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的治疗提供了新的思路。     

非神经源性逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调

报告５例原发性膀胱颈功能障碍患者表现为排尿时膀胱颈开放不良，病变为逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调，可命名为非神经源性逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调。提示其诊断标准：（１）有下尿路功能性梗阻；（２）排尿时膀胱颈开放不良，膀胱内压－膀胱颈内压梯度异常；（３）无影响膀胱尿道功能的神经系疾患。同时对此症的发病机理和治疗选择进行了讨论。     

小儿神经源性膀胱与上尿路损害

目的：探讨脊髓发育不良致神经源性膀胱造成上尿路损害的尿动力学危险因素,方法：对32例脊髓发育不良患儿行尿动力学和影像学检查。结果：18例（56％）有肾和输尿管积水,其中4例伴IV－V级膀胱输尿管返液,19例逼尿肌漏尿点压力大于等于40cmH2O(1cmH2O=0.098kPa)且膀胱顺应性小于等于40ml/cmH2O的患儿中,17例合并上尿路损害,13例逼尿肌漏尿点压力＜40cmH2O且膀胱顺应性＞40ml/c mH2O的患儿中,仅1例有双侧输尿管扩张,差别有非常显著性意义（P＜0．001）,结论：对脊髓发育不良致神经源性膀胱的患儿应行尿动力学检查,了解逼尿肌漏尿点压力和膀胱顺应性,确定与上尿路损害有关的危险因素,有助于避免上尿路进一步损害。     

女性糖尿病神经源性膀胱治疗体会

目的：分析盐酸坦洛新缓释片配合针灸治疗女性糖尿病神经源性膀胱（DNB）的临床疗效。方法对2009年3月至2012年12月收治的35例女性DNB患者采用口服盐酸坦洛新缓释片配合针灸治疗,观察排尿改善情况、尿流率改善情况及残余尿量变化。结果随访1周,18例疗效显著,11例有效,6例疗效不明显。2周后,11例有效者中5例转为显效,6例疗效不明显中2例转为有效。本组无病例出现体位性低血压反应。结论盐酸坦洛新缓释片配合针灸对治疗女性DNB有较好疗效,副作用也小。     

多节段脊髓平面损伤后大鼠神经源性膀胱模型的制备

目的研制一种具有临床相似性、可调控性、可重复性的脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍动物模型的制模方法。方法采用改良Allen法,将10g重的柯氏针从20cm高以自由落体落下,撞击在动物脊柱背侧的垫片上,造成一定程度的脊髓损伤。结果在脊髓休克期,骶上脊髓损伤(胸腰段)组和骶髓损伤组动物平均每次挤压膀胱排尿量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在脊髓休克期后,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论改良Allen法具有临床相似性等优点,能为脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍的研究提供理想的动物模型。     

神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍患者的影像尿动力学研究

目的 探讨各类神经源性膀胱患者的影像尿动力学特点.方法 2002年12月至2008年6月间,我们对1800例神经源性膀胱患者进行了影像尿动力学检查,分析不同神经病变所致膀胱尿道功能障碍的影像学特点.结果 脑卒中患者均未发现上尿路改变和反流,71% 为逼尿肌过度活动(DO),60% 伴括约肌无抑制性松弛,29% 为逼尿肌无反射(DA).脑外伤患者中70% 为DO不伴协同失调.7例帕金森病患者均表现为DO.1170例骶上损伤患者91% 为DO,83% 伴逼尿肌括约肌协同失调(DSD),223例骶髓及以下损伤患者73% 为DA.共有12% 的创伤性脊髓损伤患者出现上尿路积水改变,4% 表现为膀胱输尿管反流.脊髓发育不良患者81% 表现为逼尿肌无反射,86% 膀胱顺应性下降,55% 有上尿路积水改变,31% 出现膀胱输尿管反流.腰椎间盘突出患者92% 为逼尿肌无反射,88% 膀胱顺应性基本正常.糖尿病膀胱患者81% 膀胱感觉减退,76% 排尿期逼尿肌收缩力低下.结论 不同神经病变所致神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍的特点不同,应根据影像尿动力学检查结果 选择合适的临床治疗方案.     

骶神经调控治疗带状疱疹性骶髓炎所致神经源性膀胱一例报告

带状疱疹性骶髓炎所致神经源性膀胱临床罕见,本院收治1例,男性,年龄86岁,以带状疱疹感染后排尿困难、排便功能异常6个月就诊,行骶神经调控手术。永久刺激器植入术后随诊3个月患者排尿困难症状及粪失禁症状消失,恢复控尿功能。     

骶神经调控治疗带状疱疹性骶髓炎所致神经源性膀胱一例报告

带状疱疹性骶髓炎所致神经源性膀胱临床罕见,本院收治1例,男性,年龄86岁,以带状疱疹感染后排尿困难、排便功能异常6个月就诊,行骶神经调控手术。永久刺激器植入术后随诊3个月患者排尿困难症状及粪失禁症状消失,恢复控尿功能。     

神经移植术治疗截瘫神经性膀胱的尿动力学观察

目的　评价神经转位移植术治疗陈旧性截瘫神经性膀胱病人的手术效果。　方法　回顾性分析40例胸腰段骨折致截瘫神经性膀胱病人肋间血管神经转位桥接骶神经根35例、尺神经转位吻合阴部神经5例手术前后尿动力学检测结果。　结果　骶根组35例术前最大尿流率(Qmax)均低于正常,术后20例恢复正常（57%）,10例明显改善(28.6%),术前后逼尿肌最大收缩力分别为（60±15cmH     

基于尿动力学结果的二阶聚类分析在神经源性膀胱患者骶神经调控术二期转化中的预测价值

目的 基于尿动力学检查对神经源性膀胱(NB)患者行二阶聚类分析,并探讨影响骶神经调控术(SNM)二期转化率的特征。 方法 回顾性分析2018年9月至2023年8月于中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院行SNM一期测试的174例NB患者的临床资料。男94例,女80例;年龄(50.4±17.9)岁;病程为2(1,3)年,体质量指数为21.5(20.0,25)kg/m ²,50例伴慢性高血压病或糖尿病。77例(44.3%)出现排尿期症状,47例(27.0%)出现储尿期症状,50例(28.7%)出现混合症状;110例(63.2%)来源于脊髓病变,21例(12.1%)来源于颅脑病变,36例(20.7%)来源于周围神经病变,7例(4.0%)来源于其他原因病变。所有患者治疗前均行尿动力学检查。测试期内,患者主观症状或客观观察指标改善>50%,定义为一期测试成功,可行二期手术(为转化组)。分析患者的二期转化率。比较转化组与未转化组患者临床资料及尿动力学检查结果的差异。通过二阶聚类分析对174例患者进行分组,分为两组,比较两组临床资料、尿动力学检查指标及SNM二期转化率的差异。 结果 174例行一期手术的患者中,126例(72%)治疗成功,行二期手术。转化组较未转化组的女性比例更高[51.6%(65/126)与31.2%(15/48)]、年龄更低[(48.1±18.3)岁与(56.4±15.4)岁]、伴慢性病比例更低[23.9%(30/126)与41.7%(20/48)]、储尿期症状比例更高[33.3%(42/126)与10.4%(5/48)]、膀胱感觉敏感比例更高[50.0%(63/126)与11.1%(14/48)]、逼尿肌收缩力正常的比例更高[26.2%(33/126)与10.4%(5/48)]、逼尿肌-括约肌协同失调比例更高[21.4%(27/126)与4.2%(2/48)]、残余尿量更少[105.5(49.3,231.3)ml与197.9(114.8,284.8)ml](均 P<0.05)。排除共线性影响后,二阶聚类分析主要基于协同情况、逼尿肌稳定性和逼尿肌收缩力将患者分成两组,第1组为98例,第2组为76例,其中第2组二期转化率高于第1组[82.9%(63/76)与64.3%(63/98)]。第2组较第1组患者储尿期症状比例[43.4%(33/76)与14.3%(14/98)]、膀胱感觉敏感比例[67.1%(51/76)与26.5%(26/98)]、逼尿肌过度活动比例[46.1%(35/76)与3.1%(3/98)]、收缩力正常患者的比例[43.4%(33/76)与5.1%(5/98)]、逼尿肌-括约肌协同失调比例[38.2%(29/76)与0]更高,残余尿量[69.0(23.8,136.6)ml与197.9(123.2,287.4)ml]及膀胱最大灌注容量更小[(281.9±144.9)ml与(430.4±176.7)ml],差异均有统计学意义( P<0.01)。 结论 储尿期症状、低残余尿量、膀胱感觉敏感、逼尿肌过度活动、收缩力正常或逼尿肌-括约肌协同失调的患者提示有更高的二期转化率,更值得推荐行SNM测试。     

Early predictors of bladder recovery and urodynamics after spinal cord injury

Our purpose was to determine if intact perianal (S4–5) pin sensation (PPS) and bulbocavernosus (S2–4) reflex (BCR) shortly after spinal cord injury (SCI) are predictive of bladder function recovery. Twenty-eight SCI patients (aged 18–68 years, Frankel Classification A–D, spinal injury level C4–T12), admitted within 72 hours of injury, underwent evaluation of initial PPS and BCR. The presence of intact PPS and BCR were correlated with the patient's voiding function and urodynamic evaluation results 1 year postinjury. Of the 28 patients within 72 hours of SCI, PPS was intact in 17 (60%) and absent in 11 (40%), while 15 patients (54%) demonstrated a positive BCR and 13 (46%) did not. One year after SCI, no patient with absent PPS voided unassisted, while of the 17 patients with preserved PPS, 11 (65%) were voiding spontaneously. Of these 11 patients, urodynamic evaluation revealed detrusor areflexia in 1 (9%), normal detrusor function in 2 (18%), and detrusor hyperreflexia in 8 (73%), with 3 of these 8 patients (38%) also demonstrating detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. At 1 year postinjury, only 2 of 13 patients (15%) with an absent BCR voided spontaneously, while 9 of 15 patients (60%) with an intact BCR were able to void. Although PPS and BCR are moderately sensitive in predicting the return of spontaneous voiding, they cannot predict detrusor hyperreflexia and sphincter dyssynergia. Therefore, urodynamic study remains an essential component of initial urologic evaluation after SCI. Neurourol. Urodynam. 17:25–29, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

光感基因调控技术对大鼠骶上脊髓损伤后膀胱尿动力学和肌电图的影响

目的观察光感基因调控技术对大鼠骶上脊髓损伤所致神经源性膀胱功能的影响。方法 50只大鼠经尿流动力学检查无异常后进行随机分组,并采用T10脊髓完全横断建立脊髓损伤动物模型,分为假手术对照组、脊髓损伤无蓝光刺激组和脊髓损伤蓝光刺激组。2周后进行膀胱尿动力学、肌电图测定。结果脊髓损伤蓝光刺激组大鼠膀胱逼尿肌肌条舒缩曲线大部分可见规律性变化,波形均匀一致;同时膀胱最大容量增加,内压降低,顺应性升高;而脊髓损伤无蓝光刺激组无上述变化。结论光感基因可以调节骶上脊髓完全性损伤后膀胱逼尿肌的收缩功能,对神经源性膀胱功能恢复有重要意义。     

Epidural spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neurogenic bladder

Summary The effect of percutaneous epidural spinal cord stimulation on neurogenic bladder has been evaluated on the basis of objective clinical and urodynamic criteria. Seven patients suffering from stable bladder and sphincter dysfunction due to spinal cord diseases of different causes of non-evolutive nature were examined. In some of them chronic pain or spasticity, or both, were also present.Spinal cord stimulation substantially improved micturition in six out of seven patients. Complete or almost complete relief of bladder spasticity, marked increase of bladder capacity, and reduction or abolition of residual urine were recorded. The beneficial effect on bladder and sphincter function is strictly dependent on the stimulation, though it can outlast it. It requires some weeks to reach its maximum. It is still obtained after 22 months of treatment (longest present follow-up).No changes of striatal activity and detrusor reflex were produced by spinal cord stimulation in two additional patients, treated for chronic pain but having intact bladder function.Partially supported by Ministry of Public Instruction.     

Autonomic dysreflexia in a rat model spinal cord injury and the effect of pharmacologic agents

The object of this study was to develop a spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model for autonomic dysreflexia (AD), assessing the effect of alpha-adrenergic and calcium channel blockade and to determine the relationship of detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia (DKSD) to the development of AD. A laminectomy was performed in male rats at the T4 or TI0 level and a controlled 50 g cm blunt SCI was induced using an impounder. Four weeks after injury, changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored while simultaneous cystometry (CMG) and pelvic floor electromography (EMG) were performed in vivo in sham (control) and spinal cord injured rats. The effects of terazosin (0.1 mg/kg). diltiazem (0.5 mg/kg). and oxybutynin chloride (0.1 mg/kg) on hemodynamic changes were assessed independently. Both T4 and TI0 SCI rat displayed evidence of DESD (enhanced pelvic floor EMG activity at cystometric capacity) while control rats did not. Only T4 injured rats exhibited evidence of AD, with mean blood pressure elevations from 82.9 ± 13.6 to 93.9 ± 11.3 mm Hg (P < 0.01) and a mean heart rate decrease from 332.2 ± 56.5 to 311.1 ± 54.5 beats/min (P = 0.02) at cystometric capacity. The intravenous administration of terazosin or diltiazem abolished the AD response during CMC. The administration of oxybutynin exhibited the ability to increase bladder capacity and improve compliance in all 3 groups but did not blunt AD. The rat model of SCI effectively reproduced hemodynamic changes consistent with the AD complex in T4 level SCI but not TI0 level SCI animals, despite incomplete lesions. Blockade with either an alpha-1 or a calcium channel antagonist effectively ablated the AD response to bladder distention. Anticholinergic agents had no effect on AD DESD frequently accompanies autonomic dysreflexia, although the development of AD is not a prerequisite for DESD. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Botulinum toxin-type A in the treatment of drug-resistant neurogenic detrusor overactivity secondary to traumatic spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE: To assess, in a prospective study, whether botulinum toxin-type A (BTX-A) injected into the detrusor muscle, can be used as a day-case treatment for drug-resistant neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: BTX-A (Dysport, Ipsen, Luxembourg; 1000 units) was injected cystoscopically into the detrusor muscle of 37 patients with drug-resistant NDO and SCI, as a day-case procedure. The maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), maximum detrusor pressure (MDP), NDO, continence, and anticholinergic requirement were used as outcome variables. The International Consultation on Incontinence questionnaire (ICIQ) was used to assess the patient's quality of life before and after the BTX-A injection. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 7 months. The MCC increased from a mean of 259 to 522 mL, and the MDP decreased from a mean of 54 to 24 cmH2O. Incontinence and NDO were abolished in 82% and 76% patients, respectively. In all, 86% of the patients were able to stop or reduce anticholinergics, with a similar proportion of patients scoring favourably on the ICIQ. The mean duration of improvement was 9 months. CONCLUSIONS: Injection with BTX-A is an effective day-case treatment that bridges the gap between oral and invasive surgical treatment of drug-resistant NDO in patients with SCI.     

Capsaicin and neurogenic detrusor hyperreflexia: A double-blind placebo-controlled study in 20 patients with spinal cord lesions

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and tolerance of capsaicin, a neurotoxin for C-fiber afferents, applied intravesically in the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia. Eleven male and nine female patients who had spinal cord lesions caused by multiple sclerosis (12) or trauma (eight) resulting in detrusor hyperreflexia with urge incontinence and pollakiuria were randomized to receive one intravesical instillation of either 30 mg capsaicin in 100 ml 30% ethanol or 100 ml 30% ethanol alone. The patients were evaluated clinically (voiding diary) and urodynamically (maximum cystometric capacity, maximum detrusor pressure, first and normal desire to void) before and 30 days after the instillation. On day 30, the 10 patients who received capsaicin had significant decreases in 24-h voiding frequency from 9.3 ± 6.1 to 6.7 ± 3.8 (P = 0.016) and leakages from 3.9 ± 1.6 to 0.6 ± 0.8 (P = 0.0008); their maximum cystometric capacity increased from 169 ± 68 to 299 ± 96 ml (P = 0.01) and maximum detrusor pressure decreased from 77 ± 24 to 53 ± 27 cm H₂O. There were no significant changes in the control group. In seven subjects in each group, instillation triggered immediate side effects (suprapubic pain, sensory urgency, flushes, hematuria, autonomic hyperreflexia) that resolved within 2 weeks. Intravesical capsaicin significantly improves clinical and urodynamic parameters of detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord–injured patients. Side effects are frequent, tolerable, and identical to those induced by 30% ethanol alone. Neurourol. Urodynam. 17:513–524, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Urinary bladder control by electrical stimulation: Review of electrical stimulation techniques in spinal cord injury

Evacuation of urine in paraplegics without the need for catheters would be possible when voiding could be induced by eliciting a bladder contraction. A challenging option to obtain detrusor contraction is electrical stimulation of the detrusor muscle or its motor nerves. This article reviews the 4 possible stimulation sites where stimulation would result in a detrusor contraction: the bladder wall, the pelvic nerves, the sacral roots, and the spinal cord. With respect to electrode application, sacral root stimulation is most attractive. However, in general, sacral root stimulation results in simultaneous activation of both the detrusor muscle and the urethral sphincter, leading to little or no voiding. Several methods are available to overcome the stimulation-induced detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and allow urine evacuation. These methods, including poststimulus voiding, fatiguing of the sphincter, blocking pudendal nerve transmission, and selective stimulation techniques that allow selective detrusor activation by sacral root stimulation, are reviewed in this paper.