新型热作模具钢SDH3-Mod的热稳机理研究

为了提高热作模具钢的热稳定性,在H13钢的基础上降V增Mn,设计了新型热作模具钢SDH3-Mod.通过热稳定性实验研究SDH3-Mod和H13在高温服役过程中的硬度变化趋势,结合Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程和透射电子显微镜探讨其高温时效动力学过程及微观组织演变.研究表明:SDH3-Mod在高温下的热稳定性优于H13.620℃热稳保温中,SDH3-Mod的基体回复被延迟,碳化物粗化被有效抑制,表现出比H13更加优异的回火抗力,这是由于SDH3-Mod的淬火温度高于H13,马氏体基体中固溶了更多的合金元素,提高了基体的分解温度,从而延迟了马氏体基体的回复;同时,Mn固溶于基体中,降低了高温下碳在铁素体基体中的扩散速率,较好地抑制了碳化物的析出和长大.     

航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE的真空低压渗碳

对航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE进行真空低压渗碳热处理,研究了真空渗碳、淬火、冰冷处理以及回火工艺对材料的组织和性能的影响。结果表明：实验钢经渗碳淬火处理后,从表面到心部的组织可分为碳化物区、碳化物与针状马氏体混合区、针状马氏体区和心部板条马氏体区。在碳化物区的晶界有大量的块状Cr碳化物析出,在析出位置Ni元素较少。在针状马氏体和板条马氏体基体中细小的析出物为Nb、V、Mo微合金元素的碳化物。从渗碳钢表面到心部,随着碳浓度的降低硬度曲线呈现先升高后降低的趋势,渗层深度为0.95 mm。冰冷处理使残余奥氏体进一步转化为马氏体,使实验钢的硬度大幅度提高。     

深冷处理对低碳高合金马氏体轴承钢力学性能及组织的影响

利用洛氏硬度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等研究了低碳高合金马氏体轴承钢深冷处理后的硬度变化及组织演化。结果表明:深冷处理促使部分残留奥氏体转变为马氏体,导致深冷处理后实验钢的硬度较淬火态硬度有所升高。经深冷处理后实验钢在0~100 h回火过程中的硬度均比未深冷处理实验钢的硬度高。深冷处理促使钢中碳原子偏聚并在回火过程中以碳化物的形式析出,与未经深冷处理的实验钢相比,经深冷处理的实验钢回火后马氏体基体中的含碳量更低,表明实验钢经深冷处理后在回火过程中析出更多的碳化物。透射电镜分析表明,实验钢在回火过程中析出的大量弥散分布的纳米级M2C和M6C型碳化物是实验钢长时间回火后保持高硬度的主要原因。     

热处理工艺对3Cr2W8V热作模具钢高温磨损性能的影响

观察和测试了3Cr2W8V热作模具钢经不同温度淬火(直接油淬)、回火后的显微组织和硬度,分析了热处理工艺对其高温磨损性能的影响。研究发现,淬火和回火温度对3Cr2W8V钢高温磨损性能有明显影响,其中回火温度比淬火温度的影响更显著;随着回火温度的提高,钢的硬度先升后降,耐磨性显著下降;随着淬火温度的提高,耐磨性先升后降;经1 050℃淬火+540℃回火的3Cr2W8V钢具有最好的耐磨性;在400℃高温磨损条件下,3Cr2W8V钢的磨损机制为典型的氧化磨损,高的硬度有助于减少基体塑性变形,降低氧化物膜的剥落数量,而过多未溶碳化物和晶粒粗大等因素则导致在一定磨损载荷下基体开裂,加速氧化物剥落。     

热处理工艺对18Cr23MoVRE耐磨铸钢组织及性能的影响

研究了18Cr23MoVRE耐磨钢在不同的热处理工艺下的显微组织和力学性能。研究结果表明,18Cr23MoVRE耐磨钢经不同温度淬火+300℃回火处理后,其组织均为回火马氏体基体+少量碳化物。淬火温度提高,试验钢的硬度增加,冲击韧性略有下降。在1000℃淬火+300℃回火时,试验钢获得优良的综合性能,硬度可达到HRC58.5,冲击韧性达到5.8J。     

利用热处理改善钒钛磁铁矿直接制备的铁基摩擦材料组织与性能

以攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿为原料,通过选择性碳热原位反应和真空烧结技术直接制备得到铁基摩擦材料.为进一步提高材料性能,本工作研究了淬火与回火处理对铁基摩擦材料组织和性能的影响.结果表明:900～1 000℃淬火使材料基体组织由珠光体向马氏体转变,硬度和摩擦性能随淬火温度的升高先提升后下降,在950℃时效果最佳,摩擦磨损行为由热处理前较严重的磨粒磨损和粘着磨损转变为磨粒磨损,且磨损程度降低.950℃淬火试样分别在250℃、500℃和650℃进行回火处理,基体组织随着温度的升高先由马氏体向低硬度屈氏体转变,而后转变为硬度更低的索氏体,但500℃回火时发生的回火二次硬化和碳化物的脱溶使得材料硬度提升,摩擦性能进一步提高,摩擦磨损行为表现为轻微的磨粒磨损.综合而言,950℃淬火+500℃回火处理后的铁基摩擦材料组织及性能最优,相比未热处理材料,硬度提高32％,磨损率降低61％,摩擦系数降低18％.     

淬火温度对含铜5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢性能的影响

将含铜5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢在不同温度热处理并使用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度测试和电化学测试等手段对其表征,研究了淬火温度对其组织、硬度以及耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,铜元素的添加提高了材料中残余奥氏体的体积分数,而使其硬度降低。淬火后钢中的未溶碳化物为fcc结构的富铬M₂₃C₆型碳化物,铜元素的添加对5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢中碳化物的尺寸和形貌没有明显的影响,但是使其耐蚀性能略微降低。随着淬火温度从1000℃提高到1100℃,未溶碳化物逐渐减少,耐蚀性提高。残余奥氏体的含量也随着淬火温度的提高而增多,碳化物与残余奥氏体的共同作用使淬火后钢的硬度曲线呈抛物线状并在1050℃达到最大值。     

低碳微合金直接淬火钢的组织与力学性能

为了提高低碳直接淬火钢的强韧性能,对一种低碳Nb-V微合金钢进行了轧后直接淬火(DQ)和再加热淬火(RQ)热处理实验,分析了低碳直接淬火钢的的强韧化机理.采用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、硬度计、拉伸试验机以及冲击试验机研究了轧后热处理工艺对低碳Nb-V微合金钢组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,DQ工艺钢马氏体板条间距细小,含有较多的位错亚结构,因此具有较高的强度和韧性.DQ工艺钢马氏体中的大量位错,促进了碳化物弥散析出,产生了显著的二次硬化效果.由于基体中固溶的Nb、V等元素推迟淬火马氏体在回火过程中的各种转变,以及回火时析出的细小弥散碳化物抑制马氏体铁素体回复、再结晶过程,DQ工艺钢表现出较高的回火稳定性.     

塑料模具标准件顶杆用65MnV钢的组织分析

对新型塑料模具标准件顶杆用钢６５ＭｎＶ在淬火和氏温回火过程组织的变化进行了系统的研究。结果表明,６５ＭｎＶ钢的低温淬火组织为位错马氏体组织,随淬火温度的升高,淬火组织逐渐由针状与板条状马氏体的混合组织变成针状马氏体组织,马氏体组织的亚结构由位错型马氏体向孪晶马多体转变。钢在低温回火时析出与基体共格的弥散分布的须状ε碳化物,ε碳化物随回火温度的升高而发生转变,形成非共格的棒状渗碳体组织。     

Cr-W-Mo-V高合金高碳钢的二次硬化特性及回火硬度计算

Cr-W-Mo-V高合金高碳钢高温回火时的二次硬化有两种形式，其一是最高回火硬度对应着一定的淬火温度和回火温度，且回火温度随淬火温度升高而升高；其二是最高回火硬度随淬火温度升高而升高，但回火温度基本不变。二次硬化的回火温度和最高回火硬度既与各类型碳化物沉淀的热力学和动力学有关，亦与残余奥氏体转变的进程有关，归根结底由淬火加热时的奥氏体基体成分决定的。依据奥氏体化温度下基体成分，提出基体成分配比碳公式为Cp=0、011W＋0．02Mo＋0．057Cr＋0．19V，二次硬化的回火硬度的计算公式为Hc=a（1＋b）／（0．0127a＋0．00267），其中a为基体碳饱和度，b为碳化物沉淀量的修正因子。     

纳米贝氏体/马氏体钢的热稳定性

将低温贝氏体相变前淬火得到由马氏体、贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成的纳米贝氏体钢,使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段观察在不同温度回火的纳米贝氏体钢的显微组织和硬度变化,研究了预相变马氏体对纳米贝氏体钢热稳定性的影响。结果表明:含有马氏体的纳米贝氏体钢在中低温(473~773 K)回火后其硬度比回火前的高,回火温度高于823 K其硬度迅速下降到266.2HV(923 K)。预形成的马氏体在473~573 K回火后向附近的残余奥氏体排碳,后者的碳含量提高到峰值1.52%,提高了残余奥氏体的热稳定性,延迟后者在高温时的分解,从而提高了纳米贝氏体钢的高温热稳定性;回火温度高于723 K则残余奥氏体分解成碳化物,贝氏体铁素体粗化、回复形成新的铁素体晶粒。     

A microstructural study of a melt-spun ultra high-strength alloy steel

Melt spinning in a controlled atmosphere has been used to produce ribbons of an ultra high-strength alloy steel. The microstructure of these ribbons has been investigated using both optical and transmission electron microscopy. Comparison of the microstructure with that produced by conventional solid-state quenching shows that the martensitic structure is refined in the melt-spun ribbon and the formation of alloy carbides suppressed. These factors lead to a considerable increase in hardness of the meltspun ribbon with respect to that of the solid-state quenched material. The occurrence of interlath austenite is discussed in terms of the crystallography of the martensite transformation.     

真空分级淬火对8Cr4Mo4V钢组织和性能的影响

在真空条件下对航空轴承用8Cr4Mo4V钢进行不同温度的分级淬火并采用扫描电镜观察其微观组织、用XRD谱进行相分析并测试洛氏硬度、冲击性能和旋转弯曲疲劳性能,研究了真空分级淬火对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,真空分级淬火后的8Cr4Mo4V钢其微观组织由下贝氏体、马氏体/残余奥氏体和碳化物组成;随着分级淬火温度的提高,淬火和回火态钢中析出碳化物的数量增加,残余奥氏体的含量降低。分级淬火温度为580℃时淬火态钢中贝氏体的含量最高(达到13.87%),残余奥氏体的含量为28.59%。回火后析出碳化物的含量和洛氏硬度均为所有分级温度中的最大值,分别为4.37%和62.38HRC。真空分级淬火能提高8Cr4Mo4V钢的综合力学性能。与未分级真空淬火相比,进行580℃×10 min真空分级淬火的8Cr4Mo4V钢的冲击韧性提高了23.3%,旋转弯曲疲劳极限提高了110 MPa。     

MC5冷轧辊钢奥氏体化过程碳化物演变的研究

为了深入研究MC5冷轧辊钢奥氏体化过程中碳化物的演变规律,采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和硬度测试技术,研究了不同奥氏体化时间对MC5钢组织和硬度的影响.结果表明,奥氏体化时间从0增加到2 h时,随着奥氏体化时间的增加,试样的淬火硬度先陡然增加,后趋于平缓;当奥氏体化时间增加到4 h时,随着奥氏体化时间的增加,试样的淬火硬度有减小的趋势.对奥氏体化时间为30 min、1和2 h的试样进行微观统计和XRD分析,发现奥氏体化时间为30 min时,试样的碳化物分布最为弥散,数量最多,尺寸最为细小,其类型主要为M7C3型.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Simulated Heat-affected Zones of EP-823 Steel for ADS/LFR

EP-823 steel is one of the candidate materials for accelerator-driven systems/lead-cooled fast reactors(ADS/LFR).Its weldability was investigated by mechanical property tests and microstructure analysis on the enlarged heat-affected zones(HAZs) made by numerical and physical simulation.The finite element numerical simulation could simulate the welding thermal cycle of the characteristic regions in HAZs with extremely high accuracy.The physical simulation performed on a Gleeble simulator could enlarge the characteristic regions to easily investigate the relationship between the microstructure evolution and the mechanical properties of the HAZs.The results showed that the simulated partially normalized zone comprising tempered martensite,newly formed martensite and more tiny carbides has the highest impact energy.The fully normalized zone exhibits the highest hardness because of the quenched martensite and large carbides.The ductile property of the overheated zone is poor for the residual deltaferrite phases and the quenched martensite.     

Influence of carbon on aging response and tensile properties of eutectoid beta titanium alloy Ti–13Cr

Abstract

The influence of carbon addition on the aging response of quenched Ti–13Cr (wt-%) has been investigated using hardness tests, tensile tests, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has been found that carbon refines beta grain size, leads to fine and homogenous alpha precipitation and reduces grain boundary alpha. The carbon addition accelerates the rate at which hardening occurs during aging and increases the peak hardness of the aged specimens. A significant improvement in room temperature tensile strength and ductility has also been achieved in the carbon containing alloy after aging at 500°C. The effects of carbon on the aging response appear to be attributed to dislocations introduced by carbides during quenching, elastic strain created in the matrix by carbides and gettering effect of Ti₂C carbides. The influence of each of those mechanisms has been demonstrated through experiments and the factors giving rise to the improvements in properties are also discussed in terms of the microstructural observations.     

激光淬火功率对45~#钢抗植物磨料磨损性能的影响

本文以苜蓿草粉为典型植物磨料,系统研究了激光淬火功率对45~#钢抗植物磨料磨损性能的影响。试验结果表明:在实验条件下,材料表面硬度最大值可达679HV,材料硬度最大值在距表面0.2~0.4mm之间;激光淬火后的45~#钢抗植物磨料磨损性能远高于未经激光处理的试件。激光功率对材料硬度和耐磨性的影响趋势并不完全一致,耐磨性最好的试件硬度并非最高;植物磨料对激光淬火后的45~#钢的磨损机理主要为显微切削,与未经激光淬火的试件相比,激光淬火后的45~#钢表面犁削深度明显浅而窄,但当激光功率降至1750W时,塑变疲劳和碳化物剥落明显增加。研究结论可为农业机械金属材料的耐磨性设计提供依据。     

Reversed austenite in 0Cr13Ni4Mo martensitic stainless steels

The austenite reversion process and the distribution of carbon and other alloying elements during tempering in 0Cr13Ni4Mo martensitic stainless steel have been investigated by in-situ high temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The microstructure of the reversed austenite was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that the amount of the reversed austenite formed at high temperature increased with the holding time. Direct experimental evidence supported carbon partitioning to carbides and Ni to the reversed austenite. The reversed austenite almost always nucleated in contact with lath boundary M₂₃C₆ carbides during tempering and the diffusion of Ni promoted its growth. The Ni enrichment and the ultrafine size of the reversed austenite were considered to be the main factors that accounted for the stability of the reversed austenite.     

Effect of quenching on microstructure and wear‐resistance of Fe–10Cr–1.5B–2Al Alloy

Cast Fe–10Cr–1.5B–2Al alloy was quenched at different temperatures. The effects of quenching temperature on microstructure and hardness and wear‐resistance of Fe–10Cr–1.5B–2.0Al alloy were investigated by means of the optical microscopy, the scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometer, Vickers hardness and Rockwell hardness tester, and the MM‐200 block‐on‐ring wear testing machine under dry friction condition. The results indicate that the as‐cast microstructure of Fe–10Cr–1.5B–2.0Al alloy consists of ferrite, pearlite and netlike eutectics which are distributed in the grain boundary. The eutectics mainly include herringbone M₂B and chrysanthemum M₇(C, B)₃. The matrix gradually turns into single martensite with the increase of the quenching temperature. The type of borocarbides has no obvious change after quenching. The netlike boride almost totally fractures and transforms from the fish‐bone structure to the graininess. There is some retained austenite in the quenched structures when the quenching temperature is more than 1100 °C. When the quenching temperature is in a range of 1000 °C to 1100 °C, the hardness and wear resistance show a sharp increase with an increase of temperature, and show a slight decrease after surpassing 1100 °C.