法制视角下对我国兽药监管的审视

兽药规范化的实现需要有较为完善的法律机制。在法制视角下,从认知层面对兽药质量安全形势进行剖析,审视我国兽药质量安全法制监管现状。从顶层制度设计、基层管理需求、兽药司法监管、安全风险应对机制等方面综合分析了兽药管理的若干问题,提出我国兽药质量安全法制监管应审查现行兽药管理法律法规,并适时修订兽药法律规章制度,逐步开展网络监督,建立兽药质量安全风险预警机制,强化兽药安全司法监管,探求制度化、常态化和长效性的监管举措等建议。     

浅谈兽药GSP经营企业后续监管问题

兽药GSP是我国依法加强兽药监管、规范兽药经营活动的重大措施,其核心是通过严格的管理制度来约束兽药经营企业的行为,对兽药经营全过程进行质量控制,防止质量事故发生,保证兽药质量安全和公共卫生安全。     

农业部强化兽药安全监管努力确保兽药质量及动物产品安全

最近,农业部兽医局对兽药监管工作做出全面部署,要求各级兽医管理部门增强责任感和紧迫感,下更大的力气,采取更有力的措施,以确保重大动物疫病疫苗质量和动物产品质量安全为重点,切实做好兽药监管工作,保障畜牧业健康发展,维护公共卫生安全。     

湖北长阳：开展兽药打假“零点行动”

为加强兽药标准管理．保证兽药安全有效、质量可控和动物性食品安全，进一步强化“打假、护农”。净化兽药市场，建立长效的监管机制．确保动物疫病用药需求．促进养殖业持续健康的发展．维护公共卫生安全．根据宜昌市畜牧局“关于实施兽药专项执法的通知”精神，     

甘谷县兽药经营监管中存在的问题及解决措施

兽药是畜牧业生产的重要投入品,对动物疾病防控、畜产品质量安全和公共卫生安全发挥着至关重要的作用。兽药经营环节监管是保障兽药质量安全的关键环节,事关畜牧业健康稳定发展和畜产品质量安全。本文就我县兽药经营监管工作进行分析和探讨,提出相应的解决措施,以促进全县兽药经营行业的持续发展。     

我国兽药行业现状及发展预测

兽药是畜牧生产的投入品,兽药行业是决定畜牧养殖业成败的关键行业,是保障食品安全和公共卫生安全的重要环节.近年来,随着畜牧业的发展和行业监管力度的逐步加大,我国兽药行业迅速发展,兽药生产水平稳步提高,经营秩序日趋规范,兽药使用逐步科学合理.现就我国兽药行业现状及发展谈谈自己的看法.     

行业动态

<正>农业部兽药监管座谈会提出所有药企及产品两年实现可追溯今年各级兽医主管部门加大力度,抓好兽药常规监管工作,进一步规范兽药市场秩序;突破难点,强化法规制度建设和兽药信息化建设,创新改革兽药管理制度和机制,进一步提高兽药质量安全水平,保障动物产品质量安全和公共卫生安全,驱动兽药行业更好更快发展。     

肇庆大华农建成我国首条兽药二维码自动化采集生产线

正为强化兽药安全监管,保障动物产品质量安全,农业部不断创新监管措施,通过对兽药产品实施"二维码"标识,建立全国统一的追溯系统,实现对兽药产品生产、经营和使用的追溯管理,并于2月份启动了国家兽药产品追溯信息系统试点工作。加快建设和推广应用兽药物联网,实现对兽药全过程追溯管理,是我国兽药管理的一个重要转折点,标志着兽药监管工作向实现信息化管理迈出了坚实一步,将促进我国兽药产业发展和管理升级。     

农业部要求强化监管,保障动物产品质量安全

最近,农业部召开兽药监管工作座谈会,要求各级兽医主管部门加大力度,抓好兽药常规监管工作,进一步规范兽药市场秩序;突破难点,强化法规制度建设和兽药信息化建设,创新改革兽药管理制度和机制,进一步提高兽药质量安全水平,保障动物产品质量安全和公共卫生安全,驱动兽药行业更好更快发展。要求各地兽医主管部门继续按照"四个最严"要求,切实抓好各项重点工作。     

农业部强化兽药安全监管 努力确保兽药质量及动物产品安全

近日,农业部兽医局对下半年兽药监管工作做出全面部署,要求各级兽医管理部门增强责任感和紧迫感,下更大的力气,采取更有力的措施,以确保重大动物疫病疫苗质量和动物产品质量安全为重点,切实做好下半年兽药监管工作,为实现“两个努力确保”工作目标做出重要贡献,保障畜牧业健康发展,维护公共卫生安全。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.