AgNOR定量分析在胸腹水及针吸细胞学辅助诊断中的意义

目的　利用核仁组成区技术 (AgNOR)区分良性、可疑癌及恶性细胞 ,并探讨AgNOR分型与癌细胞类型的关系。方法　应用胶银染色技术检测 5 12例胸腹水及针吸涂片。结果　良性细胞均数 ( 2 88± 0 6 4)与恶性细胞均数 ( 7 45± 2 6 7)差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,说明产生假阳性的机会很小。良性细胞与可疑癌细胞均数 ( 5 19± 0 88) ,可疑癌细胞与恶性细胞均数均差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,有助于识别可疑癌细胞。鳞状细胞癌与腺癌 ,鳞状细胞癌与小细胞未分化癌 ,腺癌与小细胞未分化癌均数间均差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,提示癌细胞的类型不同 ,均数亦有差异。AgNOR在腺癌细胞中颗粒粗大 ,色深 ;在鳞癌和小细胞未分化癌中颗粒多为弥散型 ,细小 ,色浅。用AgNOR计数标准判断良恶性 ,其敏感性为 94 1% ,特异性为 92 3%。结论　细胞学普通染色诊断困难时 ,AgNOR银染技术可以辅助诊断。AgNOR分型与癌细胞类型有显著相关性 (P <0 0 5 )。     

端粒酶活性检测对恶性胸／腹水的诊断价值

目的 观察胸/腹水脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测对恶性胸/腹水的诊断价值。方法 采用端粒重复序列扩增法(TRAP)检测脱落细胞的端粒酶活性，并与细胞学及血清肿瘤标志物(AFP、CEA及SF)检测结果进行比较。结果 23例恶性胸／腹水中，有2l例端粒酶活性检测阳性，17例良性胸/腹水中，仅2例阳性率，两差异显(P＜0．001)。端粒酶活性测定诊断恶性胸/腹水的敏感性为91．3％、特异性为88．2％、阳性预测值为9l.3％、阳性预测值为88．2％、诊断符合率为90．0％，其中敏感性显高于细胞学检查(P＜0．05)及血清肿痛标物检测结果(P＜0．01)；特异性虽稍低于细胞学(P＜0．05)；但明显高于血清肿瘤标志物检测(P＜0.01)。结论 脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测对恶性胸/腹水的诊断具有良好的敏感性与特异性，可作为良性与恶性胸/腹水鉴别的实验室指标之一。     

端粒酶检测对恶性胸腹水的诊断价值探讨

目的探讨端粒酶活性对良恶性腩腹水的诊断价值。方法用TRAP银染法检测120份脚腹水脱落细胞的端粒酶活性,以瑞氏染色对脱落细胞进行细胞学检杳。结果在37例细胞学阳性的恶性胸腹水中端粒酶全部表达,在48例良性胸腹水中有2例端粒酶表达,在35例细胞学阴性的可疑恶性胸腹水中有29例端粒酶表达,测定的敏感性91.6%,特异性95.8%,阳性预示值97.0%,阴性预示值为88.5%,实验有效率93.3%。结论端粒酶活性表达与恶性胸腹水呈高度相关,检测端粒酶活性是临床鉴别良恶性胸腹水的一种有效方法。     

恶性胸/腹水的实验诊断研究现状

恶性胸／腹水绝大多数由恶性肿瘤胸／腹膜转移所致，少数由胸／腹膜间皮瘤引起。近年来随着恶性肿瘤发病率不断上升，恶性胸／腹水患者也不断增多。对恶性胸／腹水做出及时而准确的诊断，对于决定治疗方案和判断预后都有重要作用。常规细胞学检查是诊断恶性胸／腹水的基本方法，但经验性强、敏感性低。为了弥补细胞学诊断的不足，有关恶性胸／腹水诊断新技术的研究报道不断涌现。现就恶性胸／腹水实验诊断研究的现状作一综述。     

hTERT和β-Catenin在胆囊癌细胞系中的表达及其与癌细胞增殖、侵袭关系研究

目的:检测hTERT和β-Catenin在人胆囊癌细胞系中的表达;初步探讨其与癌细胞增殖、侵袭关系。方法:采用端粒酶TRAP、半定量RT-PCR和Western印迹方法检测3种体外培养人胆囊癌细胞系端粒酶活性、hTERT基因和β-Catenin基因mRNA、蛋白质表达水平。四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)光吸收法检测琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性并做细胞增殖计数、运用Transwell小室和划线了解癌细胞侵袭与运动情况。结果:(1)TGBC1TKB、TGDC2TKB和GB-SD端粒酶活性OD值分别为0.183±0.001、0.257±0.002和0.260±0.002;β-Catenm基因mRNA值分别为44718±567、50279±545和50802±371;hTERT基因值分别为51287±1818、62346±733和63345±1154;后两组均高于第1组(P<0.05)。β-Catenm蛋白质值分别为35289±154、32636±345和32510±346;hTERT蛋白质值分别为34515±454、32562±571和32083±163。后两组均低于第1组(P<0.05),有显著差异。(2)TGBC1TKB、TGBC2TKB和GB-SD琥珀酸脱氢酶活性第5天OD值分别为1.324±0.792、1.573±0.(143和1.647±0.033;24h穿膜细胞数分别为60.667±3.512、113.333±5.508和124.667±6.506;24h过线细胞数分别为23.667±1.155、40.000±1.000和42.667±2.082。后两组均高于第1组(P<0.05),有显著差异。结论:端粒酶、hTERT和β-Catenin基因蛋白在人胆囊癌细胞系呈阳性表达;它们可提示胆囊癌细胞的生物学特性,可能影响胆囊癌细胞的增殖、运动和侵袭力。     

胸腹水中唾液酸的3,5—二羟基甲苯显色测定法

本文采用3,5-二羟基甲苯作为显色剂,直接测定胸水和腹水中唾液酸.平均回收率为98.1%,批内CV=2.11%,批间CV=2.43%,摩尔吸收系数ε_(569nm)=0.8947×10~4L·mol~(-1)cm~(-1).对52例非癌性胸水和43例癌性胸水中唾液酸测定的(?)±SD 分别为:240±102和537.5±260.3(mg/L);对53例非癌性腹水和56例癌性腹水中唾液酸测定的(?)±SD 分别为:231±89和522.8±219.1(mg/L).癌性胸水,腹水明显高于非癌性胸水和腹水,有极显著性差异.     

恶性腹水中可溶性CD44v6的检测及意义

目的　探讨可溶性CD44v6(sCD44v6)对恶性腹水的诊断价值。方法　用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)检测 10份良性疾病患者腹腔液 (不伴腹水 ) ,14份恶性疾病患者腹腔液 (不伴腹水 ) ,36份肝硬化腹水、8份结核性腹水、2 3份恶性腹水中sCD44v6水平。结果　恶性腹水组sCD44v6水平为 (89 2±38 2 )ng/ml,明显高于肝硬化腹水组 (44 8± 18 0 )ng/ml、结核性腹水组 (5 0 3± 12 6 )ng/ml及良、恶性疾病不伴腹水患者腹腔液组 [(5 1 1± 2 0 3)ng/ml和 (38 4± 12 4 )ng/ml,P <0 0 1];后 4组间比较 ,sCD44v6水平差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。恶性腹水中卵巢癌腹水组sCD44v6水平 [(89 4± 2 5 7)ng/ml]高于胃癌腹水组 [(83 9± 32 6 )ng/ml]和结肠癌腹水组 [(80 1± 10 0 )ng/ml],但差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。以 6 2 8ng/ml为阳性界值 ,腹水sCD44v6诊断恶性腹水的敏感性为 73 9% ,特异性为 91 7%。结论　sCD44v6对于良、恶性腹水的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

胸腹水细胞学与组织学制片的免疫细胞化学诊断对比研究

目的探讨脱落细胞学与组织病理学制片在胸腹水恶性细胞诊断中的敏感性.方法103例患者胸腹水标本经特殊处理后,分别做细胞学涂片和石蜡包埋制片,并采用免疫细胞化学(ICC)方法,用肿瘤相关糖蛋白72和癌胚抗原组合、神经特异性钙结合蛋白和血栓素组合进行诊断,比较其阳性检出率.结果石蜡包埋制片肿瘤相关糖蛋白72和癌胚抗原组合、神经特异性钙结合蛋白和血栓素组合分别诊断转移腺癌阳性率97.9%、恶性间皮瘤阳性率100%;应用相应抗体组合,细胞学涂片的阳性率分别为95.8%,100%.两者阳性率比较无显著性差异(x2=0.17,P＞0.05).结论通过对胸、腹水标本和材料的前期有效处理后,细胞学涂片的免疫细胞化学诊断转移性腺癌、恶性间皮瘤的敏感性与组织学方法具有较高的一致性.     

胸水染色体与腺苷脱氨酶联合细胞学检测对良恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断价值的探讨

目的探讨胸腔积液染色体、腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）及细胞学检测对良恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法 158例恶性胸腔积液和103例结核性胸腔积液分别进行胸水细胞培养和G显带技术检测染色体,采用比色法测定ADA,并进行胸水脱落细胞检测。结果恶性胸水中染色体阳性率为86.1%（136/158）,显著高于结核性胸腔积液1.9%（2/103）（P〈0.05）;恶性胸腔积液中ADA≥45U/L病例数占3.8%（6/158）,显著低于结核性胸腔积液的97.1%（100/103）（P〈0.05）;恶性胸腔积液中脱落细胞阳性率占65.8%（104/158）,而结核性胸腔积液未发现肿瘤细胞,差别有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。胸水染色体、ADA联合细胞学检测可以提高诊断敏感性（91.8%）,染色体联合ADA检测可以提高诊断的特异性（99.0%）。结论胸水细胞学检测特异性高,但是敏感性低,胸水染色体、ADA联合细胞学检测有助于鉴别诊断良、恶性胸腔积液。     

负压引流对人慢性创面愈合过程中细胞增生活性的影响

目的：研究封闭式负压引流技术对人慢性创面细胞增生活性的影响，探讨其组织修复创面愈合的机制。方法：2003—01／2004—08武装警察部队总医院烧伤整形科慢性创面患者5例。对5例慢性创面患者给予持续性负压引流治疗(-1．6kPa压力)，分别于吸引前以及吸引后1，3，5，7d天切取创缘组织，采用免疫组织化学技术，检测PCNA表达及其标记指数的变化，AgNOR染色观察其核仁区AgNORs颗粒数的变化。结果：负压吸引前，PCNA阳性表达较少，主要分布在表皮基底和皮肤毛囊以及皮脂腺细胞，随封闭式负压引流技术使用时间的延长，真皮层中的成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞及炎性细胞中，出现PCNA阳性细胞；AgNORs颗粒数增加(P&;lt;0．05)。第一组病例治疗前PCNA标记指数和AgNOR颗粒数分别为0．21，1．01，治疗5d后为0．49和2．12。结论：封闭式负压引流技术能明显增强慢性创面修复细胞的增生活性．激活修复细胞，促进慢性创面愈合。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.