尿NGAL在儿童急性肾损伤诊断中的作用研究

目的：探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质记载蛋白（neutrophil gelatinase-associate dlipocalin,NGAL）在儿童急性肾损伤诊断中的敏感性,特异性以及在鉴别肾前性氮质血症和急性肾损伤中的作用。方法：收集急性肾损伤的患儿36例,肾前性氮质血症患儿28例,正常对照组52例。所有入选患儿均常规测血压,检测血常规、肝功、肾功及离子、尿常规、尿钠、尿肌酐、尿NAG、尿α1-MG。每个入选患儿收集3～5ml尿液,离心后-80℃冰箱冻存,ELISA方法检测尿NGAL。结果：急性肾损伤组患儿尿NGAL值明显高于肾前性氮质血症组和正常对照组（399μg/g creatinine[SD,366];P〈0.01）。绘制ROC曲线后,NGAL在截断值为100μg/g creatinine时,其诊断儿童急性肾损伤的敏感性为0.91（CI：0.74～0.98）,特异性为0.98（CI0.97～0.99）;阳性似然比为155.33（CI56.34～464.75）,阴性似然比为0.08（CI0.03～0.27）,明显好于尿NAG,尿α1-MG和血肌酐。结论：尿NGAL在儿童急性肾损伤的诊断中,敏感性和特异性,阳性似然比和阴性似然比均明显好于血肌酐,并且可以在一定程度上鉴别肾前性氮质血症和急性肾损伤。     

尿NGAL、NAG及KIM-1联合检测在高龄老年急性肾损伤早期诊断中的价值

目的探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(uNGAL)、尿N-乙酰β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(uNAG)及尿肾损伤分子-1(uKIM-1)的联合检测老年急性肾损伤中的诊断价值。方法选择2016年6月至2018年6月在泰山疗养院住院的老年患者184例,根据急性肾损伤网络(AKIN)标准为诊断标准,诊断AKI组116例(1期55例、2期39例、3期24例),非AKI组68例,检测并比较各组尿NGAL、NAG、KIM-1水平,用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)及曲线下面积(AUC)分析3项生物学标志物对AIK的诊断价值。结果①AKI组尿NGAL、NAG、KIM-1明显高于对照组(P<0.05),3期尿NGAL、NAG、KIM-1明显高于2期和1期,2期明显高于1期(P<0.05);②尿NGAL、NAG、KIM-1单独诊断AKI的AUC分别为0.734、0.804、0.705;③3项标志物联合诊断AKI的灵敏度、特异度分别为84.9%、90.7%,高于各单项诊断。结论尿NGAL、NAG、KIM-1是诊断AKI的较好指标,联合诊断对高龄老年急性肾损伤的早期诊断有着更重要的价值。     

NGAL和Cys C对重型颅脑损伤并发急性肾损伤的早期诊断价值

目的探讨血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（neutrophil gelatinase-associated li-pocalin,NGAL）和半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（Cys C）对重型颅脑损伤后并发急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）的预测价值。方法选取85例重型颅脑损伤患者（GCS≤8）,收集患者入院后即刻（〈15 min）、2、4、6、8、10、12、18、24、36、48及72 h时的血标本,根据是否发生AKI分为AKI组（39例）及非AKI组（46例）。同时以25名健康体检者作为正常对照组。采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血清NGAL浓度;用肌氨酸氧化酶法测定SCr水平;用免疫投射比浊法测定血清Cys C水平。以各项目入院即刻检查值作为基线值。结果85例重型颅脑损伤患者中有39例发生 AKI,发生率为45.9%。AKI组SCr水平自入院36 h开始明显升高,各时间点的检测值均高于基线值和正常对照组（P〈0.01）。AKI组入院36、48及72h SCr水平明显高于无AKI组（P〈0.01）。非 AKI组各时间点的SCr水平与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。AKI组血清 NGAL 水平在入院2 h时已明显高于基线值（P〈0.01）,以后各时间点呈逐渐升高趋势,均高于基线值和正常对照组（P〈0.01）。非AKI组血清NGAL水平自入院10 h时开始逐渐升高,与基线值和正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。AKI组各时间点NGAL水平均明显高于非AKI组（P〈0.01）。AKI组血清Cys C水平在入院8 h时已明显高于基线值（P〈0.01）,以后各时间点呈逐渐升高趋势,均高于基线值和正常对照组（P〈0.01）。非AKI组血清Cys C水平自入院12h时开始明显升高,与基线值和正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论重型颅脑损伤后2 h 血清 NGAL即可明显升高,血清Cys C 于8h开始升高,其诊断AKI的时间早于SCr。血清NGAL和Cys C可作为重型颅脑损伤后诊断 AKI的早期标志物。     

白细胞介素18、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白和血清胱抑素C在呼吸衰竭合并急性肾损伤中的变化

目的探讨尿白细胞介素18（interleukin-18,IL-18）、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（neutrophilgelatinase-associatedlipocalin,NGAL）和血清胱抑素C（cystatinC,Cysc）在呼吸衰竭合并急性肾损伤（acutekidneyinjury,AKI）中的变化。方法收集我院呼吸衰竭患者125例,其中呼吸衰竭并发AKI患者35例（AKI组）,呼吸衰竭未并发AKI患者90例（非AKI组）。检测全血细胞、血清CysC、血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、血白蛋白水平、血气分析,检测尿NGAL和IL-18水平。结果2组患者间年龄、男女比例、动脉血氧分压、动脉血二氧化碳分压、血红蛋白、白蛋白的差异无统计学意义,而基础有高血压史比例的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。AKI组估算肾小球滤过率（estimatedglomerularfiltrationrate,eGFR）低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;AKI组SCr、BUN、血清CysC、尿NGAL和II,18高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;Pearson相关分析显示AKI组尿IL-18、NGAL及血清CysC均与SCr具有相关性,与eGFR也具有相关性。多因素Logistic回归分析显示尿IL-18、NGAL、血清CysC升高是呼吸衰竭发生AKI的独立危险因素。结论尿IL-18、NGAL和血清CysC对诊断呼吸衰竭合并AKI有较高的准确性。     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白和肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白对肝移植术后急性肾损伤的早期诊断价值

目的 探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（NGAL）和肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白（L-FABP）在肝移植术后急性肾损伤（AKI）中的早期诊断价值。 方法 前瞻性收集2007至2008年间25例肝移植患者术前、门静脉开放后2、4、6、12、24、48、72和120 h的血液和尿液标本,检测Scr和尿NGAL及L-FABP水平。根据急性肾损伤网（AKIN）标准中的Scr标准将患者分为AKI组和非AKI组。观察两组各时间点尿NGAL、尿L-FABP和Scr水平的动态变化;运用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价尿NGAL和L-FABP诊断AKI的精确性。 结果 25例患者中11例发生了术后AKI,两组患者术前、术中及术后情况差异无统计学意义。术后24 h AKI组与非AKI组的Scr差异有统计学意义[(90.48±50.32) 比（59.84±14.72） μmol/L,P < 0.05]。AKI组与非AKI组术后2～120 h尿L-FABP均显著升高,4 h时差异有统计学意义[2361.41（1036.89~4048.93） ng/mgCr比5246.97（2406.33~7688.21） ng/mgCr,P < 0.05]。AKI组术后2、4、6 h尿NGAL均显著高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义 [69.02（29.79~237.29）比22.94（8.69~46.23） ng/mgCr,29.34（16.06~536.91）比 12.66（8.91~22.78） ng/mgCr和34.23（11.47~81.26）比11.84（6.57~20.10） ng/mgCr,均P < 0.05]。ROC曲线下面积（AUC）结果显示,与尿L-FABP相比（当4 h截断点为3451.75 ng/mgCr时,AUC为0.760）,尿NGAL对早期诊断AKI具有更高的敏感性和特异性（2、4、6 h的截断点分别为43.02、26.97和17.19 ng/mgCr时,AUC分别为0.766、0.773和0.773）。 结论 尿NGAL在肝移植术后早期AKI的诊断上表现出较高的敏感性和特异性,也许能作为肝移植术后AKI早期诊断的生物学标志物,但仍需要大样本的临床研究加以证实。     

血、尿NGAL与IgA肾病临床与病理的相关性研究

目的:探讨血、尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)水平与IgA肾病(IgAN)患者临床与病理表现的关系。方法:选择初次诊治经肾活检病理检查确诊为IgAN且未经激素或免疫抑制剂治疗的患者40例,同时选择10例健康体检者作为对照。收集临床和病理资料,应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血、尿NGAL水平,并分别用IgAN牛津分型和Katafuchi半定量标准对病理进行评分。分析血、尿NGAL与IgAN患者临床及病理指标的相关性。结果:血、尿NGAL反映IgAN肾功能情况较血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)更敏感,与高血压、Scr、BUN、牛津分型的系膜增殖积分(M)、间质纤维化或小管萎缩(T)以及Katafuchi分型的系膜增殖、局灶节段病变、球性硬化、炎细胞浸润、间质纤维化、肾小管萎缩、血管壁增厚、小动脉玻变等多个指标相关性分析差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,部分P<0.01),尤其与肾小管间质损伤各项指标(炎细胞浸润、间质纤维化、肾小管萎缩)显著相关(r均>0.6,P<0.01)。ROC曲线表明血、尿NGAL在IgAN中反映小管间质病变程度方面明显优于Scr和肾小球滤过率(eGFR),血NGAL在反映小管间质病变程度方面比尿NGAL敏感度和特异度更高。结论:血、尿NGAL水平与IgA肾病临床及病理多个指标相关,更能反映肾小管间质损伤程度,可以作为评估IgA肾病小管间质病变的早期无创性指标。     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白联合降钙素原对脓毒症急性肾损伤的预测价值

目的:探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NGAL)联合降钙素原(PCT)对脓毒症急性肾损伤(AKI)患者的预测价值。方法:收集2018年6月至2020年1月本院收治的脓毒症患者89例,根据是否出现AKI分为非AKI组(40例)和AKI组(49例),入院后收集1、6、12、24 h的静脉血和尿液,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(...     

慢性肾脏病患者血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白、胱抑素c的改变及其临床意义

目的:探讨慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者血NGAL、胱抑素c的改变及其临床意义。方法:选择原发性慢性肾小球肾炎所致的CKD2～4期患者共92例:其中CKD2期患者34例,CKD3期患者30例,CKD4期患者28例。同时以健康人20例作为对照。用ELISA法检测血清中NGAL的浓度,用免疫比浊法检测血清胱抑素c浓度。分析NGAL与胱抑素c、血肌酐、肾小球滤过率(GFR)之间的相关性。结果:(1)CKD2期、3期、4期血NGAL浓度,与对照组浓度比显著升高,P均<0.01。CKD2期、3期、4期胱抑素c浓度,与对照组浓度比显著升高,P均<0.01。CKD3期、4期血肌酐浓度,与对照组比P均<0.01;CKD2期与对照组比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)Pearson相关分析:血NGAL与胱抑素c、血肌酐呈正相关。血NGAL和血胱抑素c的水平均与GFR存在负相关。结论:CKD2～4期患者血NGAL、胱抑素水平升高,且血NGAL与血胱抑素c、血肌酐成正相关、与GFR负相关,血NGAL可作为CKD患者肾功能受损的新的标志物。     

血清胱抑素C对肝硬化病人肾功能损害的早期诊断价值研究

目的 探讨血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(Cys C)检测对肝硬化病人肾功能损害早期诊断的意义.方法 测定76例肝硬化病人24 h肌酐清除率(Ccr)以及血清肌酐(SCr)和血清Cys C水平.以CCr＜80 ml/min/1.73 m2作为肾功能损害诊断标准,采用t检验、相关性分析和ROC曲线分析探讨Cys C的诊断价值.结果 在Child分级肝损害病人的肾功能评估能力比较中,Cys C能灵敏反映CCr变化,而Scr的反映能力明显低于Cys C.SCr与CCr有着显著的负相关性(CysC:r=-0.763,P＜0.001;SCr:r=-0.571,P＜0.01),而Cys C的相关系数较高.ROC曲线分析显示Cys C的曲线下面积(AUC)值明显高于SCr(0.830比0.612).结论 与SCr比较,Cys C能更准确地早期发现肝硬化病人的肾功能损害,常规监测肝硬化病人Cys C水平,对预防肝肾综合征的发生具有积极意义.     

尿液生物学标记物对肝移植患者术后急性肾损伤早期诊断的价值

目的 探讨尿液中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、胱抑素C(cystatin C,Cys-C)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)对于肝移植患者术后急性肾损伤(acute kindey injury,AKI)早期诊断价值.方法 收集2011年1月～2011年10月在南方医院接受同种异体肝移植术的45例终末期肝病患者术前及手术结束时的静脉血液及尿液标本,检测血清肌酐( serum creatinine,SCr)、胱抑素、LDH及总胆红素,检测尿液中LDH、胱抑素、NGAL.根据AKI网络标准中的SCr标准将患者分为AKI组和非AKI组.比较两组术前、术后尿液中LDH、Cys-C、NGAL的变化情况,并运用受试者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)评价LDH、Cys-C、NGAL的准确性.结果 45例患者中20例发生了术后AKI,两组患者的年龄、性别、术前的基本情况、术中手术情况比较差异无统计学意义.AKI组和非AKI组术后血清SCr的差异具有统计学意义[(140±54)比(81±20),P＜0.05].术后AKI组及非AKI组尿液中的LDH、Cys-C、NGAL均升高,AKI组增加明显高于非AKI组.AKI组尿液中LDH、Cys-C、NGAL高于非AKI组,且差异具有统计学意义[(6.50±2.86)比(3.21±1.63),P＜0.05]、[(1.55±0.54)比(0.86±0.31),P＜0.05]、[(107±59)比(43±11),P＜0.05].ROC下面积结果显示,尿液中的LDH、Cys-C、NGAL均显示出了较好的诊断意义,面积分别为0.853、0.833、0.880,大于0.8. 结论 LDH、Cys-C、NGAL均表现出了较好的敏感性和特异性.     

Investigation of urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury after percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Introduction

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) could be mentioned as the most important treatment of choice for kidney staghorn stones. Previous publications reported that the novel biomarker urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) activity significantly increases in acute kidney injury (AKI) but there is not many published articles related to increase of NGAL after PCNL procedure.

原发性肾病综合征患者中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白的变化及意义

目的 探讨原发性肾病综合征(PNS)患者中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)的变化以及与病理类型、肾小管间质损伤程度、临床指标的关系. 方法 40例PNS患者按有无急性肾小管坏死(ATN)分急性肾损伤(AKI)组及非AKI组,按病理类型分微小病变型肾病(MCD)组、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)组、局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)组、膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MPGN)组、膜性肾病(MN)组;20例健康体检者及20例因肾肿瘤做肾切除术但远离肿瘤部位的正常肾组织作正常对照.采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测血清、尿液NGAL水平,免疫组织化学染色法观察肾组织NGAL表达.结果 (1) AKI组患者血、尿NGAL水平及肾组织NGAL表达显著高于非AKI组及对照组(P＜0.05).(2)MPGN组及FSGS组患者血、尿NGAL水平及肾组织NGAL表达显著高于其他病理类型组(P＜0.05).(3)在肾小管间质发展至重度病变之前,随着肾小管间质损伤程度的加重,血、尿NGAL水平及肾组织NGAL表达逐渐升高;在肾小管间质发展至重度病变时,血NGAL水平及肾组织NGAL表达下降(P＜0.05).(4)血、尿NGAL水平及肾组织NGAL表达与血肌酐呈正相关(r值分别为0.198、0.352、0.146,P值分别为0.048、0.000、0.028),与尿素氮呈正相关(r值分别为0.199、0.278、0.325,P值分别为0.043、0.000、0.019),与血白蛋白呈负相关(r值分别为-0.384、-0.318、-0.259,P值分别为0.028、0.024、0.020),与尿渗透浓度呈负相关(r值分别为-0.250、-0.256、-0.277,P值分别为0.012、0.027、0.002).结论 NGAL可作为预测PNS患者AKI的敏感指标,在一定程度下可用于评价肾小管间质病变程度及肾功能.     

尿NGAL在2型糖尿病肾病肾小管间质损伤评价中的价值

目的探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NGAL)对评价2型糖尿病肾病(DN)患者肾小管间质损伤的价值。 方法研究对象为2012年1月至2015年12月第三军医大学大坪医院2型糖尿病患者167例(2型糖尿病组);将2型糖尿病组再分为正常白蛋白尿组(n＝56)、微量白蛋白尿组(n＝58)、大量白蛋白尿组(n＝53),其中51例患者进行了肾活检。50例非糖尿病患者作为正常对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附测定方法检测尿液中NGAL水平,分光光度法测定尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)。分析尿NGAL水平与肾功能相关指标[尿NAG、尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)、eGFR]及肾组织损伤病理评分之间的相关性,以及NGAL对DN肾小管间质损伤严重程度的评价效能,采用SPSS软件进行统计学分析,相关性分析采用Pearson或Spearman方法。 结果糖尿病患者尿NGAL水平较非糖尿病正常对照组明显增加;尿NGAL水平与尿NAG、ACR呈正相关(r＝0.528, 0.578,P<0.001),与eGFR呈负相关(r＝－0.637,P<0.001);尿NGAL水平与DN肾小管萎缩与间质纤维化(IFTA)的严重程度呈显著正相关(r＝0.652,P<0.001);尿NGAL曲线下面积最大(AUC＝0.868),特异度94.7%,敏感度71.9%。 结论尿NGAL是评价DN肾小管间质损伤理想的生物标志物之一。     

Urine neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin as an early marker of acute kidney injury in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients with an incidence of 21–73%. Prevention and early diagnosis reduces the frequency and severity of this complication. Predictive biomarkers are of major importance to timely diagnosis. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a widely investigated novel biomarker for early diagnosis of AKI. However, no study assessed NGAL for AKI diagnosis in HSCT patients. We performed further analyses on gathered data from our recent trial to evaluate the performance of urine NGAL (uNGAL) as an indicator of AKI in 72 allogeneic HSCT patients. AKI diagnosis and severity were assessed using Risk–Injury–Failure–Loss–End-stage renal disease and AKI Network criteria. We assessed uNGAL on days ?6, ?3, +3, +9 and +15. Time-dependant Cox regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between uNGAL and AKI occurrence. (HR?=?1.04 (1.008–1.07), p?=?0.01). There was a relation between uNGAL day?+?9 to baseline ratio and incidence of AKI (unadjusted HR?=?1.047 (1.012–1.083), p?<?0.01). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for day?+?9 to baseline ratio was 0.86 (0.74–0.99, p?<?0.01) and a cut-off value of 2.62 was 85% sensitive and 83% specific in predicting AKI. Our results indicated that increase in uNGAL augmented the risk of AKI and the changes of day +9 uNGAL concentrations from baseline could be of value for predicting AKI in HSCT patients. Additionally uNGAL changes preceded serum Cr raises by nearly 2 days.     

Value of urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury in patients with ureteroscopic lithotripsy related urosepsis

PurposeTo investigate the clinical value of urine interleukin-18 (IL-8), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL) related urosepsis.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out in 157 patients with urosepsis after URL. The patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group according to the Kidigo guideline and urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 0, 4, 12, 24 and 48 h after the surgery. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of these three biomarkers for postoperative AKI.ResultsThe level of urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 in AKI group was significantly higher than that in non-AKI group at 4, 12, 24 and 48 h (p < 0.01). The ROC analysis showed the combined detection of urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 at 12 h had a larger area under curve (AUC) than a single marker (0.997, 95% CI: 0.991–0.998), and the sensitivity and specificity were 98.2% and 96.7%, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the levels of urine NGAL at 4, 12, 24 and 48 h in AKI patients were positively correlated with the levels of urine KIM-1 and IL-18 (p < 0.01).ConclusionAKI could be quickly recognized by the elevated level of urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 in patients with URL-related urosepsis. Combined detection of the three urine biomarkers at 12 h after surgery had a better diagnostic performance, which may be an important reference for the early diagnosis of AKI.     

Serum NGAL,cystatin C and urinary NAG measurements for early diagnosis of contrast-induced nephropathy in children

Aim: The study investigated a number of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), which is an important cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Material and methods: The study included 91 children scheduled for elective cardiac angiography and 50 healthy controls. Biomarkers including serum (s) and urinary (u) sodium, serum and u-creatinine, s-cystatin-C, serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and urinary N-acetyl beta glucosaminidase (u-NAG)/creatinine ratio were measured 4 times sequentially in the patients and once in the controls. Results: The patient group comprised 40 males (44%) and 51 females (56%) while the control group comprised 16 males (32%) and 34 females (68%). Age, gender, s-creatinine, estimated-glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), s-cystatin-C and fractional-excretion of sodium did not differ significantly between the groups. Serum sodium and s-NGAL were found to be lower in the patients than those of in the controls, while their u-NAG/creatinine ratio was found to be higher. Sequential data analysis revealed that s-NGAL and u-NAG/creatinine ratio increased in the first 6?h after radiocontrast media (RCM) administration and decreased at 12 and 24?h. Serum BUN and s-cystatin-C levels also showed a significant difference during the 24-h follow-up. eGFR, s-sodium and s-creatinine levels did not change in the following period. Serum cystatin-C levels revealed a significant negative correlation with eGFR. Administered RCM doses showed a positive correlation only with u-NAG/creatinine ratios. Conclusion: In the first 24?h, s-cystatin-C, s-NGAL and especially u-NAG/creatinine ratio showed promise as biomarkers, but eGFR is not adequate for early diagnosis of CIN. Sequential measurement of biomarkers may contribute to more accurate diagnosis of AKI.