KCl、NaCl在分子筛载体上的分散阈值研究

采用高温衍射仪研究了KCl和NaCl. 和在不同分子筛载体内孔和内表面的分散阈值. 实验结果表明, 分散阈值显著地与烘烤温度有关, 烘烤温度愈高, 分散阈值愈大. 吸附水和固态离子交换反应也影响分散阈值大小. 用盐类溶液浸渍分子筛在低温烘烤时的分散效果与高温加热盐类和分子筛干混样品的分散效果大不相同. 例如, 浸渍时KCl在分子筛载体上分散很少, 这主要归因于吸附水对KCl的竞争吸附.     

固态法制备含钼组分碱金属离子Y分子筛性质的比较

利用固态离子交换法制备含钼组分碱金属离子Y分子筛 ,红外光谱和X射线衍射表明碱金属离子的交换度随离子半径增大而变小。含钼组分分子筛催化剂显现出很高的合成醇选择性 ,且随碱金属离子碱性增加 ,高碳醇比例增加。     

分子筛在乙醇脱水氨化反应中的一些催化行为

研究了常压、300～400℃温度范围内在分子筛作用下乙醇和氨的脱水胺化反应,用IR和TPD技术表征其表面酸性。发现分子筛窗口和孔道减小时,二乙胺和三乙胺生成量下降,氢型和碱金属阳离子交换的ZSM-5具有明显的择形作用。乙醇转化率与分子筛表面酸量有关。分子筛上的L酸中心可能是脱水氨化反应的主要活性中心。分子筛上的B酸中心似乎对副反应更有利。     

水热脱铝ZSM-5/Y复合分子筛的表征和催化裂化性能

ZSM-5/Y是一种通过原位合成方法制备的新型复合分子筛材料,用XRD、IR光谱、N2吸附／脱附等手段,研究了水热处理对ZSM-5/Y物化性质的影响,并以正己烷为原料考察了样品的催化裂化性能.结果表明,与机械混合样品相比,在550 ℃和700 ℃水热处理条件下,复合分子筛中的Y型沸石相具有更好的结晶保留度.复合分子筛的中孔孔径分布范围大于机械混合分子筛,但复合分子筛样品所表现出的中、大孔体积小于相应的机械混合分子筛.吡啶吸附定量IR研究表明,550 ℃水热处理使复合分子筛的B酸量和L酸量减少;而机械混合样品则是B酸量和L酸量变化很小.进一步700 ℃水热处理则使B和L酸量都大量减少.与氢型样品相比,550 ℃脱铝样品的正己烷裂化活性显著增加,700 ℃脱铝后活性明显降低.产物分布的分析表明活性的提高与反应机理的改变有关.     

碱金属离子X型沸石的固相离子交换及其催化性能的研究

本文考察了水合13X沸石与碱金属盐类间的固相离子交换反应,并对交换样品的比表面、孔容和异丙醇分解反应活性进行了测定.结果表明,这种类型的固相离子交换在室温下即可发生.体积较大的Cs~+比K~+难于交换,高温焙烧有利于提高Cs~+的交换度.固相交换样品的比表面、孔容变化和异丙醇分解反应活性都与液相交换样品相同,只是交换度的函数,与交换方法无关.与K~+交换样品相比,Cs~+交换样品中Cs~+离子更多地占据超笼,导致更高的超笼局部碱性和脱氢反应活性.     

Li＋交换的几种分子筛的氮氩分离性能

采用水溶液离子交换法制备了高Li＋交换度的4A、13X和LSX分子筛,并在25 ℃下测定了它们的静态吸附等温线和动态穿透曲线.研究发现,高Li＋离子交换度的4A、13X和LSX分子筛都具有较大的氮吸附容量和较高的氮氩分离选择性,说明高Li＋离子交换度的4A、13X和LSX分子筛是较好的氮氩分离吸附剂.从动态穿透曲线结果来看,所研究的三种分子筛都有一个最优的吸附分离压力,在本文研究的压力范围内,这个最优压力在0.6 MPa附近.对比高锂交换度的三种分子筛,以高锂交换度的LSX分子筛的氮氩吸附分离性能最好.     

水合碱金属卤化物催化 CO2 与环氧化物合成环状碳酸酯

 在不添加任何助剂及溶剂的条件下, 考察了水合碱金属卤化物催化 CO2 与环氧丙烷合成碳酸丙烯酯的反应性能. 结果表明, 水合碱金属卤化物表现出远高于无水碱金属卤化物的催化活性, 其中, 以 NaI2H2O 的催化性能最好, 在 120 C, 1 MPa 的条件下反应 1.5 h, 碳酸丙烯酯收率达 97%. 此外, NaI2H2O 在 CO2 与其它环氧化物合成相应环状碳酸酯反应中也表现出较高的催化活性.     

在Pd/Y分子筛上CO+H_2反应

用离子交换方法制备了一系列Pd/MY分子筛催化剂(M=Li,Na,K,Cs,Cu,Zn)。在静态循环装置中考察了这些催化剂对CO+H_2反应的活性和选择性。在pH_2=40kPa,pCO=20kPa 和180℃的条件下,CO+H_2反应的主要产物为甲醇和二甲醚。碱金属离子促进甲醇的生成,而酸中心有助于产物甲醇的脱水反应。     

Cu(I)Y分子筛表面酸性对其吸附脱硫性能的影响

用固相离子交换(SSIE)和液相离子交换(LPIE)法制备了不同离子交换度的Cu(I)Y分子筛, 采用吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)表征了分子筛的表面酸性, 并用固定床吸附穿透实验评价了分子筛的吸附脱硫性能. 结果表明, 不同的离子交换法改性后, Cu(I)Y分子筛仍然保持了完整的Y型分子筛结构. Cu⁺的交换量和表面酸性的分布显著地影响分子筛的吸附脱硫性能, 固相离子交换后随离子交换度的增加, 分子筛表面Brönsted (B)酸逐渐转化为Lewis (L)酸, 吸附性能增强. 对不同离子交换法制备的Cu(I)Y分子筛吸附脱硫性能与表面酸性关联后, 发现分子筛表面B酸量减少, 提高了分子筛的吸附脱硫活性.     

Cu(Ⅰ)Y分子筛表面酸性对其吸附脱硫性能的影响

用固相离子交换(SSIE)和液相离子交换(LPIE)法制备了不同离子交换度的Cu(Ⅰ)Y分子筛,采用吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)表征了分子筛的表面酸性,并用固定床吸附穿透实验评价了分子筛的吸附脱硫性能.结果表明,不同的离子交换法改性后,Cu(Ⅰ)Y分子筛仍然保持了完整的Y型分子筛结构.Cu+的交换量和表面酸性的分布显著地影响分子筛的吸附脱硫性能,固相离子交换后随离子交换度的增加,分子筛表面Br(o)nsted (B)酸逐渐转化为Lewis (L)酸,吸附性能增强.对不同离子交换法制备的Cu(Ⅰ)Y分子筛吸附脱硫性能与表面酸性关联后,发现分子筛表面B酸量减少,提高了分子筛的吸附脱硫活性.     

Retaining60Co2+ ions from residual water on zeolites

The ion exchange between⁶⁰Co²⁺ ions contained in residual radioactive water and zeolites of the NaA, NaX and CaA types was studied. The more advanced retaining of⁶⁰Co²⁺ ions occurs for the NaA zeolite with the higher exchange capacity, as compared to NaX. With the CaA zeolite, a very weak ion exchange with⁶⁰Co²⁺ ions was observed.     

洗涤剂用沸石的钙离子交换性能的研究

作为洗涤剂助剂,沸石的主要作用是通过离子交换降低水中的钙镁离子浓度、软化洗涤用水以提高洗涤剂中的表面活性剂的洗涤效率。因此,沸石对钙镁离子交换容量的大小和交换速率的快慢是评价洗涤用沸石的重要质量指标［１,２］。目前,使用最多的沸石类助剂为ＮａＡ沸石。为了弥补ＮａＡ型沸石镁离子交换能力的不足,先后又出现了Ａ、Ｘ型沸石混合使用［３］、高铝Ｘ型沸石(ＭＡＸ)［４～５］和高铝Ｐ型沸石(ＭＡＰ)等技术［１,２］。ＭＡＸ型和ＭＡＰ型沸石与ＮａＡ型沸石一样具有最小的硅铝比(ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３＝２)。因此,这三种沸石的…     

Chromium removal from water using LTA zeolites: effect of pH

The effect of pH changes on the ability of the synthetic zeolite NaA to remove Cr(3+) from water by ion exchange was investigated. The exchange rate was improved by working near neutrality. Despite of the occurrence of simultaneous adsorption, precipitation or cation exchange phenomena, spectroscopic analyses of samples taken at different contact times suggested the presence of an unique chromium environment in the solid phase. The increase in pH observed during the ion exchange favored polymerization-precipitation of chromium species present in solution, which, in turn, improved the metal removal capacity of zeolite NaA above the values expected for a pure cationic exchange reaction.     

NaA沸石离子交换过程的介电弛豫谱研究

在40 Hz~110 MHz频率段对不同Ca²⁺交换度的NaA沸石堆积体系进行了介电测量, 并利用Cole-Cole公式及Hanai方法对介电参数和相参数进行拟合与解析. 结果表明, 随着Ca²⁺交换度的不断增高, 堆积体系的介电增量、弛豫频率、弛豫分布系数以及粒子的电导率均有不同程度的降低, 而粒子的介电常数保持不变. 通过综合分析弛豫变化规律与离子交换度的内在联系发现, 离子交换后Ca²⁺选择六元环占位, 同时六元环和八元环位置的相邻2个Na⁺被置换; 占据六元环的Ca²⁺与八元环位置的Na⁺对沸石粒子的极化贡献等价; Ca²⁺的进入导致沸石孔道内微观电场多样化.     

Dechlorination of molten chloride waste salt from electrorefining via ion-exchange using pelletized ultra-stable H-Y zeolite in a fluidized particle reactor

Dechlorination of eutectic LiCl–KCl based electrorefiner (ER) salt is reported via ion-exchange reaction with protonated ultrastable Y-type (USHY) zeolite bound into mechanically fluidized 45–250 μm diameter particles. Evidence of exchange of cations from the salt (Li⁺, K⁺, and fission product cations) into the zeolite lattice replacing H⁺ ions was found based on a change in unit cell size, ICP-MS, XRD and TEM–EDS in addition to detection of HCl off gas. Ion exchange reaction was carried out at 625 and 650 °C, temperatures above the melting point of eutectic LiCl–KCl. Experiments were carried out to optimize zeolite drying temperature, estimate maximum ion-exchange capacity, and determine the thermal stability of USHY zeolite. The results indicate over 90% dechlorination can be achieved without zeolite structure collapse at 625 °C. This provides a promising route to stabilizing waste from radioactive chloride salts into dechlorinated waste forms for permanent geologic disposal.

     

Thermodynamics of the Exchange Processes between K+, Ca2+ and Cr3+ in Zeolite NaA

In this paper it was analyzed the ion exchange isotherm of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and also Cr³⁺ ions with NaA zeolites at three temperatures: 30, 45 and 60°C. The NaA isotherms were favorable for the metal cations studied. Differences in shape are due to the different influence of temperature in the interaction of the in-going cation with the zeolite framework. As a consequence, sites of different energies were used in the exchange process, which provided non linear Kielland plots. Equilibrium constant, standard free energy, enthalpy and enthopy changes were measured and tabulated. Equilibrium constant is directly proportional to the in-going ion charge. Concerning enthalpy, endothermic and exothermic exchanges were observed due to differences in the cation-framework interaction. The selectivity order based on the standard free energy over the entire temperature range was K⁺ < Cr³⁺ < Ca²⁺, a consequence of different ion exchange mechanisms. It was also noted that the entropy change increases with the polarizibility of the cations.     

以硅藻土为硅源合成NaA分子筛及其质子传导性能研究

以硅藻土为硅源, 在Na₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂(硅藻土)-H₂O体系中, 采用水浴加热搅拌的方法在较低温度下快速合成了LTA型硅铝分子筛NaA. 通过调节温度和反应物的活性, 优化了NaA分子筛的合成过程, 实现了其在较短时间、 较低温度下的快速合成. 所合成的NaA分子筛展现出良好的质子传导性能, 在室温和100%相对湿度条件下, 其质子传导率为1.72×10^-3 S/cm, 且随着温度的升高其质子传导率逐渐增大, 在80 ℃和100%相对湿度条件下, 质子传导率可以达到5.96×10^-3 S/cm.     

The effects of alkali metal(Na+,K+) on the exchange degree of Hβ zeolite and the catalytic properties of the alkalized zeolites

The effects of alkali metals (Na+,K+) on the exchange degree of Hβ zeolite under different conditions and the conversion of α(or β)-methylnaphthalene over the alkalized zeolites were studied. The results showed that the H+ of Hβ zeolite is totally replaced by the Na+ of NaCl solution, while partially exchanged by the K+ of KC1 solution, there is an exchange equilibrium between the H+ and K+ for Hβ zeolite (Si/Al=17.23) and the value of equilibrium is 88.39. The exchange degree also increases with increasing the Si/Al of the samples. It was suggested that these resluts are attributed to the electrostatic field in the pore of Hβ zeolite and the nature of zeolite and the properties of alkali metal. The isomerization of α(or β)-methylnaphthalene is the main reaction over the samples and it is more favour on the proper acid-base sites of KHβ zeolite.     

Zeolite-Polymer Composite Materials as Water Scavenger

The influence of the charge compensating cation nature (Na⁺, Mg²⁺) on the water adsorption properties of LTA-type zeolites used as filler in composite materials (zeolite/polymers) was investigated. Large scale cation exchanges were performed on zeolite powder at 80 °C for 2 h using 1 M magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) aqueous solutions. XRF, ICP, and EDX analyses indicate a successful cationic exchange process without the modification of the zeolite structure as shown by XRD and solid-state NMR analyses. Composite materials (granulates and molded parts) were manufactured using to extrusion and injection processes. In the case of MgA zeolite, nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiments allowed us to measure a microporous volume, unlike NaA zeolite, which is non-porous to nitrogen probe molecule. SEM and EDX analyses highlighted the homogeneous distribution of zeolite crystals into the polymer matrix. Water adsorption capacities confirmed that the trends observed in the zeolite powder samples are preserved after dragging zeolites into composite formulations. Granulates and molded parts composite samples containing the magnesium exchanged zeolite showed an increase of their water adsorption capacity up to +27% in comparison to composite samples containing the non-exchanged zeolite. The MgA composite is more promising for water decontamination applications due to its higher water adsorption properties than the NaA composite.     

有机功能化α-Al2O3陶瓷中空纤维表面合成高性能分离氢用NaA分子筛膜

通过浸渍3-氨丙基甲基二乙氧基硅烷(ADMS)对α-Al₂O₃中空纤维载体进行有机功能化改性, 使载体表面带正电, 利用NaA分子筛晶种负电性与功能化载体之间的静电吸附机理进行预涂晶种, 采用微波加热-二次生长法于载体表面合成了NaA分子筛膜. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、zeta 电位、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析手段和气体渗透实验对NaA分子筛膜进行了表征. 考察了未改性NaA分子筛膜与改性NaA分子筛膜的形貌、结构和气体渗透性能差异. XRD结果表明载体表面只有NaA分子筛生成; zeta 电位分析表明NaA分子筛晶种及分子筛前驱体与有机功能化载体电位相反, 存在静电吸附作用; SEM结果显示改性NaA分子筛膜表面颗粒相互联结呈孪生态, 膜厚约5 μm, 膜层致密、均匀、平整; 在不同温度下对H₂、O₂、N₂和C₃H₈进行气体渗透测试,35 °C条件下改性NaA分子筛膜对H₂的渗透率仅为3.6×10^-7 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1, 较未改性NaA分子筛膜的渗透率(4.0×10^-7 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1)低, 而改性NaA分子筛膜的H₂/C₃H₈理想分离系数则高达11.25, 远大于未改性NaA分子筛膜的H₂/C₃H₈理想分离系数(5.06).