山莨菪碱对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的 探索山莨菪碱对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 选雄性Wistar大鼠160只,分为正常对照组、缺血再灌注组、生理盐水组和山莨菪碱组,观察了肝脏缺血60分钟及再灌注1、3、6、12及24小时后血浆内皮素－1（ET－1）、透明质酸（HA）和谷丙转氨酶（ALT）含量变化及肝组织病理学变化。结果 肝脏缺血再灌注后,血浆ET－1、HA和ALT含量均明显增高,同时肝脏瘀血很明显,肝脏缺血再灌注前用山莨菪碱后,血浆HA和ALT含量明显降低,同时肝组织瘀血减轻。结论 山莨菪碱可改善再灌注后的肝脏微循环障碍,对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

姜黄素对大鼠肝缺血再灌注早期肝组织一氧化氮和内皮素-1水平的影响

目的探讨姜黄素对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注早期损伤(再灌注1 h)的微循环影响。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组(A组)、对照组(B组)和实验组(C组)。通过检测再灌注早期1 h血清转氨酶的水平、肝组织中NO和ET-1水平来评价姜黄素对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注早期损伤(再灌注1h)的微循环影响。结果姜黄素可降低大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注早期损伤血清转氨酶的水平,减少肝组织中NO水平和抑制肝组织中ET-1生成。且肝组织中NO生成与血清ALT存在正相关,肝组织ET-1水平与血清ALT存在正相关。结论姜黄素可通过减少肝组织中NO生成、降低肝组织中ET-1表达来改善肝缺血再灌注早期损伤中微循环的紊乱,从而减少对肝缺血再灌注肝实质细胞的损伤。     

内皮素-1与肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的：探索内皮素－1（ET－1）在肝脏血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法：选择雄性Wistar大鼠80只,分为正常对照组、缺血再灌注组1生理盐水组和ET－1抗体组、观察肝脏缺血60min再灌注3h后血浆ET－1、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、透明质本酸（HA）、以及肝组织中ET－1和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化,并观察肝组织病理学变化,同时,在缺血再灌注组选择第1、3、6、12和24h时相点观察ET－1的变化规律。结果：肝脏缺血再灌注后,血浆和肝组织中ET－1,血浆HA`ALT肝组织中MDA显著升高,而ET－1抗体组血浆ET－1、HA、ALT与缺血再灌注组相比显著降低（P＜0．01,P＜0．05）,同时,肝组织的瘀血程度和损伤程度显著改善。结论ET－1参与了肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,这种损伤与肝脏微循环障碍有关。     

麦角新碱预处理对减轻大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的 探讨使用外源性药物麦角新碱预处理对减轻大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用.方法 在大鼠的门静脉-左肾静脉搭桥、肝后下腔静脉内置管分流法自体原位肝移植模型中,于肝门阻断前10 min经大鼠尾静脉注射麦角新碱;观察移植肝缺血前和再灌注后5 min、30 min、2 h时血清一氧化氮(NO)和血浆内皮素1(ET1)水平以及NO/ET1的比值变化;测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)酶学差异和肝组织内三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化;再灌注2 h取肝组织检测肝细胞、肝小叶超微结构.结果 应用麦角新碱预处理的大鼠移植肝缺血前门脉血浆中ET1升高(P＜0.01),但再灌注后5 min、30 min时,血浆中ET1水平降低(P＜0.05);而缺血前NO/ET1比值降低(P＜0.01),再灌注后5 min时,NO/ET1比值升高(P＜0.01);再灌注后ALT的升高有逐渐降低趋势;再灌注后2 h肝细胞内超微结构的损害程度减轻.结论 使用麦角新碱预处理能减轻大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤.移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的靶细胞是肝血窦内皮细胞,NO/ET1比值平衡可能是影响移植肝微循环血流量变化的调节因素.     

药物和缺血预处理对肝硬化肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的协同保护作用

目的探讨阿霉素和缺血联合预处理对肝硬化肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其可能机制方法(1)诱导大鼠肝硬化模型；(2)缺血再灌注损伤前3组肝硬化大鼠分别行阿霉素预处理、缺血预处理、阿霉素 缺血联合预处理，比较3组和对照组AST、ALT、LDH和盯、TNF-α、NO、热休克蛋白70(HSP0)差异有显著性。结果阿霉素预处理、缺血预处理、阿霉素 缺血联合预处理能明显抑制AST、ALT、LDH水平升高，其中以阿霉素 缺血联合预处理作用最显著；缺血预处理能显著降低ET、TNF-α水平；阿霉素预处理和缺血预处理使N0显著升高；阿霉素预处理能使肝细胞HSP70显著增加。结论阿霉素和缺血预处理都能减轻肝硬化肝脏缺血再灌注损伤程度；阿霉素 缺血联合预处理对月十硬化肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有协同保护作用。     

人参多糖对家兔肝缺血/再灌注一氧化氮和内皮素的影响

目的 观察一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)在家兔肝缺血/再灌注损伤过程中的变化及人参多糖(GP)对其的影响.方法 30只家兔,随机分为假手术对照组(sham,S)组、肝缺血/再灌注(ischemia repeffusion,IR)组和人参多糖治疗(Ginseng polysauharides,GP)组.分别测定缺血前、缺血45 min及再灌注45 min血浆及肝组织NO、ET和ALT含量,电镜观察肝组织形态学改变.结果 缺血/再灌注期间,血浆NO明显低于ET及ALT显著高于假手术对照组,尤以再灌注45 min为著;肝组织NO明显低于、ET显著高于假手术对照组:肝组织超微结构发生异常改变.人参多糖可逆转上述指标的异常变化.结论 缺血/再灌注导致血管内皮功能紊乱(即NO水平下降和ET水平升高),其在HIRI发生发展中起介导作用;人参多糖可通过提高NO水平和降低ET水平而对肝缺血/再灌注损伤发挥积极的保护作用.     

潘生丁对实验大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨潘生丁对肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法建立大鼠局部肝脏缺血再灌注模型。将24只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、潘生丁预处理组,观察各组血浆肝酶及透明质酸(HA)水平变化和肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)、内皮素(ET-1)含量,并行肝组织病理形态学检查。结果与缺血肝组织相比,潘生丁预处理组肝酶的漏出、血浆HA水平及肝组织中MDA、ET-1的含量明显降低(P<0.01)。肝组织病理学损伤亦明显减轻。结论潘生丁预处理可明显改善肝微循环,减轻肝缺血再灌注损伤。药物预处理可为临床提供一种安全有效的预处理方法。     

高渗盐水预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤血清一氧化氮和内皮素-1表达水平的影响

目的探讨高渗盐水预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素-1(ET-1)表达水平的影响及其相关性分析。方法清洁健康雄性SD大鼠45只,随机分为假手术组、肝脏缺血再灌注组和高渗盐水预处理组3组,每组15只。用Pringle’s法建立大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注模型,检测肝脏缺血30 min再灌注1、6、24 h后血清NO、ET-1的水平,探讨缺血再灌注6 h时的NO、ET-1水平的相关性。结果肝脏缺血30 min再灌注1、6、24 h后,缺血再灌注组和高渗盐水预处理组血清NO水平均明显低于假手术组(P0.01),而血清ET-1水平则均明显高于假手术组(P0.01);高渗盐水预处理组血清NO水平明显高于缺血再灌注组(P0.01),而血清ET-1水平则明显低于缺血再灌注组(P0.01)。各组血清NO和ET-1水平在1、6、24 h之间的变化以6 h最为显著。大鼠血清NO与ET-1水平呈负相关(r=-0.970,P0.01)。结论高渗盐水预处理改变了缺血再灌注损伤后血清NO与ET-1的水平,且二者水平的变化具有相关性,其作用机理可能是通过某种途径激发血清NO的水平、降低ET-1的水平,使两者的动态平衡向良性方向发展而达到保护作用。     

肝脏缺血再灌注损伤与一氧化氮和内皮素平衡关系的研究

目的　研究一氧化氮 (NO)与内皮素 (ET)平衡关系 (NO/ET)的变化与肝脏缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的关系。方法　采用鼠肝I/R模型 ,并应用不同工具药物观察血NO/ET比值的变化以及肝损伤的情况。结果　I/R急性期血NO/ET比值降低 (1.5 8± 0 .2 0至 0 .2 9± 0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ,肝损伤加重。NO供体L 精氨酸 (L Arg)与ET受体拮抗剂TAK 0 44在一定程度上可减轻肝I/R损伤 ,而NO合酶抑制剂L NAME进一步加重了损伤。结论　肝I/R损伤与NO/ET平衡关系破坏有关 ,调节其平衡关系可影响I/R损伤的程度。     

山莨菪碱对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨山莨菪碱对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 将雄性Wistar大鼠制成肝脏缺血再灌注模型，随机分为正常对照组、缺血再灌注组、生理盐水组和山莨菪碱组，观察肝脏缺血60min再灌注1、3、6、12及24h后血浆和／或肝组织中内皮素－1（ET－1）、透明质酸（HA）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、丙二醛（MDA）和再灌注1h后肝细胞内游离Ca^2 ([Ca^2 ]i)、ATP含量变化以及肝组织病理学改变。结果 肝脏缺血再灌注后血浆和／或肝细胞中ET－1、HA、ALT、MDA和肝细胞内[Ca^2 ]u含量均显著升高，而肝组织中ATP含量明显降低；肝脏缺血再灌注前应用山莨菪碱2.0mg/kg者，血浆HA和肝细胞内[Ca^2 ]i含量明显降低，肝组织中MDA也有不同程度的降低，而肝组织中ATP含量明显升高，同时肝酶的漏出减少，肝组织病理学损害明显减轻。结论 山莨菪碱对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏部分切除术后残留肝脏的保护作用及其机制的研究

目的　探讨缺血预处理 (ischemicpreconditioning ,IPC)对大鼠肝脏部分切除术后残留肝脏的保护作用及其机制。方法　 5 0只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为假手术 (Sham)、单纯热缺血 (warmis chemia ,WI)、IPC、IPC L arginine(NO供体 )和WI NAME(NO合成酶抑制剂 ) 5组。术前、术后 1、2、3d检测血清AST和ALT ,术前、IPC后、热缺血后 0 5、1、2、3h检测肝脏组织NO浓度。AST和ALT用自动生化分析仪检测 ,NO用硝酸还原法检测。结果　WI、IPC、IPC L arginine及WI NAME组术后AST和ALT均高于Sham组 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,IPC和WI NAME组术后AST和ALT低于WI和IPC L arginine组 (P <0 0 5 )。WI、IPC、IPC L arginine及WI NAME组术后 0 5h肝脏组织NO浓度开始升高(P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,IPC和WI NAME组术后肝脏组织NO浓度低于WI和IPC L arginine组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　IPC对大鼠肝脏部分切除术后残留肝脏的缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。IPC通过抑制大鼠热缺血再灌注肝脏产生NO ,减少NO所诱发的肝脏组织细胞的凋亡或坏死 ,保护肝脏功能。     

Effect of ischemic preconditioning on hepatic microcirculation and function in a rat model of ischemia reperfusion injury

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may protect the liver from ischemia reperfusion injury by nitric oxide formation. This study has investigated the effect of ischemic preconditioning on hepatic microcirculation (HM), and the relationship between nitric oxide metabolism and HM in preconditioning. Rats were allocated to 5 groups: 1. sham laparotomy; 2. 45 minutes lobar ischemia followed by 2-hour reperfusion (IR); 3. IPC with 5 minutes ischemia and 10 minutes reperfusion before IR; 4. L-arginine before IR; and 5. L-NAME + IPC before IR. HM was monitored by laser Doppler flowmeter. Liver transaminases, adenosine triphosphate, nitrites + nitrates, and guanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) were measured. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) distribution was studied using nicotinamide adeninine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry. At the end of reperfusion phase, in the IR group, flow in the HM recovered partially to 25.8% of baseline (P < .05 versus sham), whereas IPC improved HM to 49.5% of baseline (P < .01 versus IR). With L-arginine treatment, HM was 31.6% of baseline (NS versus IR), showing no attenuation of liver injury. In the preconditioned group treated with L-NAME, HM declined to 10.2% of baseline, suggesting not only a blockade of the preconditioning effect, but also an exacerbated liver injury. Hepatocellular injury was reduced by IPC, and L-arginine and was increased by NO inhibition with L-NAME. IPC also increased nitrate + nitrate (NOx) and cGMP concentrations. NOS detected by NADPH diaphorase staining was associated with hepatocytes and vascular endothelium, and was induced by IPC. IPC induced NOS and attenuated HM impairment and hepatocellular injury. These data strongly suggest a role for nitric oxide in IPC. (Liver Transpl 2002;8:1182-1191.)     

The initiating factors of late preconditioning in skeletal muscle.

PURPOSE: The goal of these studies was to determine the initiating factors for late preconditioning in the microcirculation of skeletal muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cremaster muscle of male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 4 h of ischemia and then 60 min of reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) consisted of 45 min of ischemia but was done 24 h before the 4 h of ischemia. To mimic the effects of IPC in the late phase, adenosine (ADO) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was given 24 h before the prolonged ischemia via local intraarterial infusion. To block the effects of IPC in the late phase, 8-sulfophenyl-theophylline (a nonspecific ADO receptor blocker) or N(W)-nitro-l-arginine (a nonselective nitric oxide synthase antagonist) was given prior to IPC. Microvascular response to IPC and pharmacological preconditioning were determined by measuring arteriole diameters and capillary perfusion using intravital microscopy. RESULTS: Administration of ADO or SNP on day 1 without IPC produced a similar microvascular protection against prolonged ischemia/reperfusion on day 2 as that induced by IPC alone. In contrast, blocking ADO receptors or nitric oxide synthase on day 1 just prior to IPC eliminated the IPC-induced microvascular protection seen on day 2. In addition, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on day 1 diminished the protection induced by ADO, but blocking ADO receptors on day 1 did not compromise the protection induced by SNP. CONCLUSION: The results from these studies suggest that up regulation of ADO is the initiating factor with secondary up regulation of nitric oxide in late preconditioning. Both ADO and nitric oxide contribute to initiating microvascular protection in the late phase of IPC.     

Advantage of ischemic preconditioning for hepatic resection in pigs

BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning (IP) and intermittent inflow occlusion (IO) have provided beneficial outcomes in hepatic resection. However, comparison of these two procedures against warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been studied enough. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pigs that had undergone 65% hepatectomy were subjected to Control (120 min continuous ischemia, n = 6), IP (10 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion, followed by 120 min continuous ischemia, n = 6), and IO (120 min ischemia in the form of eight successive periods of 15 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion, n = 6). We evaluated hepatocyte injury by aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and hepaplastin test, hepatic microcirculation by hepatic tissue blood flow (HTBF) and endothelin (ET)-1, inflammatory response by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and histopathology after reperfusion. RESULTS: IP prevented hepatocyte injury, HTBF disturbance, and hepatocyte necrosis in histopathology as well as IO. These two groups showed significantly better outcomes than Control. IP produced significantly less ET-1 and TNF-alpha than IO. CONCLUSIONS: IP ameliorated hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, IP gained more advantages in preventing chemokine production such as ET-1 and inflammatory response over IO. IP could take the place of IO for hepatectomy.     

Calcium preconditioning, but not ischemic preconditioning, bypasses the adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium (KATP) channel.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence has implicated the KATP channel as an important mediator of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Indeed, patients taking oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents (i.e., KATP channel inhibitors) for treatment of diabetes mellitus are resistant to the otherwise profoundly protective effects of IPC. Unfortunately, many cardiopulmonary bypass patients, who may benefit from IPC, are chronically exposed to these agents. Calcium preconditioning (CPC) is a potent form of similar myocardial protection which may or may not utilize the KATP channel in its mechanism of protection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CPC may bypass the KATP channel in its mechanism of action. If so, CPC may offer an alternative to IPC in patients chronically exposed to these agents. METHODS: Isolated rat hearts (n = 6-8/group) were perfused (Langendorff) and received KATP channel inhibition (glibenclamide) or saline vehicle 10 min prior to either a CPC or IPC preconditioning stimulus or neither (ischemia and reperfusion, I/R). Hearts were subjected to global warm I/R (20 min/40 min). Postischemic myocardial functional recovery was determined by measuring developed pressure (DP), coronary flow (CF), and compliance (end diastolic pressure, EDP) with a MacLab pressure digitizer. RESULTS: Both CPC and IPC stimuli protected myocardium against postischemic dysfunction (P < 0.05 vs I/R; ANOVA with Bonferroni/Dunn): DP increased from 52 +/- 4 (I/R) to 79 +/- 2 and 83 +/- 4 mmHg; CF increased from 11 +/- 0.7 to 17 +/- 2 and 16 +/- 1 ml/min; and EDP decreased (compliance improved) from 50 +/- 7 to 27 +/- 5 and 31 +/- 7 mmHg. However, KATP channel inhibition abolished protection in hearts preconditioned with IPC (P < 0.05 vs IPC alone), but not in those preconditioned with CPC (P > 0.05 vs CPC alone). CONCLUSIONS: (1) Both IPC and CPC provide similar myocardial protection; (2) IPC and CPC operate via different mechanisms; i.e., IPC utilizes the KATP channel whereas CPC does not; and (3) CPC may offer a means of bypassing the deleterious effects of KATP channel inhibition in diabetic patients chronically exposed to oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents.     

L-Arginine given after ischaemic preconditioning can enhance cardioprotection in isolated rat hearts.

OBJECTIVE: Ischaemic or pharmacological preconditioning with L-arginine has been reported to be insufficient for optimal cardioprotection. The ability of nitric oxide (NO) to enhance ischaemic preconditioning was assessed, and the role of L-arginine-induced ischaemic preconditioning in myocardial protection was determined. METHODS: Isolated rat hearts were prepared and divided into six groups: control hearts (control, n=6) were perfused without global ischaemia at 37 degrees C for 160 min; global ischaemia hearts (GI, n=6) were subjected to ischaemia for 20 min and reperfusion for 120 min; ischaemic preconditioned hearts (IP, n=6) received 2 min of zero-flow global ischaemia followed by 5 min reperfusion, before 20 min of global ischaemia; L-arginine hearts (ARG, n=6) received 1 mmol/l L-arginine for 5 min, before 20 min of global ischaemia; ischaemic preconditioning plus nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hearts (IP+L-NAME, n=6) received 2 min of ischaemic preconditioning and 5 min reperfusion with 3 mmol/l L-NAME in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, before 20 min of global ischaemia; and ischaemic preconditioning plus L-arginine hearts (IP+ARG, n=6) received 2 min of ischaemic preconditioning and 5 min reperfusion with 1 mmol/l L-arginine in Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Haemodynamic parameters and coronary flow were recorded continuously. Nitrites and nitrates (NOx) were measured 5 and 60 min after reperfusion, and infarct size was also determined. RESULTS: In the IP+ARG group, significant amelioration and preservation of left ventricular peak developed pressure and coronary flow was observed compared with the GI, IP, ARG and IP+L-NAME groups. Infarct size in the IP+ARG group was reduced significantly compared with that in the GI, IP, ARG and IP+L-NAME groups. Significant preservation of NOx was observed during reperfusion in the IP+ARG group compared with the GI group. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of NO synthase with L-NAME had little impact on ischaemic preconditioning, suggesting that endogenous NO is not a major mediator of ischaemic preconditioning. Nevertheless, enhancement of the effects of ischaemic preconditioning can be achieved with L-arginine, a precursor of NO, improving post-ischaemic functional recovery and infarct size in the isolated rat heart.     

Initiation of microvascular protection by nitric oxide in late preconditioning

The authors hypothesized that nitric oxide is induced by a brief period of ischemia/reperfusion (ischemic preconditioning, IPC) on postoperative day (POD) 1, and that this released nitric oxide is responsible for initiating a delayed microvascular protection against a prolonged period of ischemia in skeletal muscle on POD day 2. The cremaster muscle of male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 4 hr of ischemia, and then 60 min of reperfusion. IPC consisted of 45 min of ischemia but was done 24 hr before the prolonged ischemia. Local intraarterial infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of nitric oxide) or Nw-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase antagonist) were also given 24 hr before prolonged ischemia. Arteriole diameters and capillary perfusion were measured using intravital microscopy. Four groups were compared: 1) control; 2) IPC; 3) SNP + sham IPC; and 4) L-NA + IPC. Four hours of ischemia followed by reperfusion created a significant vasoconstriction and capillary no-reflow in the microcirculation of cremaster muscles. These alterations were largely prevented by IPC. Local intraarterial infusion of SNP without IPC created a similar microvascular protection to that induced by IPC alone. In contrast, intraarterial infusion of L-NA prior to IPC eliminated the IPC-induced microvascular protection. In conclusion, in late preconditioning, nitric oxide contributes to the initiation of a delayed microvascular protection against prolonged ischemia in skeletal muscle.     

Contribution of endothelin-1 to microcirculatory impairment in total hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: Endothelin (ET)-1 may have a role in hepatic polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration as well as microcirculatory disturbance during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of ET-1 on the hepatic microcirculation after total HIR and to evaluate the effect of a nonselective ET receptor antagonist under these conditions. METHODS: Male rats pretreated with either normal saline (NS group) or TAK-044, a nonselective ET receptor antagonist (TAK group), were subjected to 120 min of total hepatic ischemia with extracorporeal portosystemic shunting. RESULTS: Plasma ET-1 levels increased significantly from 1 to 6 hr after reperfusion in the NS group when compared with the nonischemic control. In the early phase of reperfusion, the NS group showed significantly narrower sinusoids, lower hepatic tissue blood flow, a lower hepatic tissue oxy-hemoglobin concentration, and more hepatic neutrophil infiltration than the TAK group (P<0.05). Pretreatment with TAK-044 improved hepatic microcirculatory derangement, and resulted in significantly better 7-day survival (61.5%) with more bile production after reperfusion when compared with the NS group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that ET-1 is involved in the development of HIR injury by causing deterioration of the hepatic microcirculation. A nonselective ET receptor antagonist successfully ameliorated HIR injury through improvement of hepatic oxygenation and of the microcirculation along with reduced hepatic neutrophil infiltration.     

小肠远端缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏热缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 观察小肠远端缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏热缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法 将40只Wistar大鼠被随机分为4组:假手术组(Sham)、单纯远端缺血预处理组(RJPC)、单纯缺血再灌注组(IR)和远端缺血预处理+缺血再灌注组(RIPC+IR).远端缺血预处理方式采用于小肠系膜根部游离动脉血管并夹闭5 min后开放5 min,反复3次.缺血再灌注模型采用于肝蒂阻断肝脏供血45 min,阻断范围占整个肝脏的70%,开放复流3 h.检测血液中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、一氧化氮(NO)和内皮素(ET)、肝脏苏木素-伊红(HE)病理、心血管指标.结果 复流3 h后,RIPC+IR组的ALT、LDH、心血管指标[平均动脉血压(MAP)、外周血氧饱和度(SaO2)]为(434.26±133.42)U/L、(2536±181)U/L、(83.1±7.3)mm Hg(1 mm Hg＝0.133 kPa)和(97.4±0.5)%,明显好于IR组(953.64±114.12)U/L、(5734±296)U/L、(67.1±7.4)mm Hg和(93.1±0.6)%(P<0.05).RJPC+IR组肝脏HE病理改变程度比IR组小.门静脉中IR组血清NO浓度(15.54±2.34)μmoL/L低于RIPC+IR组(18.10±1.82)μmol/L(P<0.05),外周血中,IR组血浆ET浓度(672.4±63.1)ng/L高于RIPC+IR组(451.7±63.6)ng/L(P<0.05),门静脉中IR组血清ET浓度(612.5±48.2)ng/L高于RIPC+IR组(401.5±51.2)ng/L(P<0.05).结论 小肠RIPC可以减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,具有简便、易操作的特点,NO及ET可能在其中发挥了重要作用.