胃肠道左旋精氨酸营养干预对严重烧伤患者休克期复苏的影响

目的观察严重烧伤患者休克期经胃肠道给予左旋(L)精氨酸对休克复苏的影响,探讨其机制。方法选取烧伤面积≥30%TBSA的患者20例,并随机分为:L-精氨酸组,伤后24h内开始从鼻肠管给予L-精氨酸;对照组,伤后24h内开始从鼻肠管给予50g/L葡萄糖盐水500ml/d,连续4d,每组10例。在伤后1、2、3、4d分别抽取两组患者静脉血,检测其血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,并抽取患者动脉血检测其乳酸含量。结果L-精氨酸组患者SOD活性在伤后呈上升趋势,于伤后4d达峰值(68±23)U/ml,与对照组(31±9)U/ml比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。两组患者伤后MDA、NO含量均呈下降趋势,伤后2dL-精氨酸组NO[(50±14)μmol/L]下降最明显,与对照组(78±22)μmol/L比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。伤后4d两组患者MDA下降最明显[(3.4±0.8)、(3.5±1.3)μmol/L],L-精氨酸组血乳酸含量在伤后2、3d显著低于对照组(P<0.05或0.01)。结论严重烧伤患者休克期经胃肠道给予L-精氨酸可抑制其体内NO含量过度升高,使血乳酸含量降低,血清SOD活性增加,改善组织脏器血流灌注及氧合状态,减轻缺血再灌注损伤,有利于预防隐性休克的发生或减轻其损害。     

联合应用谷氨酰胺和重组人生长激素对严重烧伤患者蛋白代谢的影响

目的　探讨联合应用谷氨酰胺 (Gln)和重组人生长激素 (rhGH)对严重烧伤患者蛋白代谢的影响。　方法　将 6 0例严重烧伤患者随机分为对照组、Gln组及Gln rhGH组 ,每组 2 0例。对照组患者于伤后 1～ 14d口服甘氨酸作为安慰剂 ,并行常规治疗 ;Gln组于伤后 1～ 14d口服Gln 0 5g·kg-1·d-1;Gln rhGH组患者口服Gln(剂量、时间同Gln组 ) ,且伤后 7～ 14d皮下注射rhGH 0.2U·kg-1·d-1。3组患者于伤后 1、7、14d检测其血浆Gln浓度 ,伤后 14、2 1d检测血浆白蛋白水平 ,记录伤后 30d创面愈合率和总住院日。　结果　Gln rhGH组伤后 7d血浆Gln浓度为 ( 4 5 2 .2 8± 2 1.72 )μmol/L,高于对照组 ( 32 5 .12± 2 5 .34) μmol/L(P <0.0 5)。伤后 2 1dGln rhGH组血浆白蛋白水平为( 31.37± 4 .31) g/L,高于对照组 ( 2 6 .16± 3.12 ) g/L及Gln组 ( 2 8.2 6± 3.2 9)g/L( P <0 0 5 )。伤后 30dGln rhGH组创面愈合率高于对照组及Gln组 ,而总住院日少于对照组及Gln组 (P <0.0 5或 0 .0 1)。　结论　联合应用Gln和rhGH能显著提高严重烧伤患者血浆Gln水平 ,促进机体蛋白的合成 ,提高创面愈合率。     

谷氨酰胺双肽对严重烧伤患者内毒素血症的影响

目的　探讨谷氨酰胺双肽对烧伤患者血浆内毒素水平的影响。　方法　将 3 0例烧伤面积 3 0 %～ 70 % ,Ⅲ度面积 >2 0 %TBSA的患者随机分为对照组和研究组 ,研究组于伤后 1～ 12d口服谷氨酰胺双肽粉剂 0 .5 g·kg-1·d-1,对照组给予等量甘氨酸作安慰剂。检测两组伤后 1、12d血浆谷氨酰胺浓度及 1、3、6、12d血浆内毒素的浓度 ,记录 3 0d创面愈合率和总住院日。　结果　伤后第1天两组血浆谷氨酰胺浓度较正常值 (65 9.5± 3 5 .0 ) μmol/L明显下降 ,但两组间差异无显著性意义(P >0 .0 5 ) ,第 12天对照组谷氨酰胺仍处于低浓度 (4 0 1.67± 65 .42 ) μmol/L ,而研究组 (5 93 .47±68.5 1) μmol/L则接近正常 ,组间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。血浆内毒素浓度伤后第 1天较正常值 (0 .0 3 3Eu/ml)均明显升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但两组间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,第 3天研究组内毒素浓度为 (0 .0 47± 0 .0 17)Eu/ml低于对照组 (0 .10 7± 0 .0 3 8)Eu/ml(P <0 .0 5 )。 3 0d创面愈合率研究组 (91± 6) %明显高于对照组 (85± 8) % ;而研究组平均住院日 (5 2± 11)d明显低于对照组 (67± 2 1)d。　结论　口服谷氨酰胺双肽可以维持烧伤患者血浆谷氨酰胺浓度 ,降低血浆内毒素 ,促进创面愈合     

不同剂量L-精氨酸对严重烧伤患者辅助性T淋巴细胞型细胞因子的影响

目的 了解不同剂量L-精氨酸对严重烧伤患者血清辅助性T淋巴细胞1(Th1)/Th2型细胞因子水平的影响.方法 选择笔者单位收治的伤后20 h内入院、烧伤总面积为50%～80%TBSA的患者29例,按随机数字表法分为对照组[10例,经鼻肠管给予葡萄糖盐水500 mL(含50 g/L葡萄糖及9 g/L氯化钠,下同)]、L-精氨酸200 mg组(10例,经鼻肠管给予L-精氨酸200 mg/kg+葡萄糖盐水500 mL)、L-精氨酸400 mg组(9例,经鼻肠管给予L-精氨酸400 mg/kg+葡萄糖盐水500mL).于伤后1 d(行肠内营养前)及3、5、7 d,取各组患者空腹静脉血,用放射免疫法及酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清Th1型细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和Th2型细胞因子TGF-β_1、IL-4含量.结果 各组患者血清TNF-α及IL-1β含量伤后均呈快速上升趋势,L-精氨酸200 mg组血清TNF-α及IL-1β含量伤后5 d达高峰[(318±57)ng/mL、(218±47)pg/mL],但仍显著低于同时相点对照组[(389±34)ng/mL、(272±40)pg/mL,P<0.05],伤后7 d此2种细胞因子含量下降;L-精氨酸400 mg组各时相点血清TNF-α及IL-1β含量与对照组相近(P>0.05).各组患者血清TGF-β_1及IL-4含量伤后呈较缓慢上升趋势;伤后5 d,L-精氨酸200 mg组血清TGF-β_1含量为(110±16)pg/mL,显著高于对照组[(83±20)pg/mL,P<0.05],L-精氨酸400mg组各时相点血清TGF-β_1含量与对照组相近(P>0.05).结论 在严重烧伤患者感染期,相对于400 mg/kg的用量,200 mg/kg的L-精氨酸通过调节血清Th1/Th2型细胞因子释放,能更有效地保持两者之间的比例,从而产生更好的免疫调理作用.     

重度烧伤患者休克期血浆B型钠尿肽含量变化及意义

目的 了解重度烧伤患者休克期血浆B型钠尿肽(BNP)含量变化,探讨其临床意义.方法 选择笔者单位收治的伤后4 h内入院、年龄18～60岁、烧伤总面积大于或等于30%或者Ⅲ度面积大于或等于10%TBSA的患者42例,分为:烧伤A组,总面积30%～50%或者Ⅲ度10%～20%TBSA;烧伤B组:总面积大于50%或Ⅲ度大干20%TBSA.每组各21例.以同期住院的20例整形患者为对照组.检测各组患者入院时血浆BNP、肌酸激酶(CK)、心肌型肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及肌钙蛋白I(TnI)水平.测定并计算42例烧伤患者伤后8、16、24、48 h TnI、BNP及液体入量的整体水平.对其中的BNP值与液体人量作相关性分析.结果 入院时,烧伤A组患者BNP值为(68±19)ng/L,烧伤B组为(99±38)ng/L,均明显高于对照组[(17±7)ng/L,P<0.01];烧伤A、B组TnI值[(2.13±0.67)、(2.98±0.58)μg/L]亦明显高于对照组[(0.12±0.03)μg/L,P<0.01];3组患者CK、CK-MB值接近(P>0.05).42例烧伤患者伤后48 h内BNP持续增高,与液体人量呈正相关;TnI于伤后24 h达高峰,伤后48 h下降.结论 血浆BNP是反映重度烧伤后早期心肌缺血缺氧变化的敏感指标,且与早期液体复苏量呈正相关,可用于指导休克期液体复苏.     

严重烧伤患者血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平及其与预后的关系

目的 观察严重烧伤患者血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平变化规律,探讨其与脓毒症和死亡之间的关系. 方法 2010年5月-2012年5月,将2家笔者单位收治的102例烧伤总面积大于或等于30％ TBSA的患者设为烧伤组,另设25名健康志愿者为健康对照组.分别于伤后1、3、7、14、21 d采集患者外周静脉血,双抗体夹心ELISA法检测血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平;同法取健康对照组人员血液行相同检测.(1)按烧伤总面积将烧伤组患者分为小面积(30％ ～ 49％ TBSA)烧伤组39例、中面积(大于49％且小于或等于69％ TBSA)烧伤组33例、大面积(大于69％且小于或等于99％ TBSA)烧伤组30例;(2)根据烧伤脓毒症诊断标准,将烧伤组患者分为脓毒症组43例与非脓毒症组59例;(3)根据脓毒症患者的预后情况,将脓毒症组患者分为脓毒症死亡组14例与脓毒症存活组29例.比较各组患者血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平,分析其与患者并发脓毒症及死亡的关系.对数据进行方差分析、LSD检验、单因素Logistic回归分析. 结果 (1)伤后l、3、7、14、21 d,烧伤组患者血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平均较健康对照组明显降低(F值分别为140.01、369.52、702.15、360.14、84.16,P值均小于0.01).(2)大、中、小面积烧伤组患者血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平5个时相点均值分别为(43±11)、(85 ±23)、(124±38) mg/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=367.76,P＜0.01),且均明显低于健康对照组的(326±51) mg/L(P值均小于0.01).(3)脓毒症组、非脓毒症组患者血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平5个时相点均值分别为(77±12)、(122±38)mg/L,脓毒症组患者伤后3、7、14、21 d血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平显著低于非脓毒症组(F值分别为30.35、111.59、209.36、422.76,P值均小于0.01).(4)脓毒症死亡组、脓毒症存活组患者血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平5个时相点均值分别为(53±8)、(103±25) mg/L,脓毒症死亡组患者伤后1 ～21 d血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平均显著低于脓毒症存活组(F值分别为9.05、18.48、41.34、107.11、180.48,P值均小于0.01).(5)Logistic回归分析显示,血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平是患者并发脓毒症(优势比为5.44,95％置信区间为2.35 ～12.74,P＜0.01)及死亡(优势比为5.52,95％置信区间为2.34～12.19,P＜0.01)的独立危险因素. 结论 严重烧伤可导致患者血浆凝溶胶蛋白水平明显降低,患者烧伤面积越大、病情越重该指标水平越低.凝溶胶蛋白水平可作为早期预测严重烧伤患者并发脓毒症或死亡的独立指标.     

血清瓜氨酸测定方法的建立及在小肠移植中的应用

目的探讨小肠移植患者手术前后及发生急性排斥反应时血清瓜氨酸的水平及其意义。方法以异硫氰酸苯酯(PITC)作为柱前衍生剂,使用高效液相色谱法,测定33名正常成人血清瓜氨酸水平以作对照,同法对2例小肠移植患者手术前后及发生排斥反应前后的血清瓜氨酸水平进行动态监测。结果33名正常成人的血清瓜氨酸水平为(16.87±5.97)μmol/L。小肠移植患者术前的瓜氨酸水平均较低(<10μmol/L),移植后瓜氨酸水平升高,并维持在较高水平,患者A最高超过30μmol/L,患者B最高超过50μmol/L,发生排斥反应后,患者A的血清瓜氨酸水平迅速下降至接近术前水平,患者B的血清瓜氨酸水平低于术前。结论小肠移植患者术后血清瓜氨酸水平与排斥反应相关,但有待更多病例验证。     

牛磺酸对严重烧伤大鼠心肌损害的保护作用

目的　观察牛磺酸(Tau)对严重烧伤大鼠心肌损害的作用。　方法　将Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(10只,不致伤)、烧伤组(60只)和Tau治疗组(60只)。后两组大鼠造成30%TBSAⅢ度烫伤(以下称烧伤),烧伤组伤后常规补液,Tau治疗组伤后腹腔注射Tau400mg/kg.于两组烧伤大鼠伤后1、3、6、12、24、48h检测其血浆中心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及血浆、心肌组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF- α)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的含量、心肌钙离子水平,用透射电镜观察心肌组织形态结构变化,并与对照组的上述指标进行比较。将烧伤组大鼠血浆TNF- α、AngⅡ检测结果分别与cTnT检测结果作相关性分析。　结果　烧伤组大鼠伤后3h起血浆cTnT水平较对照组(0.16±0. 03)μg/L显著升高(P<0. 01), 12h达峰值(6. 32±0. 41)μg/L, 48h仍显著高于对照组(P<0. 01).烧伤组伤后3—48h血浆MDA含量及心肌钙离子水平明显高于对照组(P<0. 01 );伤后6—48h血浆和心肌组织TNF- α含量显著高于对照组(P<0. 01);血浆及心肌组织中AngⅡ水平分别于伤后1—24h、3—24h明显高于对照组(P<0. 01).Tau治疗组上述指标在伤后多数时相点明显低于烧伤组(P<0. 01). 烧伤组大鼠伤后早期心肌肌丝断裂溶解、线粒体肿胀、嵴减少,Tau治疗组心肌组织接近正常。烧伤组     

新型羟乙基淀粉应用于烧伤休克期液体复苏的疗效及安全性评价

目的评价新型羟乙基淀粉(HES)制剂在烧伤患者休克期液体复苏中的应用疗效及安全性。方法选择笔者单位收治的烧伤休克期需液体复苏患者66例,按表格随机化方法分成HES组(33例)和血浆组(33例)。两组患者伤后48 h内给予的液体中胶体成分仅为HES(130／0．4, 60 g／L)或血浆,伤后3-7 d两组均替换成白蛋白作为胶体成分[5 d共给予白蛋白各(111±4)、(105±5)g],本试验全过程两组所给予的营养支持、抗感染等措施相同。监测患者伤后24 h内的心率、血压、中心静脉压、尿量,并记录伤后第1、2个24 h的胶体输入量、进出量比,于伤后指定时相点检测血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白、凝血酶原时间、纤维蛋白原、血小板计数及某些肝、肾功能指标,观察患者有无变态反应发生及出血情况。结果两组患者伤后心率、血压、中心静脉压、尿量及第1、2个24 h的胶体输入量、进出量比差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)．患者伤后1、3、7、14 d的血红蛋白及1、3、14 d的凝血酶原时间、纤维蛋白原、血小板计数组间比较,差异亦无统计学意义(P>0．05);HES组在伤后1、3 d的血清总蛋白和白蛋白各为(31±3)、(30±3)只／L和(20．4±3．6)、(18．4±2．3) g/L,均明显低于血浆组的(45±4)、(39±3)g/L和(24.5±4．3)、(21．3±3．9)g／L(P<0.02);伤后7 d两组血清白蛋白水平较接近(P>0．05),但HES组血清总蛋白(40±4)g／L仍明显低于血浆组的(45±4)g／L(P<0．01)。两组患者肝功能指标变化基本一致,肾功能无异常改变,均未见明显的出血倾向。HES组无变态反应发生,血浆组有4例出现荨麻疹。结论新型HES130／0．4可部分代替血浆用于烧伤患者休克期的液体复苏治疗,但要注意在一定时相点及时补充血浆蛋白。     

短肠综合征患者血清游离氨基酸水平的改变

目的研究短肠综合征患者血清游离氨基酸水平的变化规律,指导短肠患者的营养支持。方法对17例短肠综合征患者于入院时检测17种血游离氨基酸水平,并选择15例健康志愿者为对照组。结果 17种氨基酸中,短肠综合征患者血清缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、丝氨酸、胱氨酸、组氨酸水平显著低于对照组(P<0．05),短肠综合征患者支链氨基酸水平(381± 124)μmol／L、必需氨基酸水平(1895±460)μmol/L及必需氨基酸／非必需氨基酸比值(0．4±0．1)均显著低于对照组(P<0．05)。结论短肠综合征患者氨基酸及必需氨基酸均缺乏,在营养支持时需增加必需氨基酸的给予。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.