磁驱动滑移电弧非平衡等离子体的研究

提出了一种磁驱动滑移电弧放电产生大气压非平衡等离子体的方法,给出了这种装置的基本结构,主要性能及基本原理。在弧电流0．6A左右得到了约100m／s的电弧移动速度和约80V／mm的电场强度,产生了非平衡度较高的大气压非平衡等离子体。     

磁驱动滑移电弧直径的研究

大气压非热电弧的直径是确定电弧电流密度、从而确定等离子体电子密度和电子温度的重要参数之一.采用CCD摄影方法对大气压磁驱动滑移电弧在运动中的形状和尺寸进行了观察和测量,将电弧在CCD上的影像转换成灰度(光强)分布数据,对电弧图片径向上的灰度分布数据进行曲线拟合来确定电弧径向边界和直径;分别测量了电弧在运动方向的投影直径(正向直径)和垂直于运动方向上的投影直径(侧向直径),分析了电弧直径与电弧电流以及外加磁场之间的变化关系,并对电弧正向直径和侧向直径进行了对比分析.     

阴极端面旋转弧根的数值分析

辅助电弧的阴极弧根在管状钨阴极端面旋转时，随着阴极弧根旋转频率的增加，在阴极端面形成一圈温度较高的区域；区域中各点的温度（除弧根处温度）趋于均匀，从而为主电弧的阴极弧根在这个区域中分裂成多弧根或形成扩散型弧根模式提供了必要的温度条件；弧根处的阴极端面温度随旋转频率的增加而下降并趋于一个稳定的值。本文利用三维热传导方程对此进行了分析。     

利用光电倍增管对磁驱动滑移电弧直径的研究

利用光电倍增管测量得到了电弧电流分别为0.7A和1.0A、外磁场0.32—0.8T条件下磁驱动滑移电弧的侧向直径。对于固定的电弧电流,电弧直径随外磁场的增加而减小,并趋向于某一固定值,对于0.7A和1.0A的电弧电流,电弧直径分别维持在0.78mm和0.88mm。根据光电倍增管所得信号对电弧的截面形状进行描述。     

轴向磁场中电弧螺旋不稳定性的简化数值分析

在静电近似下，通过数量级的分析，简化了能量方程。用数值方法研究了外加轴向磁场，电流分布、弧电流等对电弧曙旋不稳定性的影响。数值结果表明，在具有外加磁场情况下，当弧柱内均匀电流分布时，正向磁场能够使短波长的扰动稳定，反向磁场能够使长波长的扰动稳定。当弧柱内电流为抛物线形分布时，外加正向磁场对于短波情况下的稳定性影响很小，但对于长波情况，稳定性增强，外加反向磁场，同样能稳定中等和长波情况下的电弧。     

一种用于煤粉点火等离子体发生器的电弧特性研究

介绍了一种用于煤粉点火等离子体发生器的实验装置,由一对并联的条形平行布置的阳极和同平面布置的圆柱形阴极构成,它们设置在煤粉输运通道中。采用高速CCD摄像和电弧电气参数测量等方法,研究了电弧形状、弧根的运动规律等。试验结果表明：（1）阳极弧根沿电极轴向无规则快速跳动及在两条电极间交替跳跃,这种弧根的快速跳跃有利于降低阳极损耗;（2）电弧在两条阳极之间的弧室内呈现不规则快速变化扭曲形状,使电弧弥漫于整个弧室,煤粉通过电弧放电通道高温区时与电弧混合而点火,使等离子体点火效率有了显著提高。     

过滤管道磁场在改进真空弧沉积系统中的作用

在90°磁过滤管道和MEVVA源阴极之间加30～60V的正偏压可使磁过滤管道起到阴极弧放电第二阳极的作用.在此情况下,就磁过滤管道磁场对MEVVA源阳极-阴极和磁过滤管道-阴极两个回路弧放电和磁过滤管道等离子体传输效率的影响进行了实验研究.研究结果表明随磁过滤磁场升高,磁过滤管道和阴极之间的弧放电规模降低,系统的等离子体传输效率升高,但对MEVVA源阳极和阴极之间的弧放电规模影响不大.     

SWIP-RFP装置等离子体环电压和电流测量(英文)

介绍SWIP-RFP装置等离子体环电压和环电流的测量方法和测量结果。对RFP环电压模型也作了初步分析,实验中采用单匝线圈测量的环电压很大程度地取决于外电路的电流,这一电压中存在一感应分量,即使考虑了测量环电压的感应分量,RFP等离子体的环电压也要大于环形磁约束系统等离子体的经典电阻环电压,这是反场箍缩等离子体螺旋量守恒的一个重要课题。对与环电压有关的电磁特性也作了一定研究。测量结果表明,SWIP-RFP装置的等离子体电流一般大于60kA,在较好的放电条件下,等离子体电流可以驱动到100kA,等离子体电流最大值时刻的单匝线圈测量的环电压约为250V。这样的结果与其它方式的估算是相对应的。测量结果还揭示了RFP装置大的等离子体电流密度和异常的环电压的存在。     

低能高束流氩离子源的结构及性能

离子源技术是等离子体研究中的一项重要内容,而低能大束流源则是离子源技术研究中的一个重要方向,因为这样的源在离子束刻蚀、离子束溅射镀膜以及荷能粒子与物质相互作用方面都有广泛的应用;本文采用空心阴极空心阳极结构,用热阴极电子发射弧放电驱动并用磁场约束产生等离子体,用曲面发射引出离子束,研制成了氩气放电溅射离子源;研究了灯丝加热电流、弧压对弧流的影响和弧流与工作气体压力对离子束引出的影响规律.离子源的引出电压在0-4.0 kV之间连续可调,最大引出束流为100 mA,束斑面积为φ6.0 cm,以Ti为溅射靶时的最大溅射沉积率为0.45 nm/s,离子源可连续工作160 h.     

直流电弧等离子体点火器射流特性研究

采用光谱仪测量了等离子体点火器出口射流的发射光谱,利用玻尔兹曼曲线斜率法计算了射流的电子温度,并通过电离平衡方程计算了射流气体温度,获得点火器出口射流长度、射流速度、电子温度和射流温度随弧电流及进口氩气流量的变化规律。并分析了航空等离子体电弧射流中是否可使用电子温度来代替射流气体温度。实验表明：弧电流随着进口氩气流量的增大而减小;出口射流长度和速度随弧电流的增大而增大,随进口氩气流量的增大先增大后减小;出口电子温度、电子密度和射流温度随弧电流的增大而升高,随氩气流量的增大而降低。     

第二阳极作用改善阴极真空弧沉积中弧放电稳定性的研究

研究了阴极弧等离子体沉积中第二阳极现象改善弧放电稳定性的作用。结果表明：由于弧放电规模增大,等离子体电阻降低,第二阳极现象的存在可大幅度提高造成阴极弧放电不稳定的聚焦磁场阈值。     

Numerical simulation of low-current vacuumarc jet considering anode evaporation in different axial magnetic fields

As the main source of the vacuum arc plasma, cathode spots (CSs) play an important role on the behaviors of the vacuum arc. Their characteristics are affected by many factors, especially by the magnetic field. In this paper, the characteristics of the plasma jet from a single CS in vacuum arc under external axial magnetic field (AMF) are studied. A multi-species magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) model is established to describe the vacuum arc. The anode temperature is calculated by the anode activity model based on the energy flux obtained from the MHD model. The simulation results indicate that the external AMF has a significant effect on the characteristic of the plasma jet. When the external AMF is high enough, a bright spot appears on the anode surface. This is because with a higher AMF, the contraction of the diffused arc becomes more obvious, leading to a higher energy flux to the anode and thus a higher anode temperature. Then more secondary plasma can be generated near the anode, and the brightness of the ‘anode spot’ increases. During this process, the arc appearance gradually changes from a cone to a dumbbell shape. In this condition, the arc is in the diffuse mode. The appearance of the plasma jet calculated in the model is consistent with the experimental results.     

Study of double-chamber air arc plasma torch and the application in solid-waste disposal

Arc plasma can be applied in hazardous solid waste disposal for higher temperature than common heating methods, but some practical issues exist in practical engineering application. In this study, an air arc plasma torch with double chambers and magnetic controlling is designed to realize wide variable power and long electrode life. The detailed characteristics and laws of the air arc are studied. The condition parameters of arc current(I), air flow rate(G) and the structure parameters of inlet area ratios and electrode diameters influence both the arc voltage and arc root positions. The arc rotating driven by magnetic field effectively lengthens the electrode life. The gasification process and product of organic wastes by air plasma are influenced largely by the waste compositions and the air flow rate. A furnace structure with more even atmosphere and longer residence time should be considered for better gasification. Oxygen-deficient environment is important to suppress NOxformation during the application of air plasma. Inorganic solid wastes can be melt by the air plasma and cooled down to form compact vitreous structures in which heavy metals can be locked and the leaching rates significantly decrease down.     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a DC Non-Transferred Arc Plasma Torch Operating Under Laminar and Turbulent Conditions

In this work, a magnetic fluid dynamics (MHD) model is used to simulate the electromagnetic field, heat transfer and fluid flow in a DC non-transferred arc plasma torch under laminar and turbulent conditions. The electric current density, temperature and velocity distributions in the torch are obtained through the coupled iterative calculation about the electromagnetic equations described in a magnetic vector potential format and the modified fluid dynamics equations. The fluid-solid coupled calculation method is applied to guarantee the continuity of the electric current and heat transfer at the interface between the electrodes and fluid. The predicted location of the anodic arc root attachment and the arc voltage of the torch are consistent with corresponding experimental results. Through a specific analysis of the influence of mass flow rates and electric current on the torch outlet parameters, the total thermal efficiency, thermal loss of each part, and the laws of the variation of outlet parameters with the variation of mass flow rates and electric current was obtained. It is found that operation under a laminar condition with a limited area of the anode could increase the total thermal efficiency of the torch.     

Properties of intermediate-frequency vacuum arc in sinusoidal curved contact and butt contact

In this report,two new contact structures of a vacuum interrupter with a sinusoidal curved surface are proposed to improve the capability by increasing the surface area.The experimental investigation of vacuum arc at intermediate frequency(360-800 Hz)was conducted and the results were compared with a butt contact with the same contact diameter(41 mm)and the same material.By analyzing the arc behavior,arc voltage characteristics,arc energy,current interrupting capacity,ablation of the anode contact and condensation of the arc products at a 3 mm gap,the differences in their vacuum arc characteristics were determined.The correlations of their arc energy with the amplitude and the frequency of the current were also achieved.Analysis suggests that the ruled curved contact has strong application potentiality because of its low arc energy,low arc voltage noise and arc voltage peak,light ablation on the surface of the anode contact and high interrupting capacity.     

Simulation of Low-Voltage Arc Plasma During Contact Opening Progress

This paper focuses on the simulation of the low-voltage arc with an opening contact. A controllable experiment setup with a rotating contact is designed to investigate the arc behaviour. Supported by the experiment, the phenomena of arc elongation and commutation in the case of rotating contact are simulated with the dynamic grid technique introduced. Under the given condition of the external magnetic field and the contact rotating velocity, the stagnation and rapid jump of two arc roots are observed by the calculated and experimental arc root displacement. The voltage of arc column can be divided into four phases and its sharp rising progress comes from the increase of the displacement difference between two arc roots in x direction.     

Dynamic behavior of a rotating gliding arc plasma in nitrogen: effects of gas flow rate and operating current

The effects of feed gas flow rate and operating current on the electrical characteristics and dynamic behavior of a rotating gliding arc (RGA) plasma codriven by a magnetic field and tangential flow were investigated.The operating current has been shown to significantly affect the time-resolved voltage waveforms of the discharge,particularly at flow rate =21 min-1.When the current was lower than 140 mA,sinusoidal waveforms with regular variation periods of 13.5-17.0 ms can be observed (flow rate =21 min-1).The restrike mode characterized by serial sudden drops of voltage appeared under all studied conditions.Increasing the flow rate from 8 to 121 min-1 (at the same current) led to a shift of arc rotation mode which would then result in a significant drop of discharge voltage (around 120-200 V).For a given flow rate,the reduction of current resulted in a nearly linear increase of voltage.     

Two-dimensional self-consistent numerical simulation of the whole discharge region in an atmospheric argon arc

A 2D self-consistent numerical model of the whole argon-arc discharge region that includes electrodes is developed in this work to facilitate analysis of the physical processes occurring in atmospheric arc plasma. The 2D arc column model contains the ionization and thermal non-equilibrium, which is coupled with a 1D electrode sheath model. The influence of plasma-species diffusion near the electrode region is investigated based on Maxwell–Stefan equations and the generalized Ohm's law. The numerical results of argon free-burning arcs at atmospheric pressure are then investigated. The simulation shows that the plasma is obviously in the state of thermal and ionization equilibrium in the arc core region, while it deviates from thermal and ionization equilibrium in the arc fringe region. The actual electron density decreases rapidly in the near-anode and near-cathode regions due to non-equilibrium ionization, resulting in a large electron number gradient in these regions. The results indicate that electron diffusion has an important role in the near-cathode and near-anode regions. When the anode arc root gradually contracts, it is easy to obtain a positive voltage drop of the anode sheath (I = 50 A), while it remains difficult to acquire a positive anode sheath voltage drop (I = 150 A). The current–voltage characteristics predicted by our model are found to be identical to the experimental values.     

Comparative Observation of Ar, Ar-H2 and Ar-N2 DC Arc Plasma Jets and Their Arc Root Behaviour at Reduced Pressure

Results observed experimentally are presented, about the DC arc plasma jets and their arc-root behaviour generated at reduced gas pressure without or with an applied magnetic field. Pure argon, argon-hydrogen or argon-nitrogen mixture was used as the plasma-forming gas. A specially designed copper mirror was used for a better observation of the arc-root behaviour on the anode surface of the DC non-transferred arc plasma torch. It was found that in the cases without an applied magnetic field, the laminar plasma jets were stable and approximately axisymmetrical. The arc-root attachment on the anode surface was completely diffusive when argon was used as the plasma-forming gas, while the arc-root attachment often became constrictive when hydrogen or nitrogen was added into the argon. As an external magnetic field was applied, the arc root tended to rotate along the anode surface of the non-transferred arc plasma torch.