浙江省居民营养与健康状况调查

目的了解浙江省居民营养与健康状况，为制定改善居民营养和预防控制慢性病提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，调查16个县区8425户25785名居民，采用询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查方法。结果城市农村动物性食物每日人均消费358克和229克，油脂36克和31克，食盐8．7克和10．0克，钙摄入576mg；总热能摄入2039千卡，脂肪供能比为30．16％；城市脂肪供能比为34．28％，蛋白质供能比13．04％，谷类供能比城市农村分别为36．33％和50．79％。贫血患病率18．86％；15岁以上高血压患病率19．80％，城乡和性别差异不明显；高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为37．13％、29．61％和10．15％；15岁以上糖尿病患病率3．02％；18岁以上肥胖患病率5．39％，超重率22．72％；血脂异常率24．66％，高胆固醇血症现患率8．34％，高甘油三酯血症现患率20．73％。15岁以上现在吸烟率27．28％，仅31．77％的人没有被动吸烟；15岁以上人群现在饮酒率28．07％；过去1年中参加锻炼的占15．12％，城市33．37％，农村6．40。结论浙江省居民膳食明显改善，但存在结构不合理；高血压、糖尿病、肥胖和血脂异常患病率高，行为危险因素流行率高，迫切需要加强改善公共营养和慢性病预防控制工作。     

温州市35岁以上居民血脂异常及影响因素分析

目的:了解温州市居民血脂异常的流行现状及影响因素,以制定合理的预防措施。方法:采用多阶段随机整群抽样,抽取温州市3495名35岁以上常住户籍居民作问卷调查、体格检查(身高、体重、血压的测量)及实验室检测(总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯和血糖),对其进行统计学分析。结果:温州市35岁以上居民血脂水平(M±Q,mmol/L):总胆固醇(5.56±1.39)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(1.64±0.47)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(2.83±0.69)、甘油三酯(1.49±1.11),异常患病率为68.9%,城市(72.6%)高于农村(66.2%),城市主要是混合型高脂血症,农村混合型高脂血症和高胆固醇血症并重。血脂异常低危、中危和高危患病率为33.7%、9.1%和8.6%。肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、生活工作紧张程度、常吃肥肉和常饮啤酒是血脂异常的危险因子,体力活动、常饮奶制品、常吃豆制品、蔬菜和腌制品是保护因子。结论:温州市居民血脂平均水平和异常患病率均处于较高水平,血脂异常呈年轻化趋势,城市和农村的流行特征有差异。血脂异常的影响因子除年龄外都可控制,应在全市制定和实施相关的综合干预措施。     

邯郸市邯山区居民营养健康状况监测

目的了解与掌握邯郸市邯山区居民营养健康状况。方法参照《中国居民营养与健康状况监测工作手册（2010年）》,对邯山区889人进行健康检查与实验室检测。采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析,以P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果邯山区6-17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖率分别为10.1%和9.5%;18岁以上人群超重和肥胖率分别为46.9%和21.6%;高血压患病率为40.9%,糖尿病患病率及空腹血糖受损患病率分别为9.6%和8.9%,血浆高胆固醇血症患病率为30.2%,高甘油三酯血症患病率为36.8%,低高密度脂蛋白血症患病率为18.4%。结论邯郸市邯山区居民存在营养过剩、慢性病流行的现象,相关部门应加强健康教育与健康传播,以改善邯山区居民营养健康现状。     

2002年青岛市部分18岁以上居民高血压、糖尿病、超重、肥胖现患调查

[目的]了解青岛市城乡居民主要慢性非传染性疾病（慢病）患病状况,为制定区域性卫生防病政策提供依据。[方法]青岛市于2002年进行居民营养与健康状况调查,在12区（市）抽取8 827户,对9 438名18岁以上居民进行调查。[结果]高血压、糖尿病患病率与血脂异常、超重、肥胖罹患率分别为38.4%、7.1%、62.5%、39.6%、19.0%,城市居民分别为43.8%、11.4%、63.1%、41.4%、22.8%,农村居民分别为33.1%、4.0%、62.0%、38.3%、16.1%。[结论]青岛市城乡居民几种主要慢性非传染性疾病现患率较高,城市高于农村。     

无锡市社区人群空腹血糖受损现状及其危险因素

目的了解和掌握无锡市社区自然人群空腹血糖受损患病率和主要危险因素。方法采用流行病学整群抽样的方法,调查无锡市社区20岁以上居民,测定早晨空腹血糖,统计空腹血糖受损患病率及其相关危险因素。结果 20岁以上人群空腹血糖受损患病率为2.53%,经年龄标化后的空腹血糖受损患病率为1.85%,男女性别无异（P〈0.05）,其血糖受损危险因素主要有年龄、文化程度、BMI、高血压、高血脂和中（重）体力劳动等。结论社区人群中空腹血糖受损应引起高度重视,在开展糖尿病预防和控制工作中应加强对空腹血糖受损者的监测,以提高糖尿病防制的效果。     

北京社区居民空腹血糖受损和糖尿病患病现况调查

目的了解北京社区居民空腹血糖受损和糖尿病患病率。方法 2007年5月~8月,采用分层随机抽样,对10 054名北京社区20岁以上常住居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测,按照WHO 1999年空腹血糖受损和糖尿病的诊断标准诊断空腹血糖受损和糖尿病。采用SAS9.1.3统计软件进行分析,计数资料用率或构成比表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,两两比较时用Bonferroni法进行校正,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 2007年,北京社区居民空腹血糖受损患病率为3.24%,其中,市区、城乡结合部和郊区分别为3.40%、3.13%和3.25%(P0.05),男性、女性分别为3.53%、3.08%(P0.05);糖尿病患病率为10.99%,其中,市区、城乡结合部和郊区从高到低依次为16.03%、12.94%和7.71%(P0.001),男性、女性分别为11.04%、10.95%(P0.05)。结论北京社区居民空腹血糖受损和糖尿病患病率较高,尤其是市区居民糖尿病患病率较高,需要对患者和高危人群进行治疗和干预。     

龙里县18岁及以上人群主要慢性病的流行特征分析

目的了解龙里县汉族、布依族居民健康状况及主要慢性病的流行特征,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法选取龙里县参加居民营养与健康状况调查资料数据,分析18岁及以上不同民族、男女之间肥胖、高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病病患情况。结果龙里县汉布两族18岁以上人群肥胖患病率为3.92%,汉族、布依族分别为4.71%、3.24%,两民族之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),女性各年龄组肥胖率均高于男性(P0.05);高血压患病率为9.06%,汉族、布依族分别为8.66%、9.40%,两民族之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),无论男女性别、不同民族高血压的患病率均随年龄的增长明显上升;血脂异常患病率为14.87%,汉族、布依族分别为15.20%、14.59%,不同民族、男女性别之间血脂异常的患病率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);糖尿病患病率为0.92%,汉族、布依族分别为0.98%、0.86%,两民族之间无差异。结论龙里县汉族与布依族18岁以上人群之间肥胖、高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病患病率均无差异,结果与2002年全国居民营养与健康状况调查四类农村慢性病(高血压12.6%、肥胖3.3%、糖尿病0.84%、血脂异常17.25%)水平相比,肥胖与糖尿病患病率略高于全国四类农村水平,高血压与血脂异常接近全国四类农村水平,且汉族与布依族慢性病随年龄的增长明显上升,提示年龄是慢性病的重要危险困素,应及早采取干预措施。     

2010年泰州市高港区居民营养与健康状况监测分析

目的了解泰州市高港区居民营养与健康状况。方法遵照2010年《中国居民营养与健康状况监测工作手册》方法执行,调查包括询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查等。SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果当地居民谷薯类、畜禽肉类消费量基本达到《中国居民膳食指南》的要求,每标准人日分别为318.6和75.5g;奶类、水果摄入严重不足,每标准人日仅为15.1、15.9g;油脂和盐消费过多,每标准人日为55.2、10.9g。能量食物来源构成中,谷类食物仅占45.9%,脂肪供能比高达38.5%。人群贫血患病率为15.7%,男、女性贫血患病率分别为10.7%和19.3%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=14.18,P〈0.05）。人群超重率为33.2%,肥胖率为5.6%。≥15岁人群高血压患病率为31.7%,男、女性高血压患病率分别为38.7%和25.9%,两者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=18.62,P〈0.05）;≥18岁人群糖尿病患病率10.8%,男、女性糖尿病患病率分别为12.4%和9.7%,差异无统计学意义;高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症患病率依次为13.1%、23.4%、7.4%,男、女性血脂异常率分别为35.4%和27.7%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.57,P〈0.05）。结论当地居民膳食结构有所改善但不尽合理;基本营养素摄入基本得到满足,但某些营养素依然缺乏;营养相关慢性非传染性疾病（NCD）患病率呈上升趋势,NCD将是本地居民面临的重要公共卫生问题。     

牡丹江社区35岁及以上居民高血压患病与管理

目的了解本社区常住居民高血压患病及分级管理状况，为改进防治与管理提供依据。方法2007年4～6月对本社区≥35岁常住居民进行高血压患病率及分级管理情况调查与分析。结果本社区调查对象的高血压患病率为16．38％，各年龄段组患病率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），患病率随年龄增长而增高；高血压患者管理率为65．19％，各年龄段组管理率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论开展健康促进是目前管理和控制高血压的有效方法，应针对薄弱环节加以改进。     

2015年厦门市5岁以下儿童营养与健康状况调查

目的了解厦门市5岁以下儿童营养与健康状况,为促进儿童生长发育提供科学依据。方法整群抽取2015年1-12月在该院儿保科进行体检的5岁以下儿童,对其营养与健康监测结果进行分析。结果厦门市5岁以下儿童低体重率、生长迟缓率、消瘦率分别为0.39%、0.75%、0.78%,各年龄组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。超重和肥胖发生率高,检出率分别为6.89%、1.36%,各年龄组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),超重和肥胖均男童高于女童。结论厦门市城区5岁以下儿童体格发育整体状况较好,但儿童营养不良、营养过剩现象仍然存在,儿童营养问题仍不容忽视。     

Diabetes and Hypertension in Urban Bhutanese Men and Women

Background:

Bhutan is a mountainous country with 31% urban population. There is no information on prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in Bhutan yet. This was the first study of its kind conducted in the capital city.

Objective:

To determine prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and hypertension in urban Bhutanese population aged 25 to 74 years.

Materials and Methods:

Stratified two-stage sampling was adopted to include 2474 respondents (Males: 1132, Females: 1342) equally distributed among different age and sex groups. A questionnaire containing demographic, educational and social details and history of diabetes and hypertension was administered on the sampled population the previous evening and blood pressure measured the next morning in nearby camp where fasting blood samples were collected and an oral glucose tolerance test done.

Results:

Age and sex standardized prevalence of diabetes, IGT and IFG were 8.2.0, 21.6 and 4%, respectively. Only 66.5% of the population had normal blood sugar. Prevalence of diabetes and IGT increased progressively with increasing age. Prevalence of hypertension was 26% (Males: 28.3%, Females: 23.2%). It was observed that 54.1% of diabetes population had hypertension.

Conclusion:

The study shows that not only is prevalence of diabetes and hypertension high in the urban Bhutanese but also there is a high diagnosis and treatment gap in these disorders.     

负性生活事件与高血压和空腹血糖受损关系

目的了解负性生活事件与高血压和空腹血糖受损之间的关系。方法随机整群抽样选取安徽省六安市3个乡镇18个行政村40～70岁村民进行入户面询问卷调查, 邀请完成问卷调查的村民于次日清晨去村卫生室检测指端末梢血糖(空腹>8 h)并测量2次平均血压(静坐时间>30 min, 间隔时间≥15 min)。采用logistic回归分析高血压和空腹血糖受损与负性生活事件、年龄、性别、文化程度、吸烟指数、每日酒精摄入量和体质指数之间的关系。结果不同年龄、性别、吸烟指数、每日酒精摄入量、体质指数、负性生活事件指数的村民高血压患病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同年龄、性别、文化程度、体质指数、负性生活事件指数的村民空腹血糖受损率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);logistic回归分析结果显示, 年龄(OR=0.35~0.66)、性别(OR=1.81)、文化程度(OR=1.21)和体质指数(OR=1.20) 是高血压患者患病的影响因素, 而负性生活事件对高血压的影响无统计学意义;文化程度(OR=0.77~0.72)、每日酒精摄入量(OR=1.64)、体质指数(OR=1.07)和负性生活事件(OR=1.32~1.80) 是空腹血糖受损的影响因素。结论负性生活事件与空腹血糖受损密切相关, 应注重构建生活事件干预理论, 以指导人们采取积极的态度应对负性生活事件。     

Lifecourse Determinants of Fasting and Post-challenge Glucose at Age 50 Years: The Newcastle Thousand Families Study

Suboptimal nutrition in early life is suggested to influence plasma glucose levels in later life. This study aimed to determine and quantify influences on plasma glucose levels at age 50. We studied 169 men and 219 women from the Newcastle Thousand Families cohort who attended for clinical examination, including measurements of fasting and 2 h post oral glucose load) at age 50. A lifecourse approach was used to estimate proportions of variance in plasma glucose levels accounted for by each stage of the lifecourse. Birth weight significantly predicted two-hour glucose levels in men (adjusted p=0.03). Body composition was a significant predictor of both glucose measures in both genders. Interactions existed between body composition and birth weight on fasting glucose in men and two-hour glucose in women and between gender and birth weight on both outcome measures. Fetal life factors directly explained little variation in either glucose measure (<2%). Adult lifestyle and body composition directly explained larger proportions of the variances (8–13%) for fasting and two-hour glucose than early life measures. The significant effect of birth weight on two-hour glucose seen in men provides support for the fetal origins hypothesis, although adult factors may be more important. Any effect of birth weight on later plasma glucose levels may be compounded by additional effects of adult body composition.     

糖调节受损的研究进展

近年来,糖尿病的患病率大幅度提高。最新调查结果公布：我国糖尿病患病率9．7％,糖调节受损高达15．5％。糖调节受损具有可逆性。对糖调节受损患者进行干预,不仅能降低糖调节受损向2型糖尿病的转化,还能减少心血管疾病和慢性微血管病变的发病率及病死率。应当对糖调节受损早期实施干预。本研究对糖调节受损的发病情况、干预意义和治疗的研究现状进行综述。     

Effects of changes in obesity and exercise on the development of diabetes and return to normal fasting plasma glucose levels at one-year follow-up in middle-aged subjects with impaired fasting glucose

Objectives  Borderline diabetes, a precursory condition of diabetes, is an important issue in the prevention of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effects of one-year changes in obesity and exercise on the development of diabetes or return to normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels among middle-aged people with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) at baseline. Methods  Among those who attended a basic health examination in 1997, we selected 1,620 subjects who showed impaired fasting glucose (FPG of 110 mg/dl or higher) and had complete data on height, weight and exercise. At the one-year follow-up (in 1998), 1,099 of those subjects attended a health examination; FPG, height, weight and exercise were evaluated for 731 subjects. Subjects were classified into the following three groups, on the basis of changes in FPG during the year between the two examinations: developing diabetes (DM), remaining IFG, and returning to normal (WNL). Results  Among those who were initially obese, there was a significant difference in the proportions of DM, IFG and WNL between those with and without improvement in obesity in the year preceding the follow-up (p<0.05). Those with improvement in obesity showed a significantly higher tendency to return to WNL than those without improvement in obesity. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that those with improvement in obesity had a significantly higher odds ratio (2.17) to return to WNL (p=0.015). Among those who were initially not obese, there was no significant association between changes in obesity and developing DM or returning to WNL. No significant association was observed between changes in exercise and developing DM or returning to WNL. Conclusion  The present findings suggest that, among obese IFG subjects, improvement in obesity is associated with returning to normal plasma glucose. Weight control may be important for the normalization of borderline diabetes.     

天津市5~6岁儿童空腹血糖现状及影响因素分析

目的 调查天津市5~6岁儿童的空腹血糖(FPG)水平现状,分析儿童空腹血糖水平及空腹血糖受损(IFG)的影响因素,为预防成人慢性病提供参考。方法 采用整群抽样法于2018年3—6月对天津市除滨海新区外的15个行政区的49所幼儿园的5~6岁儿童进行了横断面调查。调查包括测量身高、体重,采集空腹指尖血 2 ml检测FPG,问卷收集儿童的饮食、运动情况以及生活方式。结果 5 942名5~6岁儿童FPG平均水平为(4.77±0.38)mmol/L,IFG(FPG≥5.6 mmol/L)检出率为0.82%。多因素线性回归结果显示,男童的FPG水平高于女童(β=0.140,P＜0.001),居住在市区儿童的FPG水平高于郊区儿童(β=0.126,P＜0.001),超重和肥胖儿童FPG水平均高于体重正常儿童(β＝0.059、0.072,P＜0.001),白天运动时间＜0.5 h/d儿童FPG水平高于白天运动时间≥2 h/d儿童(β=0.031,P＜0.05)。多因素Logistic回归结果显示男童(OR=2.245,95%CI:1.204~4.186)、居住地为市区(OR=2.112,95%CI:1.169~3.817)和含糖饮料摄入频次≥3次/周(OR=7.724,95%CI:1.725~34.579)是儿童IFG发生的危险因素(P＜0.05)。结论 开展学龄前儿童空腹血糖早期筛查和健康生活方式干预,对于成人慢性病的早期预防具有重要公共卫生学意义。     

Can Fasting Curb the Metabolic Syndrome Epidemic?

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Due to the high prevalence (around 1/3 of the world population) economic burden of MetS, there is a need for new dietary, lifestyle, and therapeutic options. Recently, fasting emerged as a dietary method proposed for controlling metabolic risk factors. Intermittent fasting (IF), or time-restricted feeding (TRF), describes an array of feeding patterns in which calorie intake is restricted to a specific time period. Hence, this review aimed to elucidate the latest data on MetS and explore the viability of simple management options, such as IF and TRF. Preclinical studies have shown how IF/TRF exerts beneficial effects on the gut microbiota, glucose and insulin metabolism, weight and visceral fat, and lipid metabolism. However, the results obtained from human studies are somewhat conflicting, as weight loss was achieved in all studies, whereas in some studies, there was no significant effect on insulin resistance, cholesterol/lipid metabolism, or blood pressure. Nevertheless, as only very few human studies were performed, there is a need for more randomized control trials on larger cohorts of patients with MetS to gather higher-yield evidence to clarify whether IF/TRF are suitable dietary patterns for this population.