贵阳市云岩区2010年居民营养与健康状况调查

目的 了解贵州省贵阳市云岩区居民营养与健康状况,为制定健康促进策略提供依据.方法 采取多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取云岩区6个社区(村)455户1 456人进行询问、膳食调查、医学体检和实验室检测.结果 当地居民粮谷薯类食物消费量充足,为283 g;新鲜水果、鱼虾类、奶及其制品偏低,为34、4、51 g;畜禽肉类和食用油则偏高,为108和44g;当地居民每标准人日各种膳食营养素摄入量均低于2002年全国摄入量水平,其中视黄醇当量320.5 μgRE、钙352.7mg,仅为中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)推荐标准(RNI,AI)的40％、44％;谷类食物占食物来源45.9％,豆类及动物性食物占蛋白质来源的47.5％,动物性食物占脂类食物47.4％;≥18岁居民的营养不良率、超重率、肥胖率、高血压患病率、糖尿病患病率、高胆固醇血症和高甘油三酯血症患病率分别为4.6％、33.4％、11.8％、17.5％、6.4％、12.4％和29.6％.结论 云岩区居民已摄入足够的食物,改善居民的膳食模式应以调整不平衡膳食结构为主,慢性病将成为当地居民面临的重要公共卫生问题.     

从居民饮食现状谈膳食营养教育的策略

随着居民生活水平的提高，居民的膳食结构、生活方式和疾病谱也发生了较大变化，营养过剩或不平衡所致的慢性疾病增多。据2005年朝阳区死因统计结果显示，仅心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病的死亡人数就达5947人，占全部死亡总数的72．91％。为准确掌握居民的膳食结构、营养和健康状况，2002年朝阳区作为北京市扩大点参加了“中国居民营养与健康状况调查”，本文就朝阳区居民膳食营养现状及变化趋势，讨论加强社区居民膳食营养教育的策略，以便促进居民尽快形成合理的食物消费习惯，预防和控制饮食相关疾病的发生。     

膳食结构对居民健康的影响调查

目的了解膳食结构、营养状况对居民健康的影响,分析存在问题,为指导居民合理膳食,改善营养,预防控制与膳食营养缺乏疾病提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法,抽中542户1629人,对其中的185户569人进行膳食调查。结果居民每标准人日摄入能量2543.63Kcal,摄入蛋白质86.97g,摄入脂肪97.85g;能量来源于谷类占44.53%,来源于动物性食品占24.69%;动物蛋白质占蛋白质总摄入量的50.94%,动物脂肪占脂肪总摄入量的58.41%。居民营养不良率7.20%,肥胖患病率22.76%,贫血患病率10.43%,高血压患病率17.55%,糖尿病患病率为4.00%。结论膳食结构不合理,高能量、高脂肪类食物摄入过多,居民患慢性疾病增加,应加强健康教育,指导居民合理膳食,预防和控制与膳食营养相关的疾病。     

深圳福田居民膳食结构及慢性病关系的研究

目的 了解深圳福田居民的膳食结构、营养素摄入现状,以及与慢性非传染性疾病的关系,制订与之相关的营养卫生政策,改善居民膳食结构,达到预防和控制慢性病的目的.方法 2011年采用多阶段整群随机抽样法,在社区抽取632人进行膳食调查.采用3d连续称重法、24 h膳食回顾法和食物频率调查问卷法相结合的膳食调查方法,分析居民膳食结构、营养状况以及和慢性非传染性疾病的相对风险度.结果 共调查632人.深圳福田居民肉类、食用油、食盐人均每日摄入量均高于推荐食物摄人量;豆类、水果、奶类人均每日摄入量均低于推荐食物摄入量.福田居民膳食能量食物来源中,蛋白质来源于动物性食物占48.8％,脂肪中动物性食物脂肪占54.7％.膳食结构与慢性病相对风险关系分析显示,摄人高能、膳食纤维摄入不足增加超重/肥胖的相对风险,口味咸者高血压患病风险增加.结论 深圳福田居民膳食结构不尽合理,应加强营养干预和膳食指南的健康教育,加快制订营养改善相关政策,改善居民膳食结构,以有效降低慢性病患病风险.     

长江社区居民营养现状调查及干预对策

[目的 ]　了解社区居民营养现状 ,以便今后在社区开展针对性的综合营养干预。　 [方法 ]　随机抽取该社区3 3 0名 18岁 (含 18岁 )以上居民 ,采用 2 4h膳食回顾法 (连续 3天 )调查食物摄入情况 ,同时测量身高、体重与血压。　 [结果 ]　蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪供热比为 16.97%、5 1.3 3 %、3 1.71%。钙、锌、硒、视黄醇当量、维生素B2 、维生素C摄入明显不足。高血压患病率、肥胖患病率达到 14 .8%和 2 2 .2 %。　 [结论 ]　居民膳食结构不尽合理 ,迫切需要在社区开展针对性营养干预 ,促进居民营养水平提高 ,预防各类营养相关疾病     

金华市婺城区2009年居民营养与健康状况调查分析

目的：掌握金华市婺城区居民营养与健康状况及其主要影响因素和变化趋势,为开展慢性病预防控制提供依据。方法：采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法选取婺城区1240名居民为调查对象,进行膳食调查、体格测量和实验室检查。结果：婺城区居民谷类食物日平均摄入量为325．2g,动物类食品为205．8g,豆类及豆制品为146．6g,蔬菜水果为402．1g,食用油为32．3g,平均每标准人日摄入热能2776kcal,脂肪供能比为29．2％。超重者占到26．39％,肥胖者占到8．22％,贫血患病率14．22％。15岁以上居民的高血压患病率为18．12％,糖尿病患病率为3．93％,血脂异常者患病率为41．24％。15岁以上居民吸烟者占19．68％,被动吸烟者占47．44%;饮酒者占22．03％;经常参加体育锻炼的居民占14．79％。结论：金华市婺城区居民的膳食结构脂肪供能偏高;糖尿病、高血压、高血脂患病率处于较高水平,尤其是高血脂患病率高,需改变不健康生活方式,改善居民营养状况,加强慢性病预防控制工作。     

常熟市居民营养与健康状况调查

目的了解常熟市居民2007—2008年的膳食结构、营养状况及营养相关疾病的现状,找出存在的问题,为能更好地指导居民合理膳食提供依据。方法采用分层多阶段整群随机抽样方法,通过询问调查、膳食调查、医学体检和实验室检查相结合的方法进行调查。结果该市居民钙摄入为446.2mg/（标准人·d）,贫血率为24.7%。15岁及以上居民高血压患病率为34.2%,60岁及以上人群患病率超过50%。成人糖尿病患病率为5.2%,营养不良、超重、肥胖患病率分别为5.3%、31.9%、8.1%。结论常熟市居民膳食结构有待改善,高血压、糖尿病、肥胖、血脂异常、贫血患病率较高,迫切需要加强改善公共营养和慢性病预防工作。     

1982～2002年广西城乡居民膳食结构与营养相关慢性病变迁的研究

目的 分析1982-2002年广西城乡居民膳食结构与营养相关慢性病的变迁,提出改善居民膳食结构和预防营养相关疾病的策略.方法 根据1982、1992、2002年广西3次营养调查研究数据,采用数理统计技术,科学评价20年间广西城乡居民膳食消费变迁趋势及其与营养过剩相关慢性疾病变化的关系.结果 20年来广西居民摄入食物总量以每年0.8%的速度增加,除城乡居民谷薯类食物呈现出年均1%的下降趋势外,其他食物的消费量均呈现上升趋势.城市居民食物消费量年均增长最快的依次为乳类(14.5%)、水果(9.1%)、蛋类(7.8%)、水产品(6.6%)和肉类(5.7%),肉类摄入量1992年超过标准人推荐量的112.7%,2002年超过166.O%.农村居民食物消费量年均增长最快的前5名食物分别是乳类(20.3%)、蛋类(9.9%)、肉类(9.3%)、水产品(5.3%)和水果(5.3%),其中农村居民肉类食物从1982年重度负偏离快速上升,2002年达到重度正偏离,超过标准人推荐量的80.1%.20年间城乡居民盐摄入始终处于正偏离状态.2002年城乡居民来自脂肪的能量已占总能量的31.3%.20年来城乡居民营养不良呈逐年下降趋势,而营养过剩慢性病则呈逐年上升趋势.Spearman秩和相关分析显示,高血压、超重和肥胖的患病率与肉类、烹调油、蛋类的摄入量呈正相关,与谷薯类的摄入量呈负相关;营养不良、贫血与谷薯类的摄入量呈正相关,与肉类、蛋类、烹调油的摄入量呈负相关.结论 广西城乡居民已进入了膳食营养结构急剧变迁和营养相关疾病流行的关键时期,有向高脂肪、高能量、高动物蛋白、低碳水化合物膳食模式转变的趋势.亟待进行居民膳食结构改善和干预,以有效遏制营养相关慢性疾病的流行.     

中国人膳食结构三问题

“中国居民营养与健康状况调查”的最新结果表明,最近十年我国城乡居民的膳食、营养状况有了明显改善,营养不良和营养缺乏患病率继续下降,但同时我国仍面临着营养缺乏与营养过度的双重挑战。调查结果可谓喜忧参半喜的是,我国城乡居民营养与健康状况明显改善。首先,居民膳食质量明显提高。据调查,我国城乡居民能量及蛋白质摄入得到基本满足,肉、禽、蛋等动物性食物消费量明显增加,优质蛋白比例上升。忧的是,我国居民营养与健康状况还存在着一些值得关注的问题。膳食结构不合理。据调查,城市居民禽肉类及油脂消费过多,谷类食物消费偏低,钙、铁…     

城市社区签约居民营养知-信-行及指导需求调查研究

目的 了解目前社区签约居民的营养知识、态度、行为（KAP）现状及其营养指导需求，为社区营养干预提供科学依据。方法 随机抽取成都市某社区卫生服务中心签约居民134人作为调查对象进行访谈式问卷调查。结果 调查对象中70岁以上的老人占51．5％，超重／月巴胖者的比例为41．8％，高血压和糖尿病患者比例较高（共占70．1％）。调查对象的营养知识水平较差，主要表现在对中国居民膳食指南、重要营养素的食物来源及其与慢性病的关系等知识的缺乏；营养态度普遍较好；根据DBI（膳食平衡指数）评价调查对象的膳食营养质量，有65．1％的人存在不同程度的膳食摄入不足或／和膳食摄入过多问题。调查对象希望社区医院主要通过讲座、门诊和发放宣传资料等形式宣传营养知识和进行饮食指导；48．5％的人希望获得个体化的推荐食谱；但社区医生与签约居民见面并主动为其提供饮食建议的频率较低，所提供建议的满意率差。结论 加强社区医生的营养知识水平和饮食指导技能的培训，以满足社区签约居民日益增长的营养指导需求，以改善其营养健康水平。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.