非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体及其靶向治疗研究进展

非小细胞肺癌是目前全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,尽管手术治疗和化学治疗技术不断发展,但非小细胞肺癌患者生存率却没有明显改变。表皮生长因子受体 (epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)是一种受体型酪氨酸激酶,在非小细胞肺癌中有过表达,且与非小细胞肺癌的发生、发展、侵袭等方面密切相关,是最有前途的特异性肿瘤靶向治疗分子之一。此外,在非小细胞肺癌中常检测到EGFR基因突变,尤其是在女性、非吸烟者、肺腺癌和亚洲人种中,这与非小细胞肺癌患者对吉非替尼治疗的敏感性密切相关。     

非小细胞肺癌组织表皮生长因子受体基因第19外显子突变研究

目的 研究非小细胞肺癌的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因第19外显子突变情况.方法 提取72例手术切除肺癌基冈组DNA,用巢式PCR扩增EGFR基因第19外显子并测序,分析EGFR基因第19外显子突变及其与I临床特征的相关性.结果 检测到13例肿瘤组织存在EGFR基因第19外显子多核苷酸的缺失突变,共有4种突变类型,突变率为18.1%,所检测的突变均为杂合型;EGFR基因第19外显子突变与肺腺癌、女性患者与不吸烟者相关.结论 EGFR基因第19外显子存在多核苷酸的框架缺失突变,以女性、腺癌和不吸烟患者为主.     

表皮生长因子受体与肿瘤

表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）具有促进细胞增殖的作用，与肿瘤的发生、发展有关，ＥＧＦ通过与表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）结合而起作用。     

表皮生长因子受体基因突变与非小细胞肺癌临床病理特征及预后的关系

目的检测非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因第19和21号外显子突变情况并探讨其与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术对282例NSCLC患者手术标本的石蜡包埋癌组织EGFR基因第19和21号外显子片段进行扩增并测序,分析EGFR突变与临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果282例NSCLC组织中120例(42.6％)存在EGFR基因突变,包括第19号外显子突变61例,第21号外显子突变66例,其中7例第19和21号外显子同时存在突变。女性EGFR突变率(55.2％,53/96)高于男性的(36.0％,67/186),年龄51～60岁患者EGFR突变率(51.3％,39/76)高于≤50岁者(30.4％,21/69)和＞60岁者(43.8％,60/137),非吸烟者的EGFR突变率(54.3％,69/127)高于吸烟者的(32.9％,51/155),EGFR突变与吸烟呈负相关（P =0.000,rs=-0.216）;腺癌（47.8％,64/134）、细支气管肺泡癌(73.0％,27/37)、腺鳞癌(7/9)中EGFR突变率均明显高于鳞癌(23.6％,17/72)、其他类型(16.7％,5/30)中的突变率,分化程度中高、中、低、未分化的EGFR突变率分别为55.7％ (68/122)、50.8％( 30/59)、22.7％( 17/75)、19.2％ (5/26),随着分化程度的降低而降低,EGFR突变与肺癌组织分化程度呈正相关(P =0.000,rs=0.296);EGFR基因突变型的患者生存期明显较野生型的长(P =0.027),EGFR突变与临床TNM分期不相关。结论EGFR基因突变在女性患者、年龄51 ～60岁患者、非吸烟者及腺癌、细支气管肺泡癌、腺鳞癌中多见,EGFR突变与肺癌组织分化程度呈正相关,存在基因突变的患者预后较好,有利于患者靶向治疗的临床筛选。     

非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体基因突变检测及其临床意义

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变检测技术及其临床意义。方法采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增DNA直接测序法检测192例NSCLC的EGFR基因第18 ～21号外显子突变情况,并结合临床病理指标分析其意义。结果192例非小细胞肺癌中64例存在EGFR酪氨酸激酶结合域的基因突变(33.3％),其中第19号外显子缺失突变率为60.9％( 39/64),第21号外显子替代突变率为39.1％ (25/64),第18和20号外显子未发现突变。在伴有细支气管肺泡癌分化特征的肺腺癌中EGFR基因突变率为58.5％( 24/41),显著高于普通腺癌(37.9％,33/87)、鳞癌(7.5％,4/53)、大细胞癌(1/5)和腺鳞癌(2/6),P＜0.05;女性(51.9％,40/77)显著高于男性(20.9％,24/115),P＜0.01;不吸烟者(50.0％,57/114)显著高于吸烟者(9.0％,7/78),P＜0.01。结论PCR扩增DNA直接测序法检测NSCLC的EGFR基因突变技术稳定、可靠,为临床开展NSCLC靶向治疗提供了依据。     

上皮生长因子受体与非小细胞肺癌肿瘤免疫及转移的相关关系

目的与方法 采用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白－过氧化物酶连结法（ＬＳＡＢ）免疫组化和图象定量分析技术检测５０例非小细胞型肺癌（其中伴有淋巴结转移者３２例,不伴转移者１８例）上皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）的表达,结果：ＥＧＦＲ表达与肿瘤间质淋巴细胞浸润（ＴＩＬ）呈负相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＥＧＦＲ高表达时,ＴＩＬ浸润少,肺癌的转移率高（８３％）ＥＧＦＲ的表达与肺癌的组织类型明显相关（＿Ｐ〈０．０５）,但与肺癌的分     

中国人非小细胞肺癌EGFR和K-RAS基因突变情况的研究

目的研究中国人非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因和K-RAS基因突变情况。方法通过PCR扩增和基因测序的方法检测了101例中国人非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancers,NSCLCs)EGFR第18、19和21外显子及K-RAS密码子12、13的突变情况,并观察分析了其突变与肺癌临床特征及吉非替尼(gefitinib,商品名:易瑞沙/Iressa)药物治疗肺癌的疗效间的关系。结果共检测到26例EGFR突变(25.7%),3例K-RAS突变(2.9%),并发现腺癌患者、非吸烟患者和女性患者EGFR突变率较高(分别为44.2%、65.7%和48.3%)。10例服用吉非替尼有效的患者9例伴有EGFR突变。结论中国人肺癌的EGFR突变率高于西方人,吉非替尼疗效与EGFR突变有关。     

重庆地区924例非小细胞肺癌EGFR基因突变分析

目的探讨重庆地区非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者EGFR基因突变及与临床病理特征的关系。方法收集2012～2015年陆军军医大学/第三军医大学第一附属医院就诊的NSCLC患者924例,采用ADx-ARMS法分析患者的EGFR基因突变类型,统计突变发生率及其与临床特征的关系。结果重庆地区NSCLC患者EGFR基因突变率为38.85%(359/924),其中女性患者突变率明显高于男性患者(63.84%vs 25.74%),腺癌患者突变率显著高于鳞状细胞癌等其他类型患者(48.90%vs 7.91%),无吸烟史患者突变率显著高于有吸烟史患者(60.98%vs 21.21%),不饮酒患者突变率高于饮酒患者(50.00%vs 29.54%)。19-del和L858R两种突变类型分别占总突变的48.19%及40.11%。结论重庆地区NSCLC患者的EGFR基因突变率与患者性别、病理分型、有无吸烟史、是否饮酒、原发肿瘤大小、区域淋巴结转移及是否发生远处转移相关。     

EGFR靶向药物治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

在世界范围内,肺癌是死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,其中以非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)为主.近年来,随着人表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变体的发现,以吉非替尼(gefitinib)和厄洛替尼(erlotinib)为代表的EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKIs)对于携带有EGFR敏感突变的NSCLC具有良好的疗效.然而,耐药问题的出现增加了临床治疗的难度,针对非小细胞肺癌的EGFR靶向治疗,目前仍有很多问题亟待解决.本文现就EGFR靶向治疗的现状与发展进行综述.     

吸烟与非小细胞肺癌EGFR基因突变状态的关系

目的探讨吸烟与非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)中表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)基因突变状态的关系。方法采用ARMS法对628例NSCLC组织中EGFR基因第18、19、20和21号外显子进行突变检测,分析EGFR基因突变状态与患者性别、年龄、吸烟及临床分期的相关性,并复习相关文献。结果在NSCLC中,EGFR突变率与患者年龄、临床分期无相关性,与患者性别、吸烟状态相关。EGFR基因突变在腺癌、鳞癌、腺鳞癌及其他类型肺癌中的突变率分别为47.8%、12.5%、54.5%和0;吸烟NSCLC患者中,EGFR突变率(27.4%,77/281)低于非吸烟患者(56.8%,197/347);但吸烟NSCLC患者EGFR基因突变中的少见突变(23.3%,18/77)高于非吸烟患者(9.6%,19/197),非吸烟患者双突变中主要以Exon19 Del合并Exon20 T790M为主,吸烟患者中,可见多种多突变类型。结论 EGFR基因在腺癌、腺鳞癌及非吸烟患者中突变率较高;吸烟是NSCLC中EGFR突变率及少见突变的重要影响因素。     

Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor and non-small-cell lung cancer

Frequent overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) makes EGFR a new therapeutic target. Two specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) and erlotinib (OSI-774, Tarceva), have been developed and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for second-line and third-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. Clinical trials have shown considerable variability in the response rate between different patients with NSCLC, which led to the discovery of somatic EGFR-activating mutations. This brief review summarises the discovery and functional consequences of the mutations, their clinicopathological features and significant implications in the treatment and prognosis of NSCLC.     

β连环素和表皮生长因子受体在非小细胞肺癌中表达的临床研究

目的:探讨β连环素和表皮生长因子受体在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化法回顾性研究了58例非小细胞肺癌标本β-catenin和EGFR的表达,并分析其表达与病理类型、分化程度和淋巴结转移的关系。结果:58例肺癌标本中β-catenin强阳性表达23例（36.66％）;EGFR强阳性表达27例（46.55％）,弱阳性表达19例（32.76％）;β-catenin和EGFR的表达与病理类型均无关;β-catenin的表达与分化程度有关;β-catenin和EGFR的表达均与有无淋巴结转移密切相关;β-catenin与EGFR的表达呈负相关关系（r=-0.3317,P=0.0110）。结论:β-catenin与EGFR的表达与非小细胞肺癌的生长分化、淋巴转移等恶性行为密切相关,EGFR的高表达可能与β-catenin表达水平降低有关。     

Humoral immune response to epidermal growth factor receptor in lung cancer

The aim of this study was to explore the potential value of autoantibody to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the diagnosis of lung cancer (LC) and its relation with EGFR mutations. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the level of autoantibody to EGFR in sera from 254 LC patients and 222 normal controls (NCs). Besides, the mRNA and protein levels of EGFR were investigated in Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, respectively. The level of autoantibody to EGFR (anti-EGFR) in LC even different types of LC was obviously higher than that in NC (P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of anti-EGFR was 0.695 (95% CI 0.645–0.742) when comparing LC patients with NC, while the AUC of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was 0.681 (95% CI 0.629–0.730). Moreover, by integrating anti-EGFR with CEA to diagnose LC, the AUC was up to 0.784 (95% CI 0.737–0.826). However, the expression level of autoantibody to EGFR had no difference between LC patients with and without EGFR gene mutation (P > 0.05). EGFR mRNA expression level was obviously upregulated in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues compared with normal tissues (P < 0.05), but not in adenocarcinoma (ADC) (P > 0.05). The study confirmed that anti-EGFR could be a potential biomarker for LC diagnosis; additionally, it could improve the diagnostic value of CEA in clinical work.

     

Targeted epidermal growth factor receptor nanoparticle bioconjugates for breast cancer therapy

Selective drug delivery is an important approach with great potential for overcoming problems associated with the systemic toxicity and poor bioavailability of antineoplastic drugs. Nanomedicine plays a pivotal role by delivering drugs in a targeted manner to the malignant tumor cells thereby reducing the systemic toxicity of the anticancer drugs. The objective of this study was to prepare and characterize rapamycin loaded polymeric poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) that were surface conjugated with antibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), highly expressed on breast cancer cells, using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) mediated cross linking agents. To potentiate the anticancer efficiency of the formulations, in vitro cytotoxicity of native rapamycin, rapamycin loaded nanoparticles and EGFR antibody conjugated rapamycin loaded nanoparticles (EGFR-Rapa-NPs) were evaluated on malignant MCF 7 breast cancer cell lines. IC₅₀ doses as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay showed the superior antiproliferative activity of EGFR-Rapa-NPs over unconjugated nanoparticles and native rapamycin due to higher cellular uptake on malignant breast cancer cells. Cell cycle arrest and cellular apoptosis induced by the above formulations were confirmed by flow cytometry. Molecular basis of apoptosis studied by western blotting revealed the involvement of a cytoplasmic protein in activating the programmed cell death pathway. Thus it was concluded that EGFR-Rapa-NPs provide an efficient and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, presenting a promising active targeting carrier for tumor selective therapeutic treatment in near future.     

Erratum to: Mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor and K-ras in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer

Background  

Mutations of EGFR and K-ras are biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of targeting agents in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Data on the gene mutation status of EGFR and K-ras in Chinese patients with CRC are limited.