槲皮素对蛋鸡蛋壳品质的影响

试验旨在研究槲皮素对蛋鸡蛋壳品质的影响。选择体重和产蛋率相近的240只29周龄蛋鸡,随机分4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加0.02%、0.04%、0.06%槲皮素。结果表明:①与对照组相比,产蛋高峰期试验2组的蛋壳相对重极显著提高(P<0.01);在产蛋后期各试验组的蛋壳厚度均显著提高(P<0.05),试验2、3组的蛋壳相对重分别提高0.27%(P<0.05)和0.48%(P<0.01),试验1、2组的鸡蛋破软壳率极显著降低(P<0.01)。②产蛋高峰期各试验组的蛋壳钙含量均显著升高(P<0.05);产蛋后期试验2、3组的蛋壳钙含量显著提高(P<0.05),试验3组蛋壳磷含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③产蛋高峰期和后期各试验组的血清钙含量均极显著提高(P<0.01);在产蛋高峰期试验2组的血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量极显著提高(P<0.01);在产蛋后期试验1组的血清ALP含量极显著降低(P<0.01),试验2、3组的血清羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,0.04%槲皮素可有效改善产蛋后期蛋壳品质。     

鲎素抗菌肽对蛋鸡产蛋后期蛋品质及蛋壳超微结构的影响

旨在探索鲎素抗菌肽对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋后期蛋品质及子宫CaBP-D28k mRNA表达量的影响及其机理探讨。随机选取600只385日龄海兰褐蛋鸡,分为对照组、试验组,每组各3个重复,每个重复100只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加鲎素抗菌肽,鲎素抗菌肽发酵液最适添加剂量为0.01 L/kg,按饲料所需量配比添加,预饲期7 d,试验期35 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组产蛋率提高8.86%(P0.05),料蛋比、破蛋率分别降低2.68%和12.76%(P0.05);试验组蛋壳强度比对照组提高了18.97%(P0.05),哈氏单位、蛋壳相对质量和蛋壳厚度均有上升的趋势;试验组蛋壳表面皴裂纹数较少,裂隙变小,纵切面结构中垂直晶体层完整,栅栏层结构整齐,上下层面平滑,栅栏层气孔数量少,乳头层乳头数目少且宽;试验组蛋鸡子宫内CaBP-D28k mRNA表达水平显著提升(P0.01)。可见,鲎素抗菌肽可提高CaBP-D28k参与产蛋过程中钙的代谢过程,调控蛋鸡体内钙代谢发挥功能作用。     

摩钙技术在海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋后期预混料中的应用

试验旨在研究摩钙技术在海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋后期预混料中的应用。选择384日龄3360只健康、产蛋率和体重相近的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复560只鸡。对照组和试验组分别饲喂不同预混料(5%产蛋鸡预混料和摩钙型蛋鸡预混料)配制的日粮。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组产蛋数和产蛋率分别显著提高5.28个和0.93%(P<0.05);蛋品质方面,与对照组相比,试验组显著提高了哈氏单位(P<0.05),显著降低了蛋黄比例(P<0.05),蛋壳厚度、蛋黄系数、蛋形指数、蛋白比例、蛋壳比例以及蛋壳颜色L*、a*和b*差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,摩钙型蛋鸡预混料可提高海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋后期的生产性能和蛋品质。     

日粮主要离子浓度对产蛋性能与蛋品质影响研究

饲养试验设计,64周罗曼蛋鸡576羽,分设对照、试验2个组。每组3重复,每重复48羽,正试期4周。2组日粮dEB分别为200、100mmol/kg。结果显示,1试验组产蛋率比对照组提高3.1%(P>0.05);料蛋比指标下降6.2%,差异显著(P<0.05)。2试验组蛋清pH降低(P<0.01)、氨基己糖含量提高(P<0.05)、哈夫单位提高(P>0.05);蛋壳厚度下降8.33%(P<0.01),蛋黄色泽下降0.5级。蛋品在常温下保存7 d,试验组哈夫单位高于对照组(P<0.05),蛋清pH低于对照组(P<0.01)。结果表明:调低玉米-豆粕型蛋鸡日粮dEB,明显提高蛋鸡产蛋后期的饲料转化率,改善蛋品蛋清浓度、延长常温贮存时间;不利影响是蛋壳变薄、蛋黄色泽降低。     

复合菌微生态制剂对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋品质的影响

为了研究复合菌微生态制剂对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响,试验选择62周龄体况良好、产蛋率接近的健康海兰褐蛋鸡10 000只,随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复1 000只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+0.05%复合菌微生态制剂(500 g/t)。预试期1周,正试期4周。结果表明:复合菌微生态制剂对62周龄蛋鸡采食量无显著影响(P0.05),能提高蛋鸡产蛋率,延缓产蛋后期产蛋率的下降趋势,试验组平均产蛋率较对照组显著提高(P0.05);提高蛋鸡蛋重,降低不合格蛋率,提高蛋壳强度,但差异均不显著(P0.05),对蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色无显著影响(P0.05),显著增加蛋白高度和哈氏单位(P0.05)。说明添加0.05%复合菌微生态制剂可以提高蛋鸡生产性能,改善蛋品质。     

马齿苋对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

试验研究马齿苋对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响。选取48周龄的蛋鸡900只,随机分成5组,对照组为基础饲粮组,试验组在对照组饲粮中分别添加2%、4%、6%和8%的马齿苋粉,试验预饲期1周,正式试验期6周。结果表明,添加2%～8%的马齿苋可以提高试验蛋鸡的日采食量,但对产蛋率无显著影响(P0.05);添加4%和6%的马齿苋可显著提高试验蛋鸡的平均蛋重(P0.05)。与对照组相比,试验蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋形指数、蛋黄比例及哈夫单位没有显著差异(P0.05);6%组和8%组的蛋黄色泽分别比对照组提高27.41%和29.16%(P0.05);其他组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。和对照组相比,试验组蛋鸡血清TP、ALB和HDL-C含量差异不显著(P0.05);除2%组血清TC、TG和LDL-C含量略低于对照组外(P0.05),其他3组均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加马齿苋粉可以提高其产蛋性能,改善蛋品质和血脂代谢。     

方解石替代石粉对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

试验探讨了用方解石代替日粮中的石粉饲喂罗曼蛋鸡对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响。结果表明,试验组比对照组多产蛋80个,平均蛋重增加0.65 g,差异极显著(P0.01),试验组比对照组产蛋率提高0.29%(P0.05);试验组蛋壳重、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度都高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01),破损蛋减少,60 d试验组只均盈利增加0.34元。结果表明方解石可代替蛋鸡日粮中的石粉饲喂蛋鸡提高养殖效益。     

混合型啤酒酵母粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、 蛋品质和抗氧化的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加混合型啤酒酵母粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和抗氧化的影响。试验选择60周龄海蓝褐蛋鸡6 000只,随机分成2个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复600只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加1.5 g/kg的混合型啤酒酵母粉。预试期3周,试验期8周。研究结果表明:①与对照组相比,日粮中添加混合型啤酒酵母粉显著提高了8 wk和5～8 wk蛋鸡的产蛋率和产蛋量(P<0.05),有提高4 wk蛋鸡产蛋量的趋势(P=0.083),显著降低了4、8、5～8 wk料蛋比和8 wk蛋鸡采食量(P<0.05),显著提高了5～8 wk和1～8 wk蛋鸡的合格蛋率(P<0.05)。②与对照组相比,日粮中添加混合型啤酒酵母粉显著提高了蛋鸡蛋白高度(P<0.05),有提高蛋壳强度的趋势(P=0.083),对蛋壳厚度、蛋黄颜色、哈氏单位、蛋黄比例、蛋清比例、蛋壳比例没有显著影响(P>0.05)。③与对照组相比,日粮中添加混合型啤酒酵母粉显著降低了蛋鸡肝脏和蛋黄MDA含量(P<0.05),显著提高了蛋黄SOD活性(P<0.05),对肝脏SOD活性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加混合型啤酒酵母粉能够改善蛋鸡的产蛋性能、饲料效率、蛋品质和抗氧化性能。     

复合微生物制剂对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能及养分代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同剂量复合微生物制剂对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能及养分代谢的影响。试验选取48只64周龄罗曼蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每重复2只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加60、90和120 mg/kg复合微生物制剂。试验结果表明:添加复合微生物制剂能显著提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的产蛋率和降低料蛋比,其中试验Ⅲ组产蛋率高于对照组32.14%(P0.05),料蛋比低于对照组26.00%(P0.05);试验组平均蛋质量与对照组间无显著差异(P0.05);产蛋后期蛋鸡日粮中添加复合微生物制剂可显著提高日粮中粗蛋白和钙的消化率,其中试验Ⅲ组日粮中粗蛋白和钙的消化率分别高于对照组5.93%(P0.05)和31.35%(P0.05);在干物质、有机物、磷、粗脂肪及能量方面,试验组与对照组间无显著差异(P0.05)。试验条件下,在蛋鸡基础日粮中添加120 mg/kg复合微生物制剂,可显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率和产蛋性能,降低料蛋比,显著提高日粮中粗蛋白和钙的消化率(P0.05)。     

中药复方制剂对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能和激素水平的影响

为评价3种中药复方制剂对鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能和激素水平的影响,将200只400日龄罗曼商品蛋鸡随机分为4组,每组50只,以2 g/只中药复方制剂混饲30 d。结果显示:3个中药复方组产蛋量、蛋均重和产蛋率等指标均优于对照组,差异显著(P0.05),但各中药复方之间差异不显著(P0.05),中药复方Ⅱ组产蛋率极显著高于对照组(P0.01);各试验组一定程度上提高了血清中雌二醇(E2)和促卵泡素(FSH)等激素的含量。表明3个中药复方均可有效提高产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋率和日产蛋量,降低料蛋比,提高经济效益,其中以中药复方Ⅱ组效果最好。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.