阵列式MEMS仿生矢量振动传感器研究

针对在同一个物理测试过程中,往往会遇到很多所需测量振动信号的大小和频率在大范围内变化,而一个振动传感器很难满足测试要求的情况,提出了一种四单元集成阵列式仿生矢量振动传感器,4个微结构传感器量程分别为:10,100,500,1 000 gn。在分析敏感结构数学模型的基础上,用ANSYS软件对阵列敏感元件进行仿真,最后对加工好的传感器进行了相关的测试。测试结果表明:该阵列式振动传感器在二维方向的灵敏度高,线性度好,输出稳定性好。量程为100 gn传感器x向灵敏度为2.6134 mV/gn,线性度为0.99991,y向灵敏度为2.5563 mV/gn,线性度为0.99968。     

氧化铝陶瓷无线无源加速度计的仿真与分析

高温环境下振动参数的实时监测对航空发动机、燃气轮机等大型装备的正常运行至关重要。 针对传统加速度计存在测量温度不高、测量电路失效等问题,提出了一种以氧化铝陶瓷为敏感材料、以无线非接触测量原理为特征信号传输方法的耐高温电容式加速度计,依据结构力学模型设计传感器敏感结构的尺寸,利用Ansys仿真软件对敏感结构的静力学、动力学与热力学性能进行分析。结果表明,该结构能够在250gn载荷范围内正常工作,且具有较强的抗干扰能力,在25℃ ~600℃范围内,传感器灵敏度随温度呈增大趋势,其值由34.572kHz/gn变化为38.112kHz/gn ,变化幅度较小,为高温环境下振动参数的稳定测量提供了一种可行的方案。     

一种基于压电石英晶体的高g_n值加速度传感器

高gn值加速度传感器广泛地用于冲击加速度的测量。概述了对高gn值加速度传感器的需求;简述了压电式高gn值加速度传感器的结构原理;介绍了高gn值压电加速度传感器的设计方案;开发了一种压缩、双屏蔽套筒式、用压电石英材料进行能量转换的高gn值加速度传感器;用马希特锤击机和霍普金森杆进行了试验;试验表明:该加速度传感器动态范围和工作频段分别可以达到0~150 000gn和0~20 kHz,幅值线性度小于10%,满足弹上要求。     

硅微电容式二维加速度传感器的加工与测试

设计了一种基于体硅加工技术的单敏感质量元差分电容式二维加速度传感器,并采用硅-玻璃静电键合、ICP工艺释放等技术完成了二维加速度传感器的加工。测试结果表明:该二维加速度传感器两个检测方向上的灵敏度基本一致,线性度较好,交叉干扰较小。X、Y方向的灵敏度分别为58.3 mV/gn、55.6 mV/gn;线性相关系数分别为0.9968、0.9961,交叉灵敏度分别为6.17%、7.82%。     

基于振动信号的传感器节点性能测试系统设计

传感器节点用于采集轮轨作用下钢轨的振动信号以分析钢轨振动特性。为了测试传感器节点的工作性能,设计并实现了能提供稳定振动信号的测试系统。测试系统基于MSP430单片机,由控制单元、激振器、简支梁结构以及监控软件组成。实验表明：在给定加载条件下测试系统可稳定提供10N的激振力,产生峰值为93×10－6的动态应变和97 gn 的振动加速度。通过分析采集数据的时频特性,可以有效发现故障节点。     

高量程加速度传感器的结构优化与仿真分析

在传统双边四梁结构的基础上,优化设计了一种高量程加速度传感器结构,量程为10 000 gn。理论上对其进行了应力分析,验证了结构的合理性,并通过有限元建模对传感器进行了静态结构分析,模态分析和抗过载能力分析。在恒压源供电条件下,传感器的固有频率大于50 kHz,灵敏度理论值为18.88μV/gn,抗过载能力为20000 gn。与传统结构相比,极大地提高了高量程加速度传感器的性能。     

高g光学微腔加速度计的结构设计

针对高量程加速度测试需求,提出了一种基于光弹效应的新型光学加速度传感器;利用MATLAB软件和时域差分有限元(FDTD)对微环谐振腔悬臂梁加速度计的结构进行优化设计,详细分析了波导传输模态,传感器灵敏度以及工作带宽与波导尺寸、微悬臂梁尺寸的关系。在优化设计的基础上,通过ANSYS软件对悬臂梁的抗冲击性能进行仿真,其抗冲击可达104gn,灵敏度为10-2pm/gn,能有效满足高冲击、强烈振动场合的特殊测试要求,可以应用于侵彻系统,并为集成小型化高灵敏抗冲击微光机电系统(MOEMS)传感器提供理论参考。     

基于隧道磁阻效应的单轴加速度计研究

提出了一种基于隧道磁阻效应的单轴加速度计。阐述了隧道磁阻加速度计的结构原理,在线性加速度计等效模型基础上推导了加速度计的位移响应公式;构建圆柱形永磁体的磁场分布模型,借助平动位移和磁场强度分布曲线近似推导了磁场强度与位移之间的关系式;结合隧道磁阻线性磁场传感器的线性特性,推导了输入加速度与隧道磁阻线性磁场传感器输出电压的关系式;对隧道磁阻加速度计进行运动特性进行了仿真,设计了隧道磁阻效应加速度计测控电路,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明:在弹性梁的长、宽高分别为8,1. 8,50 mm以及TMR传感器与永磁体底面竖直距离为5 mm时,隧道磁阻式加速度计的标度因数为307. 03 mV/gn,偏置稳定性为206. 4μgn,非线性度为1. 65%。     

一种MEMS高g_n值加速度传感器的结构设计与仿真

高gn值加速度传感器在侵彻武器等领域受到广泛应用,对量程、灵敏度、固有频率等指标也提出了更高的要求。设计了一种MEMS高gn值加速度传感器,在传统梁—岛结构加速度传感器的基础上进行了改进,采用主微梁互补结构在提高固有频率、量程的同时,提高了灵敏度。在梁的末端提出了新式的延伸梁结构设计,大大减小了集中应力的现象,提高了结构的抗过载能力。利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,对该加速度传感器进行了静态、模态和瞬态分析。经仿真验证,该MEMS高gn值加速度传感器的各项指标均满足要求,具有明显的优越性。     

MEMS高g加速度传感器固有频率的优化及验证

由于设计的MEMS高g加速度传感器固有频率低,导致测试过程中出现谐振现象。本文分析了传感器的特殊结构参数对固有频率的影响,提出了一种优化固有频率的方法。该方法通过减小质量块质量和优化梁厚度与长度的比例来调整传感器的固有频率,并通过理论仿真验证了该结构的固有频率从330 kHz提高到550 kHz,然后利用动态测试系统对优化前后的高g加速度传感器分别在20 000gn和150 000gn作用下测试输出信号。实验表明该优化方法提高了该类传感器结构的固有频率,明显消除了测试中的谐振现象。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).